Evaluation Algorithm

In the era of increasing cyber threats, the implementation of robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is crucial for safeguarding network integrity. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of various machine learning algorithms employed in IDS, with a specific focus on binary logistic regression as a comparative tool. We utilized a well-established dataset to evaluate the performance of multiple algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines, and neural networks. Our findings reveal significant variations in accuracy, precision, and recall across the different algorithms. Binary logistic regression served as an effective benchmark, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each model. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse in cybersecurity by providing empirical evidence on the efficacy of machine learning approaches in detecting intrusions, offering insights for future enhancements in IDS design.

Power lines or underground power cables generate electromagnetic interaction with other objects near to them. This study evaluates the magnetic field emitted by underground extra high voltage cables. The presented work aims to show a numerical simulation of the magnetic field of a buried 400 kV underground power line, which is used as a novel prototype in several countries at a short distance. The underground power cable study, in the presence of the current harmonics at different positions, with time variation by finite element resolution, using Comsol Multiphysics with Matlab software in two dimensions. The simulation results illustrate the magnetic flux density variation-in terms of amplitude and distribution as a function of different actual harmonics rates. The underground cable performance and magnetic field have affected by the harmonics effects. The maximum magnetic induction levels generated by significant harmonics are superior to the limits recommended by the international standard norms. In this paper, shielding has been used as an appropriate remedy to attenuate the magnetic field.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the electromagnetic emission of the overhead power line, because these power line generate electromagnetic interaction with other objects near to it. The novelty of this work shows a numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field of the 400 kV line in both permanent and transient states at different positions, based on the finite element method using numerical software. Through the results of this study, it was found that the electromagnetic field in the transient state is very important. The findings of this research can be used to evaluate the field created around transmission lines in order to determine their impact on the environment and human health.

In order to decide the appropriate arrangements of fictitious charges in the charge simulation method, the use of the Monte Carlo method is proposed for the estimation of the probability density function of two variables, the radius ratio, and the angle ratio. Τhe scale and shape parameters of the Weibull's distribution are determined by the maximum likelihood estimator. The obtained results are used to calculate the electric field at arbitrary points in the neighborhood of high voltage transmission lines. The comparisons between the results computed by this method, the results calculated by the genetic algorithm, and those measured, confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.

In this paper, a new hybrid approach to modeling the magnetic induction produced by HV overhead power line which combines the current simulation method (CSM) and adaptive simulated annealing algorithm (ASA) is discussed. The aim of the ASA algorithm is to find the optimal position and number of current loops used in bundles conductors for an accurate magnetic induction. Several parameters affecting the magnetic induction have been studied; it is observed that, taking into account the effect of conductor sag is much more interesting particularly at the mid-span length where the magnetic induction becomes very significant, the results also indicated that the maximum magnetic induction levels are less than the limits recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standard for general public and occupational exposure. The calculated results are compared with those obtained from the COMSOL 4.3a Multiphysics software. A good agreement has been reached.

The purpose of this study used image method and superposition theorem for plot the lateral profile of the magnetic fields around three-phase overhead power lines based on current return on ground, the analytique results we obtained by MATLAB numerical software which makes it possible to better analyze and to represent the 2D transverse profile of the magnetic induction under overhead power lines. the research works show that strength of the magnetic field was in the middle phase center of circuit line is very important and decrease rapidly of increase the lateral distance of conductors. The analysis results can be used to determine the magnetic field intensity generated by high-voltage power lines and evaluate the factors effects in the magnetic induction.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the electrostatic and electromagnetic interferences of HV power lines on aerial metallic pipeline. The proposed modelling is based on charge simulation method (CSM) and Efficient Simulation Method (ESM) coupled with Genetic algorithm (GA). This is typically done for safety reasons, to ensure workers who come into contact with the pipeline and to protect the pipeline metal against corrosion, with appropriate measures taken according to the international standard. The obtained simulation results were compared with those obtained by other approaches, a good agreement was obtained.

The proximity to high voltage power lines and gas pipelines is sometimes unavoidable for space reasons density of the soil. These pipelines are subject to electrical interference generated by power lines under normal and fault conditions. Due to this interference, AC voltages and currents can be induced on the aerial metallic pipeline, which may present a risk of electric shock to the operator; also threaten the integrity of the pipeline equipment. This paper aims to examine the capacitive coupling and the various factors affecting the level of this coupling, using a combination of charge simulation method and genetic algorithms (GAs) for the optimal position and number of fictitious charges used in CSM. The simulation results are compared with those obtained from the impedance matrix, a good agreement has been obtained.

