Fear of Crime

Reports of livestock mutilations displaying unusually precise tissue excision have persisted for decades yet remain fragmented by inconsistent terminology and sensationalized associations. This paper proposes Excisio Anatomica Inexplicata (Exain) as a neutral, descriptive forensic classification framework based solely on observable anatomical and scene characteristics. The framework aims to reduce interpretive ambiguity, minimize stigmatization from fringe narratives, and support systematic comparative analysis across jurisdictions. Key features include selective excision of specific soft tissues, clean margins, occasional bone exposure, and frequent absence of external blood evidence. Psychological, sociological, security, and methodological implications are examined, along with recommendations for future research. The Exain classification seeks to promote evidentiary neutrality and structured multidisciplinary inquiry.

Сообщения о случаях увечий сельскохозяйственных животных, характеризующихся необычайно точным иссечением тканей, поступают на протяжении десятилетий, однако их изучение остаётся фрагментированным вследствие несогласованности терминологии и ассоциаций с сенсационными интерпретациями. В настоящей работе предлагается Excisio Anatomica Inexplicata (Exain) как нейтральная описательная судебно-криминалистическая классификационная система, основанная исключительно на наблюдаемых анатомических признаках и характеристиках места происшествия. Данная система направлена на снижение интерпретационной неоднозначности, минимизацию стигматизации, связанной с маргинальными нарративами, и поддержку систематического сравнительного анализа между различными юрисдикциями.
Ключевые признаки включают избирательное иссечение определённых мягких тканей, чёткие края повреждений, периодическое обнажение костной ткани и частое отсутствие внешних следов кровотечения. В работе также рассматриваются психологические, социологические, связанные с безопасностью и методологические аспекты данного явления, а также формулируются рекомендации для дальнейших исследований. Классификация Exain призвана способствовать доказательной нейтральности и структурированному междисциплинарному изучению рассматриваемых случаев.
Ключевые слова: аномальные увечья, увечья крупного рогатого скота, судебно-криминалистическая классификация, ветеринарная криминалистика, Exain, стигматизация, разведывательный анализ.

Los informes de mutilaciones de ganado que presentan escisiones tisulares de precisión inusual han persistido durante décadas; sin embargo, continúan fragmentados debido al uso de terminología inconsistente y a su frecuente asociación con narrativas sensacionalistas. Este trabajo propone Excisio Anatomica Inexplicata (EXAIN) como un marco de clasificación forense neutral y descriptivo, fundamentado exclusivamente en características anatómicas observables y en evidencias presentes en la escena. El propósito del marco es reducir la ambigüedad interpretativa, minimizar la estigmatización derivada de narrativas marginales y facilitar el análisis comparativo sistemático entre distintas jurisdicciones.
Entre las características principales se incluyen la escisión selectiva de tejidos blandos específicos, márgenes de corte limpios, exposición ósea ocasional y la frecuente ausencia de evidencia externa de sangre. Asimismo, se examinan las implicaciones psicológicas, sociológicas, metodológicas y de seguridad asociadas con estos informes, junto con recomendaciones orientadas a futuras líneas de investigación. La clasificación EXAIN busca promover la neutralidad probatoria y fomentar una investigación multidisciplinaria estructurada basada en criterios empíricos.
Palabras clave: mutilación anómala, mutilación de ganado, UAP, OVNI, UFO, clasificación forense, medicina veterinaria forense, EXAIN, estigmatización, análisis de inteligencia.

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja typologii zabójstw dzieci wraz z ich społecznymi i wychowawczymi uwarunkowaniami (czynnikami ryzyka i czynnikami chroniącymi). Ogólniejszym celem tekstu jest zaproponowanie i zainicjowanie systematycznych analiz przypadków śmierci dzieci w Polsce, aby skuteczniej zapobiegać tym przestępstwom. Prezentowane wnioski opierają się na analizie akt sądowych zakończonych postępowań karnych, prowadzonych z art. 148 k.k. w Polsce w latach 2021-2022. Dokumenty te zostały udostępnione przez Biuro Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w celu rekonstrukcji społeczno-wychowawczych uwarunkowań przypadków śmierci dzieci. W prowadzonych badaniach wykorzystywaliśmy metodę indywidualnych przypadków zorientowaną na kontrastowe porównania, typologię badanego zjawiska oraz rekonstrukcję jego uwarunkowań. Wnioski obejmują cztery typy zabójstw, wyodrębnione na bazie uwarunkowań społeczno-wychowawczych: (1) zabójstwo, jako efekt „niezauważonej” trajektorii przemocy w rodzinie; (2) zabójstwo wynikające z zaburzeń psychicznych; (3) zabójstwo połączone z brakiem gotowości na nadejście dziecka; (4) zabójstwo, jako następstwo braku ochrony dziecka przed agresją ze strony innego dorosłego, który nie jest rodzicem. Wyprowadzona typologia pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie czynników ryzyka i czynników chroniących, które stanowią podstawę rekomendacji kierunków przeciwdziałania zabójstwom dzieci. Postulowane działania prewencyjne dotyczą: profesjonalnej pracy z rodziną, skonsolidowanego przepływu informacji, interdyscyplinarnej współpracy specjalistów, podnoszenia umiejętności i kompetencji profesjonalnych (w tym diagnostycznych), włączania i uwrażliwiania otoczenia społecznego (profilaktyczna praca środowiskowa).

