Farm Animal Nutrition

This study aimed to analyze the level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the liver tissue of birds raised in four broiler farms in Idlib, northwestern Syria. Each farm was supplied with feed from its own production facility at two age stages: 21 days and 42 days. The total number of liver samples was 40 (5 samples × 2 ages × 4 farms). The study was conducted using the competitive ELISA technique (Elabscience, USA) as a quantitative detection method for research applications. All tested samples were found to be contaminated (100%). The overall mean concentration at 21 days of age was 0.5049, 0.2874, 0.4777, and 0.8414 µg/kg for farms 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The highest concentration of AFB1 was recorded in farm 4 (0.8414 µg/kg), which did not exceed the international standard of <5 µg/kg. At 42 days of age, the levels were 0.6215, 0.5351, 0.4028, and 0.4033 µg/kg for farms 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

ABSTRACT: Snail-based calcium may substitute for conventional calcium sources in laying-poultry diets, especially in regions with abundant invasive snails. The effects of snail-based calcium on egg productivity and profitability differ depending on the snail species, processing method, and inclusion level. The present study aimed to estimate the effects of snail-based calcium supplementation on hen-day production and egg weight in laying poultry. Following PRISMA guidelines, nine databases through 2025 were searched for controlled trials comparing snail-derived calcium with conventional sources in laying hens. Out of 825 records, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria after systematic screening for study design, outcome reporting, and variance data. Egg weight and hen-day production were the primary outcomes; economic outcomes were analyzed qualitatively due to limited variance in the data. Using a random-effects model, pooled results indicated that snail-shell calcium significantly reduced egg weight compared to the conventional calcium sources, with no significant effect on hen-day production. Subgroup analysis indicated that quail maintained comparable egg production when fed snail-shell calcium, whereas layer hens experienced a significant decline. Among 26 economic comparisons, 69.2% reported favorable outcomes for snail-based calcium, primarily because lower ingredient costs offset the slight reduction in egg output. Heterogeneity was high for egg weight (I² = 81.6%) and hen-day production (I² = 93.5%). Snail-based calcium can be viable when processed appropriately and used at species-appropriate inclusion levels. Overall, the meta-analytic results suggested that snail-shell calcium can be a practical, cost-effective alternative when properly processed and used at levels suited to the target poultry species.

Improving the efficacy of low-protein feeding strategies is important for reducing feed costs and nitrogen emissions in broiler production. The present study aimed to evaluate whether a standard-protein broiler diet can be replaced by a low-protein diet containing 18% crude protein (CP) supplemented with ensiled cassava or sweet potato leaf meal. Ensiled cassava leaf (ECL) at 100 g kg⁻¹, ensiled sweet potato leaf (ESPL) at 100 g kg⁻¹, and ECL-ESPL blends (50 g kg⁻¹) were incorporated into both low-protein (18% CP in starter and grower) and standard-protein diets (22.5% CP in starter and 20% CP in grower). The present study used a 2 × 3 factorial design with 108 broiler chickens from day 1 to day 42. The treatment groups included ECL, ESPL, and a 50:50 blend of both protein levels, with 36 chickens in each group. Chemical analysis indicated that ECL exhibited stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity (IC 50 : 33.35 versus 88.08 μg mL⁻ ¹) and higher total phenolics (21.43 versus 12.34 mg Gallic acid equivalent g⁻¹) compared to the ESPL group, whereas ESPL contained higher flavonoids (12.00 versus 2.86 mg Quercetin equivalent g⁻¹) compared to the ECL group. During the dietary transition phase (days 14-21), broiler chickens subjected to the low-protein diet demonstrated superior average daily gain (51.57 versus 44.91 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.78 versus 2.11) in comparison to those fed the standard-protein diet. However, from day 22 onward, broiler chickens fed the standard-protein diet grew faster than those fed the lowprotein diet, resulting in higher final body weight (1,887.89 g versus 1,751.67 g, respectively). Carcass yield, dressing percentage, meat cuts, income over feed and chick cost, and return on investment did not differ among protein levels or silage sources. Overall, an 18% CP diet supplemented with either ECL, ESPL, or the ECL plus ESPL blend can replace a standard-protein diet without adverse impact on carcass yield, dressing percentage, commercial meat cuts, or economic returns, despite a moderate reduction in final body weight. These findings supported the feasibility of using low-protein diets for broiler chickens, incorporating locally available ensiled leaf meals as a cost-effective strategy for smallholder producers.