In this paper the implementation of passive loops as a tool for magnetic field mitigation is studied. A theoretical introduction that describes the problem mathematically and physically is presented. Using this formulation a tool to estimate the magnitude and phase of current induced in passive loops is developed and the values obtained are compared with measurements to validate the model. Finally, calculations and measurements are performed for magnetic field with and without the implementation of loops on scale models. The analysis considers different sections of conductors used in loops, and different sizes and shapes.

In this article, we present our study of the relevance of the relative position of the human torso with respect to the plane of the supporting pylons of various Overhead High-Voltage Power Lines from the perspective of currents induced by the generated magnetic fields. A homogenous model of the human body that considers the trunk as an elliptic cylinder has been developed in CST Studio software. Due to the necessary theoretical brevity, the results obtained by the simulation for the loop currents along the perimeters associated with the large (28 cm) and, respectively, the small (16 cm) axis of the elliptical cross-section of the trunk are presented and discussed. Simulations have been performed for five relative positions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) of the human trunk with respect to the plane of the transmission towers and for two types of symmetric, double three-phase networks (110 kV and 640 A, 220 kV and 960 A, respectively), with the normal supporting poles SN 110252. We present ...

In this article, we present our study of the relevance of the relative position of the human torso with respect to the plane of the supporting pylons of various Overhead High-Voltage Power Lines from the perspective of currents induced by the generated magnetic fields. A homogenous model of the human body that considers the trunk as an elliptic cylinder has been developed in CST Studio software. Due to the necessary theoretical brevity, the results obtained by the simulation for the loop currents along the perimeters associated with the large (28 cm) and, respectively, the small (16 cm) axis of the elliptical cross-section of the trunk are presented and discussed. Simulations have been performed for five relative positions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) of the human trunk with respect to the plane of the transmission towers and for two types of symmetric, double three-phase networks (110 kV and 640 A, 220 kV and 960 A, respectively), with the normal supporting poles SN 110252. We present ...

This paper proposes a 3D quasi-static numerical model for the magnetic induction calculation produced by the high voltage overhead power lines by using the Current Simulation Technique (CST) combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO), in order to determine the appropriate position and number of the filamentary current loops for an accurate computation. The exact form of the catenary of the power line conductors is taken into account in this calculation. From the simulation results, the effect of the conductor sag is largely noticed on the magnetic induction distribution, especially at the mid-span length of the power line where the magnetic induction becomes very significant, the maximum magnetic induction strength at 1 m above the ground level recorded at mid-span point is 8.87 ?T, at the pylon foot, the maximum value is significantly reduced to 3.94 ?T. According to these values, we note that the limits set by the ICNIRP guidelines for magnetic induction strengt...

Studies have shown that high-voltage power transmission lines emit electromagnetic radiation, which has adverse effects on human health. This paper presents the effects of parameter adjustment on the electric and magnetic fields of an overhead power transmission line model at human height. A finite element software, COMSOL multiphysics, was used to simulate the electric and magnetic fields. The electric and magnetic fields generated by the 1200-kV and 220-kV overhead power transmission line models were first computed and the models were validated by comparing the simulation results with those of previous studies. Numbers of parameter were adjusted in order to investigate their effects on the electric and magnetic field distributions. Based on the results, the electric field intensity increases with an increase in the voltage of the conductors. The magnetic field density increases with an increase in the current carried by the conductors. A voltage of 700 kV results in an electricity field intensity that exceeds the residential safety limit (50 kV/m) set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Hence, a proper right-of-way is needed to ensure that residential areas are at a safe distance away from transmission towers.

In order to decide the appropriate arrangements of fictitious charges in the charge simulation method, the use of the Monte Carlo method is proposed for the estimation of the probability density function of two variables, the radius ratio, and the angle ratio. Τhe scale and shape parameters of the Weibull's distribution are determined by the maximum likelihood estimator. The obtained results are used to calculate the electric field at arbitrary points in the neighborhood of high voltage transmission lines. The comparisons between the results computed by this method, the results calculated by the genetic algorithm, and those measured, confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.

