Ex Convicts

The study emphasizes the health and well-being of convicts in the central prison of
Tamil Nadu. The incarcerated population is highly vulnerable and often neglected.
There are studies on health and well-being, but there is limited research specific to
this region. The significance of the study mainly focuses on health and well-being,
specifically on factors such as personal factors, economic factors, health, familial
characteristics, psychological general well-being, personality traits and their relationship to psychological general well-being, psychological characteristics,
offense-related factors, age and psychological general well-being, leisure time activities before and after imprisonment, marital status and well-being, extraversion
and psychological general well-being, and emotional stability. The study utilized a
descriptive research design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. A
purposive sampling technique was used, with a total sample size of 173. The study
was conducted in various prisons, Central Prisons.

One of the important factors in the efforts to deradicalise the ex prisoners of terrorists (ex-terrorists) is the acceptance of the community to return to a normal life in the midst of their community interactions. To live a normal life in the midst of society, decent work is also needed to support daily needs. In general, ex-terrorist - after undergoing their crimes - find it difficult / difficult to start a new life by working like a community. Jobs that are often their choice are home entrepreneurs / home industry and culinary businesses. In running this business, they often stumble over the legality of their business. Business legality is very important to provide the initial foundation for the establishment of the business concerned. For home-based entrepreneurs, a business license is needed, even a trademark for the products they produce. As for the culinary business, legality is required in relation to location leases, agreements with third parties and others.

Research has shown that traumatic events, including violence exposure, are associated with deleterious outcomes . While this has been studied extensively in the community, there has been very little attention to a population forced to live in an environment in which violence is common -jail. The present dissertation research examines the impact of violence exposure on a variety of psychological and behavioral variables. The research opens with three studies, two of which use a sample of ex--offenders, and concludes with a longitudinal study assessing jail inmates. The first study (Study 1) examines the effect of violence exposure on aggression in a sample of emerging adults. Results show those with more exposure to violence endorse aggressive beliefs, which leads to increased levels of aggression. In Study 2, I survey a group of males recently released from prison about their experiences with sexual assault and murder in prison and determine their association to psychiatric symptoms post--incarceration. The results provide support for the detrimental impact of prison violence on symptoms of anxiety and post--traumatic stress. Study 3 evaluates the relation between pre-iii incarceration mental health problems, feelings of safety during incarceration, and victimization during incarceration in a group of formerly incarcerated males. It further examines how these variables affect psychosocial adjustment during re-entry. The results indicate all three examined variables are uniquely associated with psychosocial difficulties. The final study, Study 4, investigates experiences before, during, and after jail to examine their relation to mental health functioning and recidivism. Four hundred male and female adult inmates were recruited to participate in a 16--week study. During this time period, surveys were administered at four separate times: Wave 1) Within the first three months of admission to jail; Wave 2) Five weeks after Wave 1; Wave 3) Six weeks after Wave 2; Wave 4) Approximately one month post--release. Recidivism data was collected for all participants. Overall, the results suggest that violence exposure, both during incarceration and in the community, negatively impacts mental and behavioral health; however, exposure to violence, in jail or in the community, did not increase the likelihood of recidivism. This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance, support, and participation of many people. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the following people. My advisor, Dr. Paul Boxer, has provided five years of invaluable mentorship. During this time, Paul taught me innumerable theories, concepts, research designs, and statistical methods; he also taught me the value of conducting quality research.