The study was carried out in the south western agro-ecological zone (SWAEZ) of Uganda and it involved the districts of Bushenyi, Mbarara and Rakai. There is lack of information on the common medicinal plant extracts for poultry disease management in the SWAEZ. Also common poultry diseases and current management practices in the zone are not adequately documented. Yet, the typical village chicken farmers rely on medicinal plants in the control of Newcastle disease and helminthosis. A survey was conducted to establish an inventory of medicinal plants and the common poultry management practices used in the management of Newcastle disease and helminthosis. A total of 87 questionnaires were administered to poultry farmers. Veterinary extension workers were also involved for triangulation of information. The majority of the farmers (80%) were peasant farmers keeping on average 27 village chickens per household. The farmers had an average experience in poultry keeping of 2 to 3 years. About 45% of the farmers use traditional medicine, 37% use a combination of traditional and modern veterinary medicine while 17% use only modern veterinary medicine.

Background The classification of natural antimicrobials as potential antibiotic replacements is still hampered by the absence of clear biological mechanisms behind their mode of action. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-bacterial effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials (maltodextrin, citric acid, sodium citrate, malic acid, citrus extract and olive extract) against Campylobacter jejuni RC039, Salmonella enterica SE 10/72 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC® 13124 invasion of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK). Results Minimum sub-inhibitory concentrations were determined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25%), Salmonella enterica (0.50%) and Clostridium perfringens (0.50%) required for the in vitro infection assays with MDCK cells. The antimicrobial mixture significantly reduced the virulence of all three pathogens towards MDCK cells and restored the integrity of cellular tight junctions through increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) and higher express...

This study investigated the effects of incorporating different protein sources (oil seed cakes versus Leucaena leucocephala hay) in a total mixed ration (TMR) on intake, digestibility, growth and carcass meat quality of Saanen goats. Sixteen Saanen male goats were allocated to TMR diets formulated with or without L. leucocephala hay at 25% of total dry matter (DM). The TMRs were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, isocaloric and iso-neutral detergent fibre using two sources of crude protein from Leucaena hay or oilseed cake meal (OSCM), which is a blend of soybean, sunflower and cottonseed cake meal. Data were collected on nutrient digestibility and carcass quality parameters. The goats fed TMR with Leucaena had greater (P &lt;0.05) dry matter intake compared with those fed the control diet. In contrast, the digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and feed conversion ratio did not differ (P &gt;0.05) between the two dietary tre...

Aim: The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20% FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20% FCPMO and added with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. Results: The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p&lt;0.05) serum superoxide dismutase activity than control. The malondialdehy...

This study investigated the effects of cinnamon powder (CP) supplementation on carcass characteristics and sensory qualities of broiler chickens. A total of 150-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned, after weight balancing, into five treatments in a completely randomized design, each with three replicates of ten birds. The treatments included: T1 (control, 0.00g CP), T2 (0.10g CP + 4L water), T3 (0.20g CP + 4L water), T4 (0.30g CP + 4L water), and T5 (0.40g CP + 4L water). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and means separated with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results showed that broilers in T3 recorded the highest live weight (730.16g) and slaughter weight, while T2 and T5 recorded the lowest values. Organ weights, including liver, lungs, kidney, proventriculus, and abdominal fat, were significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The heaviest liver was observed in T3, while the control group had the lowest. Sensory evaluation revealed that flavour, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability were significantly (p<0.05) improved with cinnamon inclusion, with T3 outperforming other treatments. It is concluded that supplementing broiler diets with 0.20g cinnamon powder per 4 litres of water enhances carcass yield and sensory quality, particularly at 3 and 6 weeks. The consistent performance of T3 birds suggests that moderate cinnamon inclusion is optimal for growth and meat quality improvement. It was recommended that the inclusion of 0.20g cinnamon powder per 4 litres of water is recommended for broiler production to promote better carcass characteristics and consumer acceptability.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential micronutrient that plays a vital role in human immunity. It acts as a powerful antioxidant , supports immune cell function and helps prevent damage caused by pathogens. This review summarizes the key roles of vitamin C in immune defense based on existing literature.

