Ethical Leadership

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is generally described as a neuro-biological brain disorder that affects people of all ages. It can occur in any family of any economic status that has a previous member with the disease. This document is an overview of the biological approach to schizophrenia with the equivalent of “brain cancer” results. As any mental disorder, it causes disturbances in the cognitive of its victims until the end like brain cancer, causes stigma, and its victims usually have no ability to cope with the demands of normal life till the end as well. This research paper focuses on its biological causes such as brain chemistry, structure, functioning, and suspected environmental causes.

The intersection of psychology and faith has shifted from a historical posture of mutual suspicion to one of strategic integration. In the modern landscape stretching from the cathedrals of the Twin Cities to the vibrant small village-style (lakous) and churches of Saint Paul/Minneapolis or Haiti religious settings function as the front line of mental health care. This paper explores the psychological dimensions of faith, examining how spiritual frameworks provide the Informational Cues necessary to navigate trauma, and how religious communities can either act as a Digital Bridge to wellness or a source of Controlling psychological shackles.

Keywords: endured-Faith, Mental well-being, Altruism, Compassion, Empathy, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Happiness, Mindfulness, Social Connection, Interpersonal relationships, Perception, and Behaviors.

Purpose: In accordance with the principles of classical and contemporary management theoriessuch as organizational control theory and performance measurement perspectives-the improvement of any organizational phenomenon requires effective control and management. Such control, however, is difficult or even impossible without valid and reliable measurement instruments. This viewpoint underscores the pivotal role of designing and validating measurement tools in organizational research. In this context, organizational diplomacy, conceptualized as a behavioral capacity for enhancing intra-organizational interactions, requires a clear operational definition and a robust measurement instrument. Moreover, contemporary work environmentscharacterized by workforce diversity, intra-organizational conflicts, generational differences, political behaviors, and the formation of pressure groups-demand that human resource (HR) managers perform roles that extend beyond traditional managerial frameworks. Contingencybased role theories and behavioral models of human resource management suggest that managerial effectiveness in such contexts increasingly resembles the function of a professional diplomat. Accordingly, the primary objective of the present study is to develop and validate a reliable instrument that enables the assessment and comparison of diplomatic human resource management across different organizations. Such an instrument can provide a foundation for strategic policymaking and the design of training and development programs.

This research examined the correlation between the leadership competencies of administrators and the work engagement of workers within the Schools Division Office of Tacurong City. The survey had 61 respondents, chosen using complete enumeration. A quantitative study design using a descriptive-correlational methodology was used. The study included modified questionnaires to assess leadership competencies and work engagement. The specific statistical tools used were Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r), and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results showed that the level of leadership skills is very high (M = 3.64, SD = .323), while the overall level of work engagement is also very high (M = 3.80, SD = .298). The findings also revealed a substantial positive moderate correlation (p-value-0.000; r-value-0.555) between leadership abilities and work engagement, suggesting that proficient leadership correlates with increased employee engagement. Furthermore, certain leadership skills, especially those concerning communication, delegation, and empowerment, were identified as having a significant influence on work engagement in the workplace. This research stresses how important it is to improve leadership skills to create a more engaged, motivated, and productive workforce in schools.

Creating five effective military security intelligence agencies in a country like Haiti, which faces significant and complex security challenges, is a monumental task. It's not simply a matter of declaration, but requires a foundational commitment to good governance, robust training, secure infrastructure, and consistent funding. Given Haiti's current security landscape (widespread gang violence, political instability, under-resourced police and military, and the presence of a Multinational Security Support mission), establishing effective intelligence services would need to be part of a much broader, long-term security sector reform strategy (Dionne and Mampilly, 2021; Malan, 2023; https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/rasul-v-bush-al-odah-v-united-states-brief-merits). This paper presents a conceptual framework for creating five distinct military security intelligence entities, along with the critical considerations for each.

The Bottom-Up Payroll System (BUPS) is a decentralized approach to public sector compensation designed for contexts with limited funding and weak oversight. Unlike traditional top-down systems that allocate funds through central authorities often leading to inefficiencies such as corruption and ghost workers, BUPS builds payrolls from verified job data, service records, and transparent wage rules. By grounding compensation in evidence and local accountability, it enhances accuracy, transparency, and fairness, functioning not only as a payroll method but also as a governance framework for more equitable public spending. This journal article introduces the Bottom-Up Payroll System (BUPS), a decentralized approach that enhances accuracy and fairness in public sector compensation by relying on verified job data and transparent wage rules in third-world countries. This is because this method not only addresses inefficiencies of traditional systems but also serves as a governance framework for more equitable public spending. Furthermore, to combat corruption and maintain high field morale, the framework implements an innovative "Bottom-Up Payroll" system that ensures lower-salaried public employees are paid first.

Prophet Muhammad SAW is the symbol of the most perfect human, through the beauty of his morals, politeness and manners, straight behavior, cleanliness of nature, breadth of life experience, started trading when he was a child, went to Sham (Palestine) to trade on a winter trip, by traveling and that trade gives him the experience of human things, participates with them in real life, broadens his horizons.