This study examines the role of vocational training programmes in Ghanaian prisons as a mechanism for rehabilitation, reintegration, and recidivism reduction. The study employs the rehabilitation theory, and the Routine Activity Theory in informing the discussion. Utilising the descriptive research design, the research investigates the scope, challenges, and effectiveness of vocational skills training programmes within Ankaful and Nsawam Prisons. The study had individuals who experienced working in the prisons and participated in vocational skills training as the target population. Using the purposive and convenient sampling methods, a total of 31 participants made up of prison officers, social welfare staff, ex-convicts, and inmates were sampled for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews ensuring a comprehensive exploration of the research objectives. The interview data was analysed using the thematic approach to identify recurrent themes, patterns and insights. The findings reveal systemic inadequacies, including insufficient resources, outdated equipment, and a lack of skilled trainers, which undermine the potential of vocational training to achieve its rehabilitative goals. Disparities in programme implementation across facilities highlight significant gaps in uniformity and accessibility, while societal stigmatization further limits the reintegration of ex-offenders. The study concludes that vocational skill training holds promise as a rehabilitative tool though structural deficiencies and limited support constrain its impact. Recommendations include increasing budgetary allocations, modernizing training facilities and methodologies, and expanding programme scope.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by myself except where reference is made as footnotes within this thesis. Celia de Winter P age 112 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION A disability is seen by the general community as external and not intrinsic to the individual. It is important to understand the person with a disability in their totality as an equal member of the Tasmanian Community. This has been noted by stakeholders interviewed and supported by academic research as discussed in the following thesis. This dissertation discusses the issues of a small but resource intensive cohort of 'released prisoners' with complex needs that present as various combinations of experiences initially from having a cognitive impairment' which may include mental illness/ intellectual disability/acquired brain injury, 2 combined inter alia with possible challenging and or offending behaviours, family dysfunction, social exclusion and isolation, homelessness, and drug or alcohol abuse. 3 These issues are exacerbated by the fact that services are reluctant to support people with complex needs relegating them to the 'too hard basket.' 4 Added to this complexity is the fact that members of the cohort of this thesis are also 'released prisoners', making reintegration alrnost impossible to achieve as the community and some service providers are stigmatised and discriminate against them. People with complex needs are, according to Douse et.al , "caught in a cycle of social exclusion and criminalisation resulting in their incarceration and re-incarceration in the criminal justice system." 5 Homelessness and the need for survival 6 are more realistic reasons for incarceration than premeditated serious criminal behaviour, as discussed in Chapter Three of this thesis. However, from a cost benefit analysis it could be argued that, if the cohorts' needs were addressed proactively they would then break the cycle by having stable accommodation, thus reducing the rates of recidivism and re-occurring 1 C. Puplick "Issues for People with Cognitive Disability in the Corrections System" Report for the

Studies have shown that 60% of inmates in Nigerian correctional centers are recidivists, which indicates that the correctional centers as a reformatory and rehabilitation home has not been efficient in rehabilitation the inmates. To ascertain this and also examine the correlation between the correctional center's social environment and rehabilitation of inmates, questionnaires were administered to fifty (50) inmates of Jos Correctional Facility. Five (5) research questions were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) method of analysis and Rehabilitation Theory was adopted. The findings revealed that the nature of the correctional center's environment and the kinds of programs therein for inmates would determine the success or failure of inmates' rehabilitation.

Much is not known about education programmes for Nigerian incarcerated individuals. Consequently, different correctional institutions worldwide have different forms of correctional education offered to incarcerated individuals. Nigerian incarcerated individuals perceive that there are implementations of education programmes offered to them. However, little or nothing is known about how incarcerated individuals perceive these education programmes. To this end, this study ascertains the incarcerated individuals’ perception of education programmes as well as the expectations of social work profession in ensuring that incarcerated individuals in correctional institutions are provided with quality education. In-depth interviews involving 20 convicted incarcerated individuals from Owerri correctional centre were conducted. Thematic analysis was used in analyzing data generated for the study. Findings show that education programmes are available and essential, but the quality of the progra...

Survival of every nation-state is a function of her ability to cope with security challenges. The security sector in Nigeria in recent years is faced with constant threat from within. It is against this background that this paper examines the roles of Nigerian Prison Service as an integral part of the security configuration of the country and the challenges facing the outfit towards stemming the tide of security problems facing the country. It further analyzes the symbiotic relationship between the prison system of a nation and its security challenges. Related data were obtained through secondary source and were descriptively analysed. The study concluded that Nigerian Prison is not well equipped to fulfil its mandate. Consequently, the paper recommends that training in modern day techniques of prison administration and effective funding are panacea for improved performance of Nigerian prison service.