Moulting rejuvenates commercial laying hens' reproductive systems and prolongs their productive lifespan. This study assessed the impact of forced moulting on Isa-Brown layers using feed withdrawal followed by refeeding with either grower feed (G1) or wheat bran (G2). A total of 375 hens, aged 59 weeks with an average body weight of 1.69 kg and a laying rate of 67.33%, were allocated into three groups: a nonmoult control, G1 and G2. The hens were then fed restricted daily rations according to the schedule. Each group had five replicates of 25 hens. Hens underwent a 14-day fasting period. Data collected included body weight loss, laying performance, egg weight, and mortality for 10 weeks. During Weeks 3-6 of refeeding, weight loss was significantly lower (P<0.05) in G1 than in G2. Mortality rates showed no significant differences. Egg laying resumed after three weeks in G1 and four weeks in G2. G1 reached 50% production by week 4, whereas G2 required 6 weeks. Moulted hens had significantly higher egg weights and laying rates (P<0.05), with G1 recovering faster and more efficiently. Forced moulting enhances laying productivity in Isa-Brown hens. Recovery diets, especially pullet-feed, reduce recovery time, increase egg-yield, and improve egg-traits, highlighting the importance of post-fast nutrition.

Background and Aim: At present, detailed studies are being conducted to confirm the safety of the use of metal-containing ultrafine particles (UFP) in animal feeding, preventing the possibility of negative effects on productive qualities and physiological state, as well as on the environment and final consumer, that is, humans. Thus, the purpose of this research was to study the safety of cobalt-and manganese-containing UFP (UFP Co 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 UFP) together with Origanum vulgare (PB) herb extract in a bioluminescence inhibition test, as well as the effect of this composition on ruminal digestion in vitro. The safety of the studied samples was determined using a multifunctional microplate analyzer TECAN Infinite F200 (Tecan Austria GmbH, Austria), recording the luminescence value of the bacterial strain Escherichia coli K12 TG11 (Ecolum, JSC NVO Immunotech, Russia). Dry matter (DM) digestibility studies were performed using the in vitro method on an "artificial rumen" model using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator unit (AD II; USA). The number of protozoa in ruminal fluid was counted in a Goryaev chamber. The bacterial mass was assessed by differential centrifugation followed by drying. This method is based on differences in the sedimentation rate of particles that differ in size and density. Results: UFP Co 3 O 4 and Mn 2 O 3 at concentrations above 1.5 × 10 -5 and 1.9 × 10 -3 mol/L, respectively, have a pronounced bactericidal effect, suppressing more than 50% of the luminescence of E. coli K12 TG1. The combined use of UFP metals and plant extract increases the luminescence of the test object, indicating its safety. The combined use of UFP and PB increases the digestibility of feed DM in vitro and the number of protozoa in 1 mL of ruminal fluid; however, the combination of UFP Mn 2 O 3 + PB (13.8%) yielded the best result, which is recommended for further in vivo research. Origanum vulgare extract reduces the toxicity of UFP Co 3 O 4 and Mn 2 O 3 in vitro, indicating that their combined use is safer.