RC4 is the most widely used stream cipher algorithm. It is used to protect valuable electronic information. How- ever, RC4 encryption algorithm su�ers from a secret key generation as a seed problems. This paper proposes an intelligent dynamic secret key generation as a seed by em- ploying an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA). The proposed RC4-EA method tends to enhance the RC4 encryption algorithm with a high degree of a seed key randomness. The main advantage of the proposed RC4-EA method is that the generation of this secret key is done dynamically and randomly; this adds more strength of the RC4 en- cryption algorithm against breaking this cryptosystems. Several experiments on the proposed RC4-EA method are conducted. Where, the results of the experiments show the improvement of the encryption time and the through- put of the proposed encryption RC4-EA method. Also, the proposed validated RC4-EA encryption method is ap- plied for data ciphering in Content Management System (CMS).

This paper aims is devoted to modeling and simulation of electric field created by EHV power transmission line of 275 kV using an efficient hybrid methodology, the charge simulation method (CSM) with the Simplex Simulated Annealing (SIMPSA) algorithm in order to find the optimal position and number of fictitious charges used in CSM for an accurate calculation. Various factors that affect the electric field intensity were analyzed; it is found that the influence of the conductor sagging is clearly remarked, the maximum electric field strength at 1 m above the ground level recorded at mid-span point of the power line is 3.09 kV/m, in the proximity of the pylon, the maximum value is significantly reduced to 1.28 kV/m. The configuration type of the transmission line (single or double circuit) and the arrangements of phase conductors on double circuit pylons have a significant effect on the levels of electric field around the transmission line. For a single circuit, the triangular config...

This paper proposes a 3D quasi-static numerical model for the magnetic induction calculation produced by the high voltage overhead power lines by using the Current Simulation Technique (CST) combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO), in order to determine the appropriate position and number of the filamentary current loops for an accurate computation. The exact form of the catenary of the power line conductors is taken into account in this calculation. From the simulation results, the effect of the conductor sag is largely noticed on the magnetic induction distribution, especially at the mid-span length of the power line where the magnetic induction becomes very significant, the maximum magnetic induction strength at 1 m above the ground level recorded at mid-span point is 8.87 ?T, at the pylon foot, the maximum value is significantly reduced to 3.94 ?T. According to these values, we note that the limits set by the ICNIRP guidelines for magnetic induction strengt...

There has been apprehension about the possible adverse health effects resulting from exposure to power frequency magnetic field, especially in the overhead power lines vicinity. Research work on the biological effects of magnetic field has been substantial in recent decades. Various international regulations and safety guidelines, aimed at the protection of human beings, have been issued. Numerous measurements are performed and different numerical algorithms for computation of the magnetic field, based on the Biot- Savart law, are developed. In this paper, a previously developed 3D quasistatic numerical algorithm for computation of the magnetic field (i.e. magnetic flux density) produced by overhead power lines has been improved in such a way that cylindrical segments of passive conductors are also taken into account. These segments of passive conductors form the conductive passive contours, which can be natural or equivalent, and they substitute conductive passive parts of the over...

In this paper, a 3D quasistatic numerical algorithm for computation of the electric field produced by overhead power lines is presented. The real catenary form of the overhead power line phase conductors and shield wires is taken into account with an arbitrary number of straight thin-wire cylindrical segments of active and passive conductors. In order to obtain more precise results of the charge density distribution, segmentation is conducted for each overhead power line span separately. Moreover, the presence of the towers which distort the electric field and significantly reduce its magnitude is taken into account. Therefore, the towers of overhead power lines are approximated using thin-wire cylindrical segments of passive conductors with electric potential equal to zero. From self and mutual coefficients of these components, system of linear equations for computation of the charge density distribution was obtained. In the numerical example, electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of towers and under the midspan of overhead power lines is shown. In order to verify the accuracy of the presented model, the obtained results are compared with similar published examples and results available in the literature.

This paper presents a novel numerical algorithm for computing of the power line electric and magnetic fields. Phase conductor currents are separated into their longitudinal and transversal components. Computation of the magnetic flux density is based on the Biot-Savart law. Longitudinal component of the electric field intensity is computed from vector magnetic potential. Two other components of the electric field intensity are computed from the transversal currents, which are obtained by the average potential method.