Prophet Muhammad SAW was born in Mecca in the year 570 and died in Medina on June 8, 632. He was the last Muslim prophet and messenger. The year of the Prophet Muhammad's birth is called the year of the elephant because 50 days before he was born, Abraha al-Habsy, the governor of the Habsy kingdom (Ethiopia) in Yemen, came with his army of 60,000 personnel riding elephants aiming to destroy the Kaaba. Abraha was very angry because the large church (al-Qulles) which she had built in Shan'a, the capital of Yemen, had its walls covered with dirt by someone from Bani Kinanah. Abraha built the church because she saw the Arabs every year flocking to Mecca to perform the pilgrimage there. However, Abraha's efforts failed because she and her entire army were destroyed by Allah. By bringing the bird of Ababil who brought stones from hell and stoned them to death. The whole army immediately lay down with the elephants, while Abraha returned to Yemen and soon died. This incident is mentioned in Surah al-Fil (105) verses 1-5. Prophet Muhammad began to spread the teachings of Islam to all mankind and inherited an Islamic government. Both prophets of Muhammad supported monotheistic teachings emphasizing God brought by the early prophets and apostles. As the last prophet, the journey of Prophet Muhammad cannot be separated from efforts to worship Allah SWT for all mankind and show the straight path of this world and events to come. Like the Prophet before the year, Prophet Muhammad SAW received revelations and extraordinary miracles from Allah SWT. And it is the holy book of the Koran which is a guide for Muslims.

Purpose : The study is aimed at connecting Employee Empowerment, Trust among employees and Procedural Justice with Employee Development for driving work innovation. The study suggests several avenues for additional research, including carrying up additional empirical investigations on the same and other selected antecedents and results of both within various industries. Design/Methodology/Approach : A theoretical grounded conceptual model is developed to organize a mechanism through Employee empowerment, Trust among employees and Procedural Justice and its relationship with Employee Development fostering work innovation. A questionnaire-based survey was designed to test the model based on dataset of 210 employees in banking industry in Delhi NCR and other parts of north India out of which 176 employees completed the questionnaire completely and correctly. The model and posited hypotheses were tested using SPSS tool. Findings:The results indicated that Employee empowerment, Trust among employees and Procedural justice positively and significantly affect Employee development. Limitations and Implications :The study's findings are specific to the context, industry, or organizational culture in which it was conducted. The reliance on self-reported measures for employee empowerment, trust among employee, procedural justice and employee development may introduce response biases. Future studies could incorporate objective performance metrics or supervisor evaluations to complement self-reported data. Practical implications : The sample represented only banking Industry. The relationship between Employee Empowerment, Trust among Employees, Procedural Justice, and employee development is inspected that would guide managers to induce effective HRD practices in the organizations. The paper offers guidance to practitioners on comprehending and overseeing employee growth. Originality Values : Ample literature is available on these variables in different context and association but in the best knowledge of authors no study has taken place to integrate all three variables together which have an impact upon employee's development in interactive job of delivering the service in banking industry in last decade.

This paper critically examines integrity as a foundational element of leadership and its impact on moral decision-making, organizational trust, and sustained success. A thorough analysis of interdisciplinary literature highlights the need to develop integrity-driven leadership cultures and stresses the incorporation of ethical frameworks into healthcare leadership education. The results offer doable tactics for promoting accountability, openness, and moral coherence in a variety of organizational settings. Effective and long-lasting leadership is built on integrity. Between leaders and their staff, it creates an unbreakable bond of trust that promotes credibility, inspiration, moral decision-making, and a robust corporate culture. Integrity in leadership has the power to leave a lasting impression on a company's clients, staff members, and prospective customers. They contribute to a happy Systematic Review Article

The Dummy Candidate Threshold (DCT) model aims to strengthen electoral competition by discouraging low-viability or purely symbolic candidates and establishing clearer standards for legitimate participation. By encouraging coalition-building or withdrawal among weaker contenders, it can improve coherence in democratic contests. However, this approach carries tradeoffs, as it may concentrate power, limit voter choice, and raise concerns about managed elections. Its effectiveness depends on strong safeguards, transparent audits, and resilient electoral infrastructure to maintain public trust. This journal article is on the "Dummy Candidate Threshold Model" to strengthen electoral competition by discouraging low-viability and establishing clearer standards for legitimate participation.

Rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are dramatically reshaping various sectors, with education at the forefront of this transformation. AI-driven technologies, including intelligent tutoring systems, automated grading tools, and personalized learning platforms-are revolutionizing traditional teaching methodologies by

Policing is heavily experience-oriented and a practical person’s niche. However, high-quality policing requires more than experience because change outpaces experience; it requires the principles of ethics. Inculcating the principles of ethics is important for systemic, high-quality progressive policing. This is because society is primarily a moral setup, and for any civil action to contribute to societal objectives, it needs to trade on moral considerations. Therefore, if police are to stand as an example of civic virtue, they must be civically virtuous and stand on the ground of moral integrity. This is precisely because morality is embedded in the nature, functions, and the objective of policing; and more importantly, policing has social and moral consequences. Undermining of this fact explains various immoralities that are seen in various policing activities in the nation.