Much is not known about education programmes for Nigerian incarcerated individuals. Consequently, different correctional institutions worldwide have different forms of correctional education offered to incarcerated individuals. Nigerian incarcerated individuals perceive that there are implementations of education programmes offered to them. However, little or nothing is known about how incarcerated individuals perceive these education programmes. To this end, this study ascertains the incarcerated individuals’ perception of education programmes as well as the expectations of social work profession in ensuring that incarcerated individuals in correctional institutions are provided with quality education. In-depth interviews involving 20 convicted incarcerated individuals from Owerri correctional centre were conducted. Thematic analysis was used in analyzing data generated for the study. Findings show that education programmes are available and essential, but the quality of the progra...

Just like conflict, crime is functional and pervasive as no unit of society is totally free and spared of it woes and throes when it occurs. The way the polity is organized can create both root causes and conditions favourable to negative conflict with its attendants consequences. Societies like Nigeria and other developing countries; where corruption and corrupt practices are heralded, politicians are above the law and the unfit are preferred in positions cannot possibly escape intractable violence and destructive conflict which arguably can undo economic, political and social gains of country and scare potential investors. Two theories (conflict and functional) were considered to explain the phenomena of conflict and crime. The findings reveals that the primary beneficiaries in conflict situations are politicians (they provide arms and fund conflictants); and poverty was seen as another reason for the meteoric rise of conflict and crime in Nigeria. They study made some recommendations among which includes; the existing legislations on conflict and crime as provided in the criminal code should be implemented and culprit punished and vexed issues should be amicably redress through the court, council of chiefs and elders as it is done in African traditional setting.

Criminal law has consequences, both intended and otherwise, and no code of criminal law can serve its society well unless it is drafted with attention to the consequences it will have. The phenomenon of mass incarceration and convictions is, one hopes, an unexpected and unintended consequence of modern American criminal justice. But it is an important consequence nonetheless, and a bitter social reality for tens of millions of Americans and their families who have been swept up in decades of "tougher" laws-enactments whose proponents, however well motivated, have been content to "let the chips fall where they may." I. MASS CONVICTIONS AND SOCIAL DIVISION The problem of mass convictions and incarceration is a pressing criminal justice problem. Its impacts are not just limited to the familiar statistic of 2.3 million people now held in our nation's prisons and jails, nor even to the upwards of seven million who, as inmates, parolees or probationers, constitute our nation's current "correctional population." 1 The impacts reach much further, creating permanent social divisions that threaten to change the very structure of American society. Already, under existing criminal justice policies, an estimated 25% of United States adults have a criminal record (over sixty-five million people). 2 Nearly one

In recent times, prisons in Nigeria have witnessed unprecedented increase in the admission of prison inmates. This alarming rate turns out to housing prison inmates beyond the capacity at which most prisons were built for. It then hinders the goals of reformations, rehabilitation and reintegration. As a result, this study assesses the capacity and current lockup of prison population in six geo-political zones of the Nigeria. Based on this assessment, it was discovered that most prisons across the zones were housing more than capacity in which they were originally built for, while majority of the inmates are awaiting trials. This clustering and crowding of prisoners together in a choky cell that in originally may be meant for five inmates and housing 20-30 inmates may arouse prison violence, aggressive behaviour and reduce the quality and sense of psychological wellbeing of the inmates. It is therefore recommended that programs and policies that will increase the wellbeing of the prison inmates should be embraced as this will improve the lives of the inmates and the aim of reformation, rehabilitation and reintegration of prison inmates back to the larger society can be achieved.

This dissertation examines the political economy of labour market policy in Canada and its effectiveness in addressing the social and economic exclusion of Aboriginal people. For many Aboriginal people, the colonial experience has left a legacy of destruction that all too often makes the journey through life extremely complicated. Aboriginal people generally have lower education levels than non-Aboriginal people and they earn lower incomes. The Aboriginal population is growing at a faster rate than the non-Aboriginal population and is on average much younger. In provinces like Manitoba where Aboriginal people make up 15 percent of the overall population, they are an important source of labour. Yet the statistics suggest that there is much to be done to bring Aboriginal people to a state of social and economic inclusion. Low high-school completion rates imply that the primary school system is failing Aboriginal children, leaving many unprepared to enter post secondary education and t...