In this paper, a 3D quasi-static numerical algorithm for computation of the magnetic field produced by power lines is presented. These power lines can be overhead power line phase conductors and shield wires or buried cable line phase conductors. The basis of the presented algorithm is the application of Biot-Savart law and the thin-wire approximation of cylindrical conductors. The catenary form of the power line conductors is approximated by a set of straight cylindrical segments. By summing up contributions of all conductor segments, magnetic field distribution is computed. On the basis of the presented theory, a FORTRAN program PFEMF for computation of the magnetic flux density distribution was developed. For each conductor catenary, it is necessary to define only global coordinates of the beginning and ending points and also the value of the longitudinal phase conductor current. Global coordinates of beginning and ending points of each catenary segment are generated automatically in PFEMF. Numerical results obtained by program PFEMF are compared with results obtained by simple 2D model and results obtained using software package CDEGS.

Three different two-dimensional (2D) algorithms for the computation of the electric fields of both overhead power lines and buried cable lines are described and compared. The first algorithm developed in this paper takes into account a short straight overhead power line and approximates the conductor charge density by a parabola. The second algorithm takes into account a short, straight power line and approximates the conductor charge density by a constant. The third algorithm is based on a simplified approach that analyses an infinite, straight power line. Furthermore, two different 2D algorithms for the computation of power line magnetic flux density are described and compared. One of these algorithms takes into account the short, straight overhead or buried power line, whereas the other takes into account an infinite straight power line. The effect of neglecting the shield wires in the electric field intensity computation is also discussed.

Three different two-dimensional (2D) algorithms for the computation of the electric fields of both overhead power lines and buried cable lines are described and compared. The first algorithm developed in this paper takes into account a short straight overhead power line and approximates the conductor charge density by a parabola. The second algorithm takes into account a short, straight power line and approximates the conductor charge density by a constant. The third algorithm is based on a simplified approach that analyses an infinite, straight power line. Furthermore, two different 2D algorithms for the computation of power line magnetic flux density are described and compared. One of these algorithms takes into account the short, straight overhead or buried power line, whereas the other takes into account an infinite straight power line. The effect of neglecting the shield wires in the electric field intensity computation is also discussed.

In this article, we present our study of the relevance of the relative position of the human torso with respect to the plane of the supporting pylons of various Overhead High-Voltage Power Lines from the perspective of currents induced by the generated magnetic fields. A homogenous model of the human body that considers the trunk as an elliptic cylinder has been developed in CST Studio software. Due to the necessary theoretical brevity, the results obtained by the simulation for the loop currents along the perimeters associated with the large (28 cm) and, respectively, the small (16 cm) axis of the elliptical cross-section of the trunk are presented and discussed. Simulations have been performed for five relative positions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) of the human trunk with respect to the plane of the transmission towers and for two types of symmetric, double three-phase networks (110 kV and 640 A, 220 kV and 960 A, respectively), with the normal supporting poles SN 110252. We present ...

RC4 is the most widely used stream cipher algorithm. It is used to protect valuable electronic information. How- ever, RC4 encryption algorithm su�ers from a secret key generation as a seed problems. This paper proposes an intelligent dynamic secret key generation as a seed by em- ploying an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA). The proposed RC4-EA method tends to enhance the RC4 encryption algorithm with a high degree of a seed key randomness. The main advantage of the proposed RC4-EA method is that the generation of this secret key is done dynamically and randomly; this adds more strength of the RC4 en- cryption algorithm against breaking this cryptosystems. Several experiments on the proposed RC4-EA method are conducted. Where, the results of the experiments show the improvement of the encryption time and the through- put of the proposed encryption RC4-EA method. Also, the proposed validated RC4-EA encryption method is ap- plied for data ciphering in Content Management System (CMS).

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the electrostatic and electromagnetic interferences of HV power lines on aerial metallic pipeline. The proposed modelling is based on charge simulation method (CSM) and Efficient Simulation Method (ESM) coupled with Genetic algorithm (GA). This is typically done for safety reasons, to ensure workers who come into contact with the pipeline and to protect the pipeline metal against corrosion, with appropriate measures taken according to the international standard. The obtained simulation results were compared with those obtained by other approaches, a good agreement was obtained.