Bu çalışmada, etik liderlik ve etik iklim algılarının, kamu ve özel sektör
kuruluşlarındaki etik kod uygulamaları üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evreni 332 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın
örneklemini ise Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) merkez teşkilatındaki "Genel İdare
Hizmetleri Sınıfı" personeli, aynı bakanlığın taşra teşkilatındaki "Eğitim Öğretim
Hizmetleri Sınıfı" personeli ile İstanbul ve Ankara'daki özel sektör kuruluşlarında
çalışan personel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı, belirlenen hipotezler, teorik
öngörüler ve kavramsal çerçeve doğrultusunda verilerin birincil kaynaktan elde
edilmesi hedeflenmiş ve veri toplama aracı olarak anket yöntemi seçilmiştir. Literatür
taramasının ardından, ilgili değişkenlerin kullanımına uygun, uyarlanan/geliştirilen
ölçekleri içeren anket formu uzmanlar tarafından incelenmiş ve MEB merkez
teşkilatında ön test çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, Kasım 2015 ile Aralık 2016
tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Veriler; etik iklim, etik liderlik ve etik kod
uygulamaları ölçekleri kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, çoklu regresyon
ve yol analizi kullanılarak raporlanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda üç temel
bulguya ulaşılmıştır. Birincisi; etik iklimin, etik liderlik ve etik kod uygulamaları ile
pozitif yönlü bir ilişkiye sahip olduğudur. İkincisi; etik liderlik davranışının, etik kod
uygulamaları üzerinde etkili olduğudur. Çalışmada beklenmeyen bir şekilde, etik
iklimin etik kod uygulamaları üzerinde etkili olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir.

Free digital books can expand educational access in Haiti by lowering cost barriers, increasing availability, and supporting learning on phones and other mobile devices. They can also help students up to age 20 continue learning in settings where printed books are scarce or expensive, while supporting literacy and academic achievement. In the socio-economic landscape of the 21st century, Haiti stands at a critical juncture. The traditional educational model, burdened by the high cost of physical logistics and infrastructure fragility, is failing to keep pace with the global digital shift. This paper argues that the provision of free digital books to all Haitian students up to the age of 20 is not merely an educational luxury, but a fundamental requirement for National Sovereignty and Cognitive Justice. By leveraging Offline-First technology and renewable energy, Haiti can bypass traditional systemic bottlenecks and catalyze a revolution in Innovative Work Behavior (IWB). This paper discusses the potential of Offline-First technology and renewable energy to transform education in Haiti, enabling a shift towards Innovative Work Behavior.

In Haiti, language has historically functioned as both a tool of liberation and a mechanism of colonial exclusion. As we stand in 2025, the continued marginalization of Haitian Creole (Kreyòl) in academic and professional spheres represents a systemic violation of Linguistic Justice. This paper argues that for Haiti to achieve genuine "Sovereign Innovation," Creole (Kreyòl) must move from the periphery of the classroom to the center of the digital and intellectual architecture. By establishing Kreyòl as the primary medium of instruction and digital content, we satisfy the fundamental psychological needs for Autonomy and Competence, thereby unlocking the latent innovative potential of the Haitian students.

In Haiti, language has historically functioned as both a tool of liberation and a mechanism of colonial exclusion. As we stand in 2025, the continued marginalization of Haitian Creole (Kreyòl) in academic and professional spheres represents a systemic violation of Linguistic Justice. This paper argues that for Haiti to achieve genuine "Sovereign Innovation," Creole (Kreyòl) must move from the periphery of the classroom to the center of the digital and intellectual architecture. By establishing Kreyòl as the primary medium of instruction and digital content, we satisfy the fundamental psychological needs for Autonomy and Competence, thereby unlocking the latent innovative potential of the Haitian students.

Haiti’s 2025–2026 crisis demonstrates how colonial legacies, racial capitalism, and repeated foreign intervention have produced a modern humanitarian emergency marked by gang violence, state weakness, and international dependence (Borowetz, 2023; Shilliam, 2008; Dubois, 2012). It is clear that Haiti entered 2026 still trapped in a deep crisis of gang violence, political instability, and humanitarian collapse. Recent reporting shows that criminal groups controlled most of Port-au-Prince, displacement reached about 1.4 million people, and more than half the population faced acute food insecurity (Human Rights Watch, 2026; UN News, 2026). These conditions were shaped by long historical patterns of foreign intervention, weak institutions, and structural inequality (Dubois, 2012; Shilliam, 2008). By synthesizing historical trauma from the 1825 indemnity to the systemic vulnerabilities identified by Dubois (2012) and Trouillot (2021) with contemporary data on gang governance, this study argues the current humanitarian crisis is not an anomaly. Rather, it is the result of centuries of international repercussions (Baur, 1970) and racial capitalism (Borowetz, 2023). The paper explores how the vacuum of formal state power has been filled by a criminal "Social Reproduction" model (Bakker & Gill, 2003), where gang life has become the primary arbiter of security and survival.

According to Locke, humans are all inherently good with minimal exception, things around us drive us to madness or evil, but that is not an excuse under the laws of hurting others around us. John Locke's social contract theory posits that legitimate government arises from the consent of free individuals who surrender certain natural rights primarily to life, liberty, and property in exchange for protection and civil order, with revolution justified if rulers violate this compact. Locke argued in Two Treatises of Government (1689) that humans in the state of nature possess natural rights but lack impartial enforcement, necessitating a contract to form society and government. The government must preserve property (broadly including life and liberty), and citizens retain the right to dissolve it through rebellion if tyranny emerges, as rulers hold power in trust. This contrasts with Hobbes' absolutism, emphasizing limited government accountable to the people's consent. Haiti's colonial context under French rule exemplified Lockean tyranny: enslaved Africans and free people of color were denied property rights and liberty, violating the social contract's foundational protections. Planters in Saint-Domingue invoked Locke's property sanctity in 1788-89 cahiers de doléances to claim colonial sovereignty over slaves, arguing metropolitan interference breached their contractual rights as proprietors. This paper explores how John Locke's social contract theory applies to Haiti's historical and contemporary struggles, highlighting the tension between legitimate governance and tyranny.