Just like conflict, crime is functional and pervasive as no unit of society is totally free and spared of it woes and throes when it occurs. The way the polity is organized can create both root causes and conditions favourable to negative conflict with its attendants consequences. Societies like Nigeria and other developing countries; where corruption and corrupt practices are heralded, politicians are above the law and the unfit are preferred in positions cannot possibly escape intractable violence and destructive conflict which arguably can undo economic, political and social gains of country and scare potential investors. Two theories (conflict and functional) were considered to explain the phenomena of conflict and crime. The findings reveals that the primary beneficiaries in conflict situations are politicians (they provide arms and fund conflictants); and poverty was seen as another reason for the meteoric rise of conflict and crime in Nigeria. They study made some recommendat...

Just like conflict, crime is functional and pervasive as no unit of society is totally free and spared of it woes and throes when it occurs. The way the polity is organized can create both root causes and conditions favourable to negative conflict with its attendants consequences. Societies like Nigeria and other developing countries; where corruption and corrupt practices are heralded, politicians are above the law and the unfit are preferred in positions cannot possibly escape intractable violence and destructive conflict which arguably can undo economic, political and social gains of country and scare potential investors. Two theories (conflict and functional) were considered to explain the phenomena of conflict and crime. The findings reveals that the primary beneficiaries in conflict situations are politicians (they provide arms and fund conflictants); and poverty was seen as another reason for the meteoric rise of conflict and crime in Nigeria. They study made some recommendat...

This paper arose from very serious concern emanating from the skyrocketed cases of recidivistic occurrences
in Nigeria which as observed impact negatively on the Nigerian prison reformatory and rehabilitation processes vis-à-vis
the security of lives and property. It is common now in Nigeria that our prison population keeps increasing without the
corresponding facilities, manpower, and resources to effectively and efficiently reform inmates that after release would
be better law-abiding and self-sustaining. From the study, it was revealed that ex-offenders become more hardened and
daring, and prefer to habituate the prison environment to outside society. The lack and absence of training tools like
mechanic workshops, tailoring shops, and more saddening the cruelty meted out on them inside the prison makes it
worse; the stigmatization and outright denial of job opportunities as compared to their counterparts who are not exoffenders are offensive to them. The study recommends as follows: Government should equip all correctional facilities in
Nigeria with the approved international standards that through it inmates, after release, can be meaningfully engaged
and be relatively self-sustaining; The government through its agencies like National Orientation Agency, federal radio,
and television in conjunction with the religious bodies, sensitize the public on the danger of stigmatizing ex-convicts
because it has far-reaching consequences; With the help of social workers, there should be follow-up and an evaluative
scheme that requires an ex-offender constantly be monitored to prevent reoffending; and Schools should be established
in the prisons and properly funded by the government to help to functionally educate and reshape the minds of the
inmates so that upon release they will be better citizens.

Western Canada has been the source of significant developments in the social enterprise sector over the past fifteen years. Among these developments one must include the formation of Enterprising Non-Profits in British Columbia, the Social Enterprise Fund in Alberta, and the Canadian CED Network in Manitoba. Underlying these more recent developments is a history of co-operative development and earned revenues by nonprofit organizations, reflecting a longstanding blend of entrepreneurship and community solidarity. This article highlights some of the more recent social enterprise developments in three Western provinces, profiling three independent cases that reflect the diversity of social enterprise activity in British Columbia, Alberta, and Manitoba, and providing the results of social enterprise sector surveys that took place in these same provinces in 2014.Depuis quinze ans, l’Ouest canadien a été la source de développements importants dans le secteur de l’entreprise sociale. Parm...

John Lucas built the Brisbane Watermill  in 1822 and the nearby Woronora Watermill in 1825. Lucas relied almost exclusively on convict workers for the manpower to run these two mills and his Inn, The Black Swan, in George Street Sydney.This article looks at the details of Lucas industrial workforce, most of whom were convicts.

Poverty cannot be eradicated unless we adopt a more comprehensive view of poverty – one that recognizes poverty is more than a shortage of income – poverty is " the denial of opportunities and choices most basic to human development – to lead a long, healthy creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self-esteem and the respect of others " (Townson, 2005)