RC4 is the most widely used stream cipher algorithm. It is used to protect valuable electronic information. How- ever, RC4 encryption algorithm su�ers from a secret key generation as a seed problems. This paper proposes an intelligent dynamic secret key generation as a seed by em- ploying an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA). The proposed RC4-EA method tends to enhance the RC4 encryption algorithm with a high degree of a seed key randomness. The main advantage of the proposed RC4-EA method is that the generation of this secret key is done dynamically and randomly; this adds more strength of the RC4 en- cryption algorithm against breaking this cryptosystems. Several experiments on the proposed RC4-EA method are conducted. Where, the results of the experiments show the improvement of the encryption time and the through- put of the proposed encryption RC4-EA method. Also, the proposed validated RC4-EA encryption method is ap- plied for data ciphering in Content Management System (CMS).

In this paper, a novel method for electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation in the vicinity of the high voltage overhead transmission lines is proposed. The proposed method is based on two fully connected feed-forward neural networks to independently estimate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density. The artificial neural networks are trained using the scaled conjugate gradient algorithm. Training datasets corresponds to different overhead transmission line configurations that are generated using an algorithm that is especially developed for this purpose. The target values for the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density datasets are calculated using the charge simulation method and Biot-Savart law based method, respectively. This data is generated for fixed applied voltage and current intensity values. In instances when the applied voltage and current intensity values differ from those used in the artificial neural network training, the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density results are appropriately scaled. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, a comparative analysis of the proposed method with the charge simulation method for electric field intensity calculation and Biot-Savart law-based method for magnetic flux density calculation is presented. Furthermore, the results of the proposed method are compared to measurement results obtained in the vicinity of two 400 kV transmission lines. The performance analysis results showed that proposed method can produce accurate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation results for different overhead transmission line configurations. INDEX TERMS Artificial neural networks (ANN), Biot-Savart (BS) law based method, charge simulation method (CSM), electric field intensity, magnetic flux density, scaled conjugated gradient (SCG).

Wireless communication security is a critical factor for secure communication among large scale of wireless networks. A limited resource constraint, such as power and memory size presents a significant challenge to implement existing cryptographic algorithms. One of the most important symmetric cryptographic algorithms is Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) stream cipherthatis utilized in many real-time security applications. However, the RC4 cipher shows some weaknesses, including a correlation problem between the public known outputs of the internal state. In this paper, we propose RC4 stream cipher with a random initial state (RRC4) to solve the weak keys problem of the RC4 using a random initialization of internal state S. We also propose RC4 stream cipher with two state tables (RC4-2S) to solve the correlation problem between the public known outputs of the internal state using permutation between state1 (S 1) and state 2 (S 2) while requiring less time than RC4. Finally, we propose RC4 stream cipher with two state tables togenerate four keys (RC4-2S +) in each cycle which further enhances randomness overRC4-2S and RRC4.

RC4 is the most widely used stream cipher algorithm. It is used to protect valuable electronic information. How- ever, RC4 encryption algorithm su�ers from a secret key generation as a seed problems. This paper proposes an intelligent dynamic secret key generation as a seed by em- ploying an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA). The proposed RC4-EA method tends to enhance the RC4 encryption algorithm with a high degree of a seed key randomness. The main advantage of the proposed RC4-EA method is that the generation of this secret key is done dynamically and randomly; this adds more strength of the RC4 en- cryption algorithm against breaking this cryptosystems. Several experiments on the proposed RC4-EA method are conducted. Where, the results of the experiments show the improvement of the encryption time and the through- put of the proposed encryption RC4-EA method. Also, the proposed validated RC4-EA encryption method is ap- plied for data ciphering in Content Management System (CMS).

With the development of electrical power transmission networks, are resulted the increase and continuous consumption of various power production sources, this is what requires the large quantities of energy construction. The increased demand in electric power employment has generated an raised of operating voltage for transmission lines (HV and VHV). The high voltage overhead transmission lines create electric and magnetic fields, and therefore have elevated serious concern questions about their possible potential effects in human body and environmental great associated with the resulting higher levels of electromagnetic fields strength around these power lines. The accurate evaluation of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields influences produced by the high voltage overhead power lines on human health and the environment are well very known and analysed in several research works and simulation study projects. In this paper we precise examine and present a methodology for pl...