The killing of three students in Gonaïves on November 28, 1985, became one of the decisive events in the final collapse of Jean-Claude Duvalier’s regime in Haiti. Daniel Israel, Jean-Robert Cius, and Michel Mackenson were among the student protesters shot by police and soldiers during anti-government demonstrations, and their deaths transformed local outrage into nationwide revolt. The event did not occur in isolation; it was part of a broader climate of repression, economic crisis, and public frustration that had been building for years under the Duvalier dynasty. These killings on November 28, 1985, became one of the most consequential acts of repression in late Duvalier-era Haiti. Their deaths symbolized both the brutality of the dictatorship and the growing willingness of Haitian youth to challenge state violence. The event helped transform local protest into a national uprising that accelerated the collapse of Jean-Claude Duvalier’s regime in February 1986. That was also a political turning point in Haitian history. Research studies have shown that Human rights reporting consistently places the Gonaïves killings within the broader pattern of impunity, censorship, and lethal repression that characterized the Duvalier system and its immediate aftermath (Duke University Libraries; Facts On File World News Digest, 1986; New York Times, 1985). This paper examines the tragic deaths of three high school students in Gonaïves, Haiti, whose martyrdom became a catalyst for nationwide protests against the Duvalier regime.

Dr./Prof. Pradel Pompilus was a prominent Haitian writer, literary critic, and linguist, widely regarded as one of Haiti’s most respected scholars of language and literature. He is best known for a landmark three‑volume study of Haitian literature that helped define the academic canon of Haitian writing. He was born in 1914 and died in 2000, spending his career teaching and researching in Haiti and in France. He studied law and later letters in Paris (Sorbonne), then taught French language and literature in major Haitian secondary schools and at higher levels, influencing generations of students. He is best known for a three‑volume anthology and history of Haitian literature, commonly cited as “Histoire de la littérature haïtienne illustrée par les textes,” prepared in collaboration with Raphaël Berrou and published in the 1970s in Port‑au‑Prince. This work gathers and comments on key Haitian authors and texts and became a standard reference for the study and teaching of Haitian literature. Beyond literary history, he made major contributions to the study of language in Haiti, particularly French and Haitian Creole. His book “La langue française en Haïti” and related research offered one of the earliest detailed descriptions of how French is used in Haiti and helped establish Haitian Creole studies as a serious academic field. Because of his work on both literature and language, Dr./Prof. Pompilus is often described as one of the deans of Haitian scholars and native Creole linguists. His research and teaching helped legitimize Haitian literature and Creole as subjects of rigorous scholarly inquiry, and his anthologies and linguistic studies remain widely cited in Haitian and Caribbean studies. This is a well developed in-depth document for the purpose of providing an overview on Dr..Prof. Pradel Pomppilus as the father of Literary History and Linguistic Advocate.

The study explores the importance of realising decent academic citizenship in Nigeria's higher education sector with servant leadership and psychological ownership. This has been reported as one of the vacuums that undermines the quality of teaching, research, and community service. Prior evidence has proven the need for a work environment where academics demonstrate a strong sense of belonging. This study was a multidimensional measure based on a survey to analyse the distribution and correlations between respondents' views of academic staff members employed at Nigerian Federal universities. The cluster sample approach was adopted to arrive at 392 of the population. It was found that servant leaders prioritising welfare significantly promote citizenship behaviour among academics. Similarly, psychological ownership was also found to significantly promote citizenship behaviour toward academics and the university, as academics who feel a sense of belonging are more likely to engage in community service. The implication is that when leaders actively exhibit civic behaviour towards the academics' welfare and community service, academics are more likely to respond with behaviours that benefit the institutions in reciprocity. This reciprocal interchange will promote a harmonious work environment where workers feel appreciated and are inspired to contribute beyond their official tasks. Moreover, when academics acquire a strong feeling of psychological ownership towards the university, they are more likely to participate in volunteer actions that promote the institution's vision.

Purpose: This paper presents a six-criteria evaluation framework for assessing the quality, coherence, and sustainability of leadership and management development models. The aim is to support the design and selection of frameworks that are both theoretically rigorous and practically effective in equipping leaders for current and future organisational challenges.
Methodology: An integrative literature review was conducted to develop the evaluation framework, synthesising established and emerging theories from leadership and organisational studies. Its applicability was tested by evaluating twelve leadership development frameworks produced by the UK National Health Service (NHS) between 2010 and 2024.
Findings: Analysis revealed wide variation in the quality and consistency of NHS leadership frameworks, with only two of the twelve meeting all six criteria. Frameworks grounded in theory, explicitly future-oriented, structured around staged development, and embedded in practical application were more likely to support the development of capable and adaptive leaders.
Research Implications: The framework offers a literature-informed basis for evaluation but has so far been applied only within the NHS context. Future research should examine its utility across other sectors and international settings and test its capacity to predict leadership outcomes empirically.
Practical Implications: The paper provides practitioners, policymakers, and organisational designers with a structured tool for designing and assessing leadership frameworks. Applying the criteria can help ensure that models are conceptually coherent, strategically aligned, adaptable to context, and sustainable in practice.