يعد علم رعاية الحيوان من أهم العلوم التي تهتم بتربية الحيوان و تحسين منتجاته وفقا˝ لمتطلبات الحياة المعيشية المتغيرة والمتزايدة ، وذلك اعتمادا˝ على تحسين الظروف المحيطة بالحيوانات الزراعية. وبالأخص طرق الإيواء وطرائق التغذية وأنظمة استبعاد المخلفات وطرق الحلابة وإدارة حيوانات اللحم والصوف والبيض بالإضافة إلى إجراءات الوقاية الصحية من الأمراض. ويرتبط علم رعاية الحيوان بشكل وثيق مع العلوم التالية:
: -1- الوراثة علم
حيث كان له الأثر الكبير في تحسين إنتاج الحيوانات عن طريق معرفة القيم التربوية values Breeding للأفراد والتي تعبر عن التراكيب الوراثية وكذلك المكافئ الوراثي للصفات وتطبيق انتخاب الحيوانات ذات الصفات الوراثية الجيدة وإجراء عمليات التهجين وتربية الأباعد.
-2 -الحيوان تغذية
أدى التطور في علم تغذية الحيوان إلى تكوين أفضل الأعلاف للحيوانات الزراعية والتي تحقق أفضل إنتاج وذلك حسب عمر ونوع وجنس والغاية التربوية للحيوانات وكما تطورت الطرائق الصناعية في إنتاج و حفظ الأعلاف كالدريس والسيلاج والأكساب وأعلاف الدواجن المحببة، والذي أدى إلى زيادة العائد الاقتصادي من التربية والرعاية.
-3 علم وظائف الأعضاء: Physiology
وهو العلم الذي يهتم بدراسة وظائف أعضاء الجسم وتأثرها ببعضها البعض، حيث مكن علم الوظائف من التوصل إلى تفعيل وظائف الجهاز الهضمي و الجهاز التناسلي للحيوانات وإجراء التلقيح الاصطناعي وتحسين نسبة الإخصاب والحمل والولادة، إضافة إلى زيادة إنتاج الحليب واللحم والبيض بالإضافة لاستخدام التقنيات المتطورة في التناسل مثل تجميد ونقل الأجنة.
--4 علوم الطب البيطري
من خلال هذا العلم تم التعرف على كثير من العوامل الممرضة وطرق انتقالها وعلاج الأمراض التي تسببها وتحسين إجراءات الوقاية منها، كما م˘كن اكتشاف واستخدام اللقاحات الخاصة من الوقاية من عدد كبير من الأمراض الحيوانية وهذا ساعد المربين على تحقيق عائد اقتصادي كبير خاصة بفضل رعاية وتربية الحيوانات المتخصصة بإنتاج الحليب واللحم والبيض والصوف.
5-علم الكيمياء -
م˘كن هذا العلم من التعرف على مكونات الحليب واللحم والبيض من دهن وبروتين وأملاح معدنية وفيتامينات ودراسة فوائدها على صحة الإنسان كما م˘كن من تحديد العوامل التي ترفع من جودة المنتجات الحيوانية، والذي بمجمله أدى إلى زيادة الطلب عليها والذي جعل المربين يهتمون بتربية الحيوانات ورعايتها.
6إنشاء كليات الزراعة والطب ـالبيطري
يعد إرساء أسس التعليم العالي العامل المهم في النهوض بالثروة الحيوانية لذلك فأن إنشاء الكليات والمعاهد المتخصصة التي تعمل على تخريج كوادر فنية متخصصة تأخذ على عاتقها الإشراف على تربيه الحيوانات وعلى تصنيع منتجاتها سيدفع التنمية الاقتصادية في الدول النامية خطوات كبيرة إلى الأمام.
7-التطور الِتَقاني -
إن التطور التِقَاني الذي يُميز العقود الأخيرة هو سمة العصر، وقد أحدث نقلة نوعية كبيرة في المجالات السابقة حيث دفعت قُدُما˝ العلوم الحيوية والمِخبرية وأدت إلى اختصار الوقت وخفض تكاليف الإنتاج إلى حدود كبيرة. ومن أهم الاختراعات هي معدات التلقيح الاصطناعي وأجهزة إعداد السائل المنوي وتجميده و ومعدات المحالب الآلية وأجهزة تبريد وحفظ وتصنيع الحليب ، بالإضافة للأدوات الزراعية ومعامل صناعة العلف وتقديمه للحيوانات.