In this work we are interested in numerical calculation of the magnetic flux density in the proximity of a three-phase underground cable circuit in horizontal configuration by the Biot-Savart's law and comparing the levels obtained from the field to the exposure values set by the standards. The results show that these levels are less than the limit recommended by the standards, also this work allows to conclude that the cables in a triangular configuration is the most preferred configuration. The simulation results of magnetic flux density values are compared with those obtained from software COMSOL 3.5a. A good agreement has been obtained.

In this paper, using probability transition matrix, at first we revisit the work of Mantin on finding the probability distribution of RC4 permutation after the completion of KSA. After that, we extend the same idea to analyse the probabilities during any iteration of Pseudo Random Generation Algorithm. Next, we study the bias Zr = r (where Zr is the r-th output keystream bit), which is one of the significant biases observed in RC4 output keystream. This bias has played an important role in the plaintext recovery attack proposed by Isobe et al. in FSE 2013. However, the accurate theoretical explanation of the bias of Zr = r is still a mystery. Though several attempts have been made to prove this bias, none of those provides accurate justification. Here, using the results found with the help of probability transition matrix we justify this bias of Zr = r accurately and settle this issue. The bias obtained from our proof matches perfectly with the experimental observations.

With rapid industrial and commercial growth and flourishing population, power demand is increasing rapidly. Modern methods of UHV transmission lines are important to transmit bulk amount of power more efficiently in comparison to earlier methods of transmission. 1200 KV UHV transmission line is India future and therefore forthcoming project to tackle this situation. However as line to line voltage level increases, complexity of the transmission line increases. But, with higher level of line to line voltage, complexity of transmission line increases. ROW is one of the major concerns with transmission lines. Many parameters need to take care in designing; one of them is a magnetic field distribution at surroundings of transmission line. India has initiated to expand its UHV range to 1200kv. Paper suggest magnetic field of three configurations of the 1200KV line. Horizontal and vertical configuration test lines have been installed. Analysis has been done by two methods finite element m...

In this paper, a novel method for electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation in the vicinity of the high voltage overhead transmission lines is proposed. The proposed method is based on two fully connected feed-forward neural networks to independently estimate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density. The artificial neural networks are trained using the scaled conjugate gradient algorithm. Training datasets corresponds to different overhead transmission line configurations that are generated using an algorithm that is especially developed for this purpose. The target values for the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density datasets are calculated using the charge simulation method and Biot-Savart law based method, respectively. This data is generated for fixed applied voltage and current intensity values. In instances when the applied voltage and current intensity values differ from those used in the artificial neural network training, the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density results are appropriately scaled. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, a comparative analysis of the proposed method with the charge simulation method for electric field intensity calculation and Biot-Savart law-based method for magnetic flux density calculation is presented. Furthermore, the results of the proposed method are compared to measurement results obtained in the vicinity of two 400 kV transmission lines. The performance analysis results showed that proposed method can produce accurate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation results for different overhead transmission line configurations. INDEX TERMS Artificial neural networks (ANN), Biot-Savart (BS) law based method, charge simulation method (CSM), electric field intensity, magnetic flux density, scaled conjugated gradient (SCG).

This paper considers the method for the calculation of magnetic flux density in the vicinity of overhead distribution lines which takes into account the higher current harmonics. This method is based on the Biot–Savart law and the complex image method. The considered method calculates the values of the magnetic flux density for each harmonic component of the current separately at all points of interest (usually lateral profile). In this way, it is possible to determine the contributions of individual harmonic components of the current intensity to the total value of magnetic flux density. Based on the contributions of individual harmonic components, the total (resultant) value of the magnetic flux density at points of interest is determined. Validation of the computational method is carried out by comparison of the results obtained by the considered calculation method with measurement results. Furthermore, the application of the calculation method was demonstrated by calculating mag...

In this work we are interested in numerical calculation of the magnetic flux density in the proximity of a three-phase underground cable circuit in horizontal configuration by the Biot-Savart's law and comparing the levels obtained from the field to the exposure values set by the standards. The results show that these levels are less than the limit recommended by the standards, also this work allows to conclude that the cables in a triangular configuration is the most preferred configuration. The simulation results of magnetic flux density values are compared with those obtained from software COMSOL 3.5a. A good agreement has been obtained.