Haitian politics has long been shaped by a tension between the need to resist foreign domination and the need to engage outside powers for survival, recognition, and resources. That tension produces cognitive dissonance: leaders and citizens may distrust foreign intervention while also relying on foreign actors they believe are historically dangerous. Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort people feel when their beliefs, identities, and actions clash. In Haitian politics, that clash is especially sharp because the nation was born through anticolonial revolution, yet it has repeatedly faced blockade, indemnity, occupation, intervention, and international pressure. The result is a political culture in which foreign involvement is often denounced as a threat, but also quietly treated as unavoidable (Dubois et al., 2020; Dubois, 2012; Garrigus, 2006; Girard, 2011; Grossman and Helpman, 2001; Hogg and Cooper, 2003; Keith et al., 1992; Lord, Ross & Lepper, 1979; Metz, 1999; Pat, Dunkel, & Ives, 2004; Plummer, 1984; Popkin, 2010; Pompilus, 2021, 2023, 2024; Rainsford, 2013; Versluis, 2021). This paper explores the complex cognitive dissonance in Haitian politics, highlighting how the historical fear of foreign interference coexists with the necessity of engaging with outside powers. Readers are invited to read these findings on how this tension has shaped political thought and behavior in Haiti since its independence in 1804.

In the history of the Haitian Revolution and the founding of the Empire of Haiti, few figures embody the virtues of humanitarianism and resilience as profoundly as Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur (1758–1858). As the first Empress of Haiti and the wife of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, she was not merely a ceremonial figure but a political and moral force who tempered the violence of revolution with radical compassion. This in-depth document explores the life of Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur, the wife of emperor Jean-Jacque Dessalines. Readers are invited to read about how Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité "Bonheur" Dessalines' humanitarianism and resilience shaped the early years of the Empire of Haiti.

This paper investigates the systematic decline and eventual disappearance of the Creole Aristocrat, the light-skinned affranchi and mulatto elite, as the dominant socio-political force in Haiti. By synthesizing the historical foundations of race and citizenship in Saint-Domingue (Garrigus, 2006) with the mid-20th-century rise of Noirisme, this study explores how a class that once defined the Metropolitan Connection (Plummer, 1984) was displaced. Through the lens of Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET), the paper argues that the transition from a Mulatto Aristocracy to a Noiriste Dictatorship replaced an external European-oriented identity with a radical, often controlling, internal nationalist archetype, leading to the mass exodus of the professional elite.

Haiti needs to have police officers with “Military police training” for daily security throughout the country, which often take between seven and twenty weeks; however that can be depending on the branch and type of training. Hiring police officers will create jobs immediately for economic growth and development. The overall “Military police training” must always include classroom instruction, physical training, and on-the-job training. All security police officers in the Republic of Haiti must also have training in law enforcement operations, use of lethal and non-lethal weapons, force protection, first aid, and military skills and protocol to guarantee security to everyone in Haiti. The needed police reform program must involve completely refurbishing the Haitian Police Academy site and buildings including a “Bottom-Up payroll” system to guarantee those with lower salaries to get paid first for keeping high morale among the law enforcement officers (Burt, 2016; Davis, 2020; Marcelin, 2015; Palsson, 2024; Silva, Mario, 2011). This in-depth document is to provide an overview on the needs of hiring 11K Military Police Officers Plus 10K spy agents to add-up to the current 9K for a 30K total to start providing territory and border security on a daily basis for economic growth and development.

Creating five effective military security intelligence agencies in a country like Haiti, which faces significant and complex security challenges, is a monumental task. It's not simply a matter of declaration, but requires a foundational commitment to good governance, robust training, secure infrastructure, and consistent funding. Given Haiti's current security landscape (widespread gang violence, political instability, under-resourced police and military, and the presence of a Multinational Security Support mission), establishing effective intelligence services would need to be part of a much broader, long-term security sector reform strategy (Dionne and Mampilly, 2021; Malan, 2023; https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/rasul-v-bush-al-odah-v-united-states-brief-merits). This paper presents a conceptual framework for creating five distinct military security intelligence entities, along with the critical considerations for each.

Consciousness-the subjective experience of being-is arguably the most intractable problem in science. This review examines the origin and nature of consciousness from three complementary perspectives: evolutionary (how and why consciousness arose), neuroscientific (what neural mechanisms correlate with or constitute consciousness), and philosophical (what consciousness is and whether it can be fully explained by physical processes). We evaluate the leading scientific theories-Integrated Information Theory (IIT), Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT), Higher-Order Theories, and Predictive Processing-in light of the landmark 2025 comparative experiment that simultaneously tested IIT and GNWT, finding support for neither in its strong form. We conclude that consciousness is likely an emergent property of sufficiently complex information-processing systems, but that a complete theory must bridge the explanatory gap between neural mechanism and subjective experience-Chalmers' 'hard problem'-which no current theory fully addresses.