Tema utama buku ini berangkat dari kritik terhadap mitos meritokrasi-gagasan bahwa kesuksesan semata-mata ditentukan oleh kerja keras dan kemampuan individu. Secara ilmiah, pendekatan ini sejalan dengan kajian dalam:  sosiologi stratifikasi sosial (Bourdieu, 1986),  ekonomi ketimpangan (Piketty, 2014),  serta behavioral economics tentang peran peluang dan konteks. Buku ini menegaskan bahwa: Kesuksesan adalah hasil interaksi antara usaha (effort), kemampuan (ability), dan kondisi awal (initial conditions). [1] Dengan kata lain, dunia tidak berada dalam kondisi "level playing field". [2] 2. Konsep Inti: "Unfair Advantage" Definisi Unfair advantage adalah: "kondisi, aset, atau keadaan yang menempatkan seseorang pada posisi lebih menguntungkan." [3] Karakteristik ilmiahnya:  Tidak mudah ditiru (non-replicable)  Bersifat individual (idiosyncratic)  Bersifat kumulatif (cumulative/multiplicative effect)  Konstektual (context-dependent) [3] Ini mirip dengan konsep dalam:  Resource-Based View (RBV) dalam manajemen strategis (Barney, 1991), yaitu keunggulan kompetitif berasal dari sumber daya yang valuable, rare, inimitable, non-substitutable (VRIN).

The aim of this study was to determine whether sexually inexperienced females could display proceptivity and receptivity behaviours as the experienced in the first exposure to males. Three groups of females (n=9 each) were used: i) sexually inexperienced, ii) with complete sexual experience, and iii) with limited sexual experience. Three male goats were subjected to photoperiodic treatment for 2.5 months of long days to stimulate their sexual activity during the natural sexual rest (March-April). During anestrous season, females were exposed to photo-stimulated males. Sexual behaviours were recorded during the first three days post-introduction of the males into female groups, in two daily periods of 20 min each. Sexually inexperienced females and those with complete sexual experience showed higher tail wagging than those with limited sexual experience (P 0.05). We concluded that sexually inexperienced anestrous females display proceptivity and receptivity behaviours as those sexual...

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for all animals that was discovered through casein hydrolysis. The use of tryptophan as feed additives has been attracting the attention of many nutritionists because it cannot be synthesized enough in an animal's body. Tryptophan or precursor to the vitamin niacin in the diet is important, and its supplementation for poultry is determined to improve the amino acid balance and promote the poultry's growth performance through enhancing appetite, feed efficiency, and protein synthesis. Moreover, poultry in different growth phases, breeding, and conditions require various amounts of tryptophan. In addition, supplemented tryptophan also improves the immune response or the immunomodulatory activity of poultry to various diseases through the kynurenine pathway, especially diseases in the bursa. Furthermore, tryptophan also has a strong relationship with lysine (the ideal tryptophan/lysine ratio) in improving growth performance. However, tryptophan deficiency could affect the behavioral responses (e.g. pecking behavior and poultry stress) because tryptophan serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and the pineal hormone melatonin in the diet. This paper tried to summarize all information about applying tryptophan in the diets and illustrate the roles of tryptophan in the poultry industry.