This paper focuses on the optimization of the design of high voltage transmission lines in order to reduce the negative impact of electric and magnetic fields. Within this paper the results of measurements of electric and magnetic fields near 400 kV transmission line were presented. Measurements were performed in the middle of the range between two towers, because at this point transmission lines are closest to the ground. In order to make better validation of the used calculation models of electric and magnetic fields, measurement of temperature, pressure, humidity and height of particular transmission lines in the middle range, were performed simultaneously. The values of current and voltage on the transmission line, at the time of measurement of the fields, are also given. Based on the measured values of electric and magnetic fields, validation of calculation was performed. This paper also contains a brief comparative analysis of regulations on non-ionizing radiation of power fac...

In this paper, we introduce the concept of the derivative of sequence of numbers and dene new statistical indices by which we discoverd new properties of randomly generated number sequences. We also build a test for pseudo random generators based on these properties and use it to conrm the weakness of RC4 key scheduling algorithm that has been reported in the litterature. In this rescpect we publish a new RC4’s key scheduling algorithm that don’t have this weakness.

In this paper we introduce the notion of impossible fault analysis, and present an impossible fault analysis of RC4, whose complexity 2 21 is smaller than the previously best known attack of Hoch and Shamir (2 26), along with an even faster fault analysis of RC4, based on different ideas, with complexity smaller than 2 16 .

This paper introduces a permutation generation mechanism based on a shared secret key. The generated permutation vectors are used as encryption keys in a stream ciphering cryptosystem. We investigated various types of attacks on the known stream cipher RC4 and patched most of its loopholes, especially biased-byte and state-related attacks. Unique to our approach, we prove mathematically that the complexity of bruteforcing such a system is (2n), where n is the key size in bytes. This paper also presents a complete security model using permutation-based encryption, in order to handle privacy. In addition, our approach achieved higher performance than that of existing peer techniques, while maintaining solid security. Experimental results show that our system is much faster than the existing security mechanisms, such as AES and DES.

Several studies have been conducted to quantify the electromagnetic fields generated by power lines in order to evaluate the risk of these fields on human and animals health. In this paper, extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields generated by a complex system contains six parallel high voltage lines are calculated using COMSOL-MULTI PHYSICS software. This study is used to analyze the behavior of electromagnetic fields generated by this system in an area of strong population.

In this article, we present our study of the relevance of the relative position of the human torso with respect to the plane of the supporting pylons of various Overhead High-Voltage Power Lines from the perspective of currents induced by the generated magnetic fields. A homogenous model of the human body that considers the trunk as an elliptic cylinder has been developed in CST Studio software. Due to the necessary theoretical brevity, the results obtained by the simulation for the loop currents along the perimeters associated with the large (28 cm) and, respectively, the small (16 cm) axis of the elliptical cross-section of the trunk are presented and discussed. Simulations have been performed for five relative positions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) of the human trunk with respect to the plane of the transmission towers and for two types of symmetric, double three-phase networks (110 kV and 640 A, 220 kV and 960 A, respectively), with the normal supporting poles SN 110252. We present ...

In this paper we introduce the notion of impossible fault analysis, and present an impossible fault analysis of RC4, whose complexity 2 21 is smaller than the previously best known attack of Hoch and Shamir (2 26), along with an even faster fault analysis of RC4, based on different ideas, with complexity smaller than 2 16 .

RC4 is one of the most widely accepted stream cipher on account of its structural simplicity, encryption and decryption speed and efficiency. In this paper, we report on several vulnerabilities of RC4 algorithm and further propose a modified RC4 (MRC4) algorithm to overcome the weaknesses of RC4. Working of RC4 consists of two parts: key scheduling algorithm (KSA) and pseudo random number generator algorithm (PRGA).

This paper proposes a 3D quasi-static numerical model for the magnetic induction calculation produced by the high voltage overhead power lines by using the Current Simulation Technique (CST) combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO), in order to determine the appropriate position and number of the filamentary current loops for an accurate computation. The exact form of the catenary of the power line conductors is taken into account in this calculation. From the simulation results, the effect of the conductor sag is largely noticed on the magnetic induction distribution, especially at the mid-span length of the power line where the magnetic induction becomes very significant, the maximum magnetic induction strength at 1 m above the ground level recorded at mid-span point is 8.87 μT, at the pylon foot, the maximum value is significantly reduced to 3.94 μT. According to these values, we note that the limits set by the ICNIRP guidelines for magnetic induction strength are respected for occupational and public exposure. The simulation results of magnetic induction are compared with those obtained from the 3-D Integration method, a fairly good agreement is found.