This study aimed to explore the cultural barriers to change in public primary and secondary schools in Türkiye. The study is based on a qualitative research approach. The participants consist of 42 school leaders working in various primary and secondary schools in Türkiye. Data originated from semi-structured interviews and observations, and content analysis was conducted during the data analysis. Regarding the characteristics of school cultures, the participants emphasised an organisational culture that is open to innovation and solidarity among individuals. Concerning the cultural barriers to change in schools, the resistance to innovation was highlighted as linked to individual behaviour. Finally, the way in which school members resist change is important. The results highlight a lack of cooperation as one of the main barriers to change. Resistance to collaboration and lack of development of professional learning networks currently inhibit school change in Türkiye. The results show that cultural factors affect the success of change initiatives in schools that are open systems, and understanding and overcoming obstacles. Starting the change process in this way can transform schools into learning and developing organisations.

This study examines the relationship between principals' proactive behaviors and teachers' sense of collective responsibility in schools. A convergent mixed-method design was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 466 teachers in public primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary schools with qualitative interviews conducted with 30 teachers. Structural equation modeling revealed that principals' proactive behaviors significantly predicted teachers' collective responsibility, with differences observed across school levels and age groups. The qualitative findings suggest that proactive leadership practices play an important role in strengthening shared accountability among teachers. The qualitative results further explain this relationship by indicating that proactive principals encourage collaboration, facilitate shared decision-making, and create supportive school environments that foster collective engagement among teachers. By integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence, the study demonstrates that proactive leadership not only influences teachers' perceptions of collective responsibility but also shapes collaborative practices within schools. These findings contribute to the educational leadership literature by highlighting proactive leadership as an important factor in promoting collective responsibility and collaborative school cultures.

Creating five effective military security intelligence agencies in a country like Haiti, which faces significant and complex security challenges, is a monumental task. It's not simply a matter of declaration, but requires a foundational commitment to good governance, robust training, secure infrastructure, and consistent funding. Given Haiti's current security landscape (widespread gang violence, political instability, under-resourced police and military, and the presence of a Multinational Security Support mission), establishing effective intelligence services would need to be part of a much broader, long-term security sector reform strategy (Dionne and Mampilly, 2021; Malan, 2023; https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/rasul-v-bush-al-odah-v-united-states-brief-merits). This paper presents a conceptual framework for creating five distinct military security intelligence entities, along with the critical considerations for each.

Dr./President Jean-Bertrand Aristide's first presidency (February-October 1991) was marked by bold populist reforms aimed at empowering Haiti's poor majority after Duvalier-era oppression. Key policies included a literacy campaign to boost education, price cuts on basic food staples to ease hunger, enforcement of import fees to protect local producers, and replacement of military administrators with civilians to curb abuses. He also downsized bloated state enterprises, unveiled a "Growth-with-Equity" economic plan securing $440 million in pledged aid, opened the notorious Fort Dimanche prison for public scrutiny as a human rights symbol, and pursued minimum wage hikes alongside rural efforts to dismantle abusive section chiefs. These moves ignited hope among slum-dwellers but provoked elite and military backlash, contributing to his swift overthrow in the September 1991 coup (Dollar, 2008; Dubois, Glover, Ménard, Polyné, & Verna, 2020; Dubois, 2012; Herard, 2016; Kurzban, 2023; Past, and Hebblethwaite, 2021; Silva, 2011). The political trajectory of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide represents perhaps the most dramatic arc in Haitian history. Often described as the most hopeful figure in the nation's post-colonial life, Aristide’s ascent signaled the potential for a democratic second revolution. Yet, his two interrupted presidencies (1991; 1994–1996; 2001–2004) ultimately became a cautionary tale of institutional fragility, class warfare, and the complexities of foreign intervention. This in-depth analysis document is on President Jean-Bertrand Aristide's presidency in HAITI through the political lens.

This paper analyzes a declassified March 1988 CIA document detailing U.S. congressional deliberations on Haiti, focusing on a House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee hearing regarding potential sanctions versus diplomatic engagement CIA-RDP90M00005R001000080032-3. It explores strategic tensions in U.S.-Haiti foreign policy, evaluating the effectiveness of economic pressure and the long-term impact of late-20th-century intervention strategies on Haitian governance. Readers are invited to explore the complexities of this historical moment and its implications for U.S. & Haiti relations.​

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of perceived organisational justice on ethical behaviour in work environments. The quantitative approach was employed in this study to grasp and validate the conceptual framework. The research was guided by a positivist survey research technique. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool and 200 employees are involved in the study. SEM with SmartPLS was also employed as a data analysis tool. This study adds a better understanding of organisational justice's role in employees' ethical behaviour. In terms of practical contributions, the research offers suggestions for governments, policymakers, and the business community regarding how to recognise and incorporate the effects of perceived organisational justice on ethical behaviour in the work environment. The main findings of the research show that organisational justice has a positive relationship on the ethical behaviour of employees.

This study assessed the managerial competencies and employees’ trust in management at the College of Business Administration, Jose Rizal Memorial State University, during School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the respondents’ profile, their perceived level of managerial competencies, their perceived level of trust in management, the significant differences in these variables when grouped according to profile, and the significant relationship between managerial competencies and trust in management. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design using a structured questionnaire administered to 107 employees. Data were analyzed using weighted mean, standard deviation, and Spearman rank-order correlation. Findings revealed the perceived level of managerial competencies was very high, particularly in leadership skills and community collaboration, while human resource management obtained the lowest rating but remained very high. Likewise, trust in management was very high, with management integrity rated highest, followed by trust in management competencies and working relationship. A significant moderate positive relationship was found between managerial competencies and trust in management. The study concluded that competent, ethical, and development-oriented management strengthens employees’ trust. It is recommended that the university enhance equitable human resource practices, strengthen campus-specific trust-building strategies, and sustain relational leadership practices.