Background and Aim: Poultry meat is an excellent animal protein source accessible to many low-income families in developing countries. It is also part of a balanced diet and contains valuable nutrients necessary for maintaining human health. The poultry sector implements improved processes to increase the quality and nutritional value of poultry meat. This study aimed to determine the influence of licorice root extract on the amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, mineral composition, nutritional value, and productivity of quail meat. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed from Japanese quails: A control group and one experimental group, each consisting of 50 individuals. Quails from both the experimental and control groups received the same complete diet. Quails in the experimental group had licorice root extract added to their water at a dosage of 10 g/L, starting from the age of 3 days to 42 days of growth. At 42 days of age, 30 birds from each group were slaughtered to examine their meat productivity and chemical composition. The quail carcasses were analyzed for the following parameters: Live weight, carcass weight, nutritional value, mineral substances, vitamin content, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid score. Results: This study demonstrated that quails in the experimental group receiving water with licorice extract exhibited higher indicators than those in the control group. Calcium (21.05%), magnesium (20.83%), and phosphorus (23.53%) were the most elevated mineral substances in the meat of the experimental birds. Vitamins E (22.22%) and C (20.0%) showed the greatest increase in vitamin content. The fatty acid composition parameters 17:0 margaric acid (8.16%), 18:3 linolenic acid (6.25%), and 20:4 arachidonic acid (4.49%) showed the highest increase. There was a clear increase in the amino acids valine (4.61%), lysine (4.32%), threonine (5.99%), tryptophan (4.87%), phenylalanine (5.87%), and cysteine (14.17%). The application of licorice root extract also positively impacted the amino acid score of quail meat, except for leucine, which remained within the range compared with the control group. Quails in the experimental group weighed 7.96% more live weight before slaughter than the controls. Moreover, the carcass weight was in favor of the experimental group (8.59%). The use of licorice root extract positively influences the quality and biological value of quail meat. Data on amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other important components of quail meat will significantly expand our understanding of the biological value of licorice root extract. These findings can be used in the formulation of balanced diets for children and adults and highlight the importance of this issue.

Background The classification of natural antimicrobials as potential antibiotic replacements is still hampered by the absence of clear biological mechanisms behind their mode of action. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-bacterial effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials (maltodextrin, citric acid, sodium citrate, malic acid, citrus extract and olive extract) against Campylobacter jejuni RC039, Salmonella enterica SE 10/72 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC® 13124 invasion of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK). Results Minimum sub-inhibitory concentrations were determined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25%), Salmonella enterica (0.50%) and Clostridium perfringens (0.50%) required for the in vitro infection assays with MDCK cells. The antimicrobial mixture significantly reduced the virulence of all three pathogens towards MDCK cells and restored the integrity of cellular tight junctions through increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) and higher express...

The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is the most studied species of phasianids, whose major economic interest has enabled much more precise studies, especially in the context of genetic diversity within and between different populations, history, origin, and mapping of genes and markers. The local chicken has the adaptive qualities necessary for the success of livestock projects in rural conditions, especially in Africa . Undernutrition is a long-standing problem in sub-Saharan Africa and progress in this regard is uneven within the region. Although it has declined from 33% in 1990-92 to 23% in 2014-16, the percentage of undernourished people is still the highest in the world . The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), like most African countries, suffers from substantial food insecurity. To meet this challenge, local chicken are a significant alternative. Constituting around 80% of the total poultry population in Africa, local chicken contribute a considerable proportion to meat (25-70%) and egg production (12-36%) (Gueye 1998). These local poultry products contribute significantly to food security by supplying protein directly to families. They are also at the centre of many social and cultural circumstances . However, despite its vital role, the local chicken are still neglected in conservation and improvement programs. The phenotypic and genetic characterisation of traditional poultry populations has not been done systematically in several African countries and in particular the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These local breeds, which are for the most part poorly

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of germination on the chemical composition of wheat seeds and their inclusion in the diet on the productive characteristics of the broiler. germinate of wheat seeds was done at 25 c, for 72 hours and dried at 55-60 c.the germinated and none- germinated seeds were evaluated for chemical composition. For examining the effect germinated wheat on productive traits of broiler, we used 150 one day old chicks (Ross 308) were randomly divided to 5 treatments each with 3 replicates (10 chicks/ replicate). the experimental treatments were as follow (T1) corn 60% of the diet (control), (T2) corn 30%+ wheat 30% of the diet, (T3) corn 30%+ germinated wheat 30% of the diet, (T4) wheat 60% of the diet and (T5) germinated wheat 60% of the diet. the experiment lasted 42 days from 31/ 3/ 2019 to 5/ 5/ 2019. the results regarding chemical analysis showed there were significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase in crud protein and carbohydrates, while the lip...