This paper analyzes a 1988 CIA intelligence assessment to examine how Haitian religious institutions, including Catholic, Protestant, and Vodou networks, serve as pivotal organizers of political legitimacy and social mobilization. The study explores the unique syncretic nature of Haitian faith and its impact on the country's socio-political landscape, highlighting how foreign intelligence monitored these shifts to predict state stability and analyze democratic resistance. This journal article examines how Catholic, Protestant, and Vodou (The Dancing Religion) traditions have influenced Haitian politics, with special attention to the political situation described in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

This study reinterprets Kautilya's Arthashastra principles through the lens of ethical leadership, governance, and strategy, examining its relevance to contemporary business contexts. Drawing on a conceptual review of primary Sanskrit texts and an interpretive engagement with modern scholarship, it employs philosophical hermeneutics and thematic analysis to bridge ancient wisdom with modern management thought. Moving beyond traditional readings, this study positions the Arthashastra as a dynamic, interdisciplinary text offering insights for inclusive, resilient, and ethically grounded governance in volatile environments. By integrating Eastern and Western paradigms, it contributes a culturally pluralistic and historically rich perspective to management studies, expanding the epistemological boundaries of ethical leadership and strategic practice in the modern corporate world.

The study examined how employee involvement and mission influence organizational success in the brewing industry in South-South Nigeria. A correlational research design was used. The population comprised all staff at selected brewing companies in the region, including Nigerian Breweries Plc, Guinness Nigeria Plc, and International Breweries Plc (a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev). A simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 employees from each company, yielding a total sample of 300 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between employee involvement, organizational mission (as components of corporate culture), and organizational success in the brewing industry. Based on these findings, the study recommends that breweries foster a collaborative work environment that promotes employee involvement and teamwork to achieve shared organizational goals. Furthermore, leaders, managers, and employees should consistently align with and embody the organization's mission, values, and corporate culture to drive long-term success. The study also recommends periodic evaluation of corporate culture through employee surveys, performance metrics, and feedback mechanisms to ensure alignment with organizational goals and changing market conditions.

The study examined how employee involvement and mission influence organizational success in the brewing industry in South-South Nigeria. A correlational research design was used. The population comprised all staff at selected brewing companies in the region, including Nigerian Breweries Plc, Guinness Nigeria Plc, and International Breweries Plc (a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev). A simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 employees from each company, yielding a total sample of 300 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between employee involvement, organizational mission (as components of corporate culture), and organizational success in the brewing industry. Based on these findings, the study recommends that breweries foster a collaborative work environment that promotes employee involvement and teamwork to achieve shared organizational goals. Furthermore, leaders, managers, and employees should consistently align with and embody the organization's mission, values, and corporate culture to drive long-term success. The study also recommends periodic evaluation of corporate culture through employee surveys, performance metrics, and feedback mechanisms to ensure alignment with organizational goals and changing market conditions.

The rise of algorithm-driven social media platforms has intensified the visibility and normalization of Naira abuse content in Nigeria. This study investigates how social media algorithms shape youth engagement with Naira abuse content among 400 undergraduate students of Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike. Anchored on Algorithmic Media Theory and Social Learning Theory, the study examines how algorithmic recommendation systems amplify sensational currency-related content and how repeated exposure fosters imitation and behavioural normalization among youths. Using a quantitative survey design, the study measured algorithmic exposure, celebrity influence, and youth engagement. Reliability analysis showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .89), while Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three latent constructs: Algorithmic Exposure, Celebrity Influence, and Youth Engagement. All items met the retention criteria (factor loadings ≥ .50) and were included in the final analysis; only the highest-loading items are displayed in the results table for brevity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between algorithmic exposure and youth engagement (r = .62, p < .001). Hierarchical regression further showed that algorithmic exposure significantly predicted youth engagement (β = .54, p < .001), even after controlling for demographics and celebrity influence. Findings demonstrate that algorithms not only amplify visually stimulating Naira abuse content but also reinforce behavioural modelling processes described in Social Learning Theory, whereby youths imitate repeated, high-status behaviours displayed by celebrities. The study concludes that algorithmic amplification and observational learning jointly normalize harmful currency-related practices. It recommends enhanced algorithmic transparency, stronger regulatory collaboration, and youth-focused digital literacy interventions to mitigate the spread and influence of Naira abuse content.

Human flourishing is a desired outcome for building humanistic workplaces. In this context, flourishing is taken as a whole, an end, and not examined in its distinct causes or components. Surprisingly, many strategies to promote well-being do not include confronting suffering as a comprehensive human experience that can threaten flourishing if not well-oriented. Yet human suffering is ubiquitous, inescapable, and affects relations with the self, the world, and others. Suffering needs to be confronted not only in its distinct forms and causes but also as an experience that encompasses the whole person and threatens human functioning i.e. rationality, free choice, and emotional stability. In the context of the modern work environments and the changes post-COVID-19, there are new difficulties with economic recovery, challenges with flexible work arrangements, and evolving employee-employer trust issues. These changes exist alongside the usual work and life challenges that result from dramatic or everyday events. An agent-based approach where individuals are empowered to recognize, accept, and proactively address suffering is needed. Cultivating cardinal virtues such as prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude alongside intellectual virtues like epistemic courage, intellectual humility, open-mindedness, and intellectual perseverance will equip individuals to make wise decisions regarding their suffering and that of others. By integrating a virtue-ethic framework that addresses personal suffering through individual character growth and organizational policies, we can pave the way for more humanistic workplaces and promote human flourishing.

Abstract: Objective: The current study aimed to
know the role of moral leadership in reducing the
phenomenon of organizational cynicism, an
analytical study of the opinions of a sample of
workers in the College of Administration and
Economics / Salah al-Din University - Erbil. Where
the dimensions of the independent variable included
moral leadership (justice, integrity, respect, moral
orientation), while the dimensions of organizational
cynicism (belief, emotions, behavior) were
represented.
Study methodology: The research used the
descriptive approach for the purpose of describing the
main variables, and using the analytical approach to
analyze the relationships and correlation between the
variables of the study and its dimensions. an
employee. The hypotheses were tested by the
computer program (SPSS.Ver.22)
Conclusions and Suggestions: The study concluded
that there is an inverse and negative significant
correlation and impact relationship at a good level
between ethical leadership and organizational
cynicism at both the macro and partial levels, which
indicates that the more the researched college applies
the values and principles of ethical leadership, the
more this leads to a decrease or non-proliferation of
the phenomenon of organizational cynicism. Finally,
the study put forward a set of proposals, the most
important of which is working to deepen the moral
leadership behaviors of the academic leaders in the
college under study because of its impact on the level
of sarcasm behavior and its adoption as an
administrative method in its management and daily
work by carefully selecting and training those who
assume leadership and supervisory positions in the
college under study.

This study examined teachers perceptions of trust, empowering leadership and psychological empowerment and their impact on well-being through a moderated-mediation model. Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 350 respondents in the Division of San Pablo City via online surveys. Various statistical methods, including correlation, mediation, and moderation analyses, were used to examine the relationships among the study variables. Findings revealed that teachers perceived trust, psychological empowerment, and empowering leadership as highly practiced within the schools. Furthermore, they very high their overall well-being including job satisfaction, work-life balance, and mental health was significantly enhanced by the empowering leadership and psychological empowerment fostered by their school heads. These leadership qualities created a supportive work environment that contributed to teachers professional fulfilment, emotional well-being, and ability to maintain a healthy balance between work and personal life. Mediation analysis demonstrated that trust defined by reliability, integrity, and benevolence was a highly significant factor affecting teachers well-being. It played a crucial role in enhancing the positive effects of empowering leadership and psychological empowerment exhibited by school leaders. Additionally, moderation analysis was conducted to assess the impact of time pressure and collectivist orientation on teachers well-being, particularly in relation to the extent of empowering leadership and psychological empowerment highly practiced by school heads. Empowering leadership and psychological empowerment positively impact teachers well-being, with trust playing a crucial role in strengthening these relationships. Trust fosters a supportive environment and mediates teachers experiences.  Additionally, time pressure and collectivist orientation, as moderating variables, were not found to have a significant effect on the relationship between empowering leadership or psychological empowerment and teachers well-being. Additionally, the absence of significant interaction effects suggests that these factors do not modify the influence of empowering leadership or psychological empowerment on teachers well-being. These findings emphasize the need for a trust-driven, empowering culture in the Division of San Pablo City.

This document introduces the Omraie Interventionsmodell (OMR), developed by Prof. Reza Omraie. It represents an innovative, multi-dimensional approach integrating advanced Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), psychological insights, and modern coaching methodologies. Designed for professionals and researchers, the OMR model provides a structured framework for effective cognitive and behavioral interventions.

This text advances a normative understanding of ethics in public relations rooted in preserving the conditions for meaningful dialogue among actors with competing interests. Ethics is not confined to legal compliance or strategic effectiveness; rather, it is tied to legitimacy grounded in openness, transparency, and recognition of stakeholders. From this standpoint, manipulation, concealment, and propaganda are rejected in favor of communication that respects facts, individuals, and the trust on which public relationships depend. The text further argues that value conflicts rarely lend themselves to easy solutions and therefore call for sustained moral judgment rather than automatic or purely technical responses.

This research is an attempt at finding the institutional trajectories of Royal Dutch Shell operations concerning the question of Corporate Social Responsibility/Social Investment (CSR/SI) strategies in two different environments i.e. The United States and Nigeria. In the quest to ascertain these facts and variables, the question of adequacy of this responsibility and the policy framework of Royal Dutch Shell has become a subject of concern being that issues of corporate strategies towards different states and communities around the globe has raised questions of disparate arrangements, approaches and attitudes.A perusal of various literature and reports, including the Social Investment Disclosure in the sustainability report of the Royal Dutch Shell ( ), as well as economic indices and demographic data suggest how the question of CSR is a field amass with facts and figures about how differently global conglomerates approach their corporate responsibility toward host communities. The subject of CSR/SI strategies as contained in the analysis of the sustainability report of the Royal Dutch Shell ( ) states that in Nigeria. Yet, the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) reveals some level of inadequacy of the company's Social Investment (SI) programmes in Nigeria as compared to the United State.), and the "Lack of Goodwill" Indicators designed by IPIECA (2008), bring to the fore the demographic and socio-economic indices of the two environments, which give an insight into issues that include ethical considerations and limitations. Most of the thematic issues show that the Royal Dutch Shell has in place diverse social and voluntary investments programs.