Bu çalışmada, Amerikalı yetişkinler arasındaki suç korkusunun sosyodemografik bağıntıları analiz edilmiştir. ABD'de yapılan Genel Sosyal Araştırması'nın (General Social Survey) veri setinden yararlanılarak, 850 yetişkinden oluşan bir örneklemle sosyo-demografik faktörlerin suç korkusuna etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek üzere seçilen ikili lojistik regresyonun analizinin sonuçlara göre, yüksek gelirli insanlar daha az suç korkusuna sahiptir. Amerikalı erkekler, kadınlara kıyasla suç mağduru olmaktan daha az korkmaktadırlar. Siyahlar ve diğer ırk grupları beyazlara kıyasla daha çok suç korkusuna sahiptirler. Sosyal sınıfı düşük olan katılımcıların suç korkusuna sahip olmaları daha çok muhtemeldir. Son olarak, televizyon izleme süresi, yaş ve eğitim ile suç mağduru olma korkusu arasında önemli bir bağıntı bulunamamıştır.

Gender justice is a key indicator of a nation's declared commitment to inclusive development. Building on this premise, the current study assesses the performance of gender justice policies in Ethiopia using a mixed-methods approach. Primary data were collected from 1,582 participants (90.92% response rate) using self-administered questionnaires as well as nine (9) interviews. Survey participants were chosen through simple random sampling, whereas interviewees were public officials chosen purposely. Furthermore, multi-year nationwide secondary data were obtained from federal institutions. The findings indicate that women's self-readiness and institutional support (B = 6.69), governing capacity (B = 3.11), policy quality (B = 2.54), transnational engagement (B = 1.60), and sociocultural norms (B = 1.10) have statistically significant positive effects on gender justice outcomes (R² = 0.71). These unstandardized coefficients represent the expected change in gender policy effectiveness for a one-unit increase in each predictor. Despite these contributions, the overall status of gender justice remains moderate and uneven across governance levels, with performance declining from federal to local levels. Persistent barriers-including inconsistent political commitment, institutional capacity gaps, and entrenched sociocultural norms such as glass ceilings and related structural constraints-continue to limit progress. The study concludes that while Ethiopia has made notable advances, outcomes fall short of policy ambitions. It recommends institutionalizing gender justice performance benchmarking, strengthening institutional capacity through enforceable implementation frameworks, converting political commitment

En este documento se identifican los factores asociados a la percepción de inseguridad en la población de 15 años o más en la República Dominicana en el año 2022, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (ENHOGAR-2022) de la Oficina Nacional de Estadística (ONE). Esta investigación sigue un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo-correlacional y un diseño no experimental de corte transversal. El modelo econométrico utilizado es la regresión logística ordenada generalizada, la cual se especifica siguiendo los distintos autores de la revisión de la literatura. Los resultados indican que la victimización incrementa significativamente la percepción de inseguridad; además, las mujeres reportan mayores niveles de inseguridad, y se observa un aumento a medida que se incrementan el nivel de ingresos y la edad. Asimismo, existen diferencias territoriales entre zona rural y urbana, así como a nivel de regiones de planificación, especialmente en relación con la región metropolitana, donde se registra un mayor nivel de percepción de inseguridad. De manera global, los resultados evidencian que la percepción de inseguridad es un fenómeno multidimensional que surge de la interacción entre las características de los individuos y los aspectos geográficos, diferenciando tanto la zona rural y la zona urbana como las distintas regiones de planificación de la República Dominicana.

Public lighting is widely used in crime prevention, yet its effects on perceived safety across different sociodemographic groups remain understudied, particularly in highly unequal urban contexts of the Global South. This study examines how the perceived quality of public lighting influences residents' feelings of safety in Brazilian cities. Using data from the 2021 Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-C), which includes information on individual, neighborhood, and regional characteristics (N = 47,438), we estimate ordered logit models to assess whether and how lighting quality affects safety perceptions when walking alone at night near one's home. Three research questions guide the analysis: Does perceived lighting quality influence safety perception? Do these effects vary by gender and ethnic background? And are they moderated by contextual and regional factors? The results show that poor lighting significantly decreases perceived safety, particularly among women and non-white respondents, even after controlling for socioeconomic and neighborhood characteristics. Findings indicate that lighting functions both as a physical and symbolic component of urban safety. Improving and maintaining public lighting, especially in disadvantaged areas, represents an inclusive and practical strategy to strengthen urban safety, reduce gendered and racial inequalities, and support sustainable development in cities of the Global South.

One goal of creating livable cities is to enhance public safety. While previous research in urban studies has focused on correlations between physical environments and crime, it has typically relied on criminal statistics. However, fear of crime is an emotional response to perceived risks rather than a direct reflection of crime levels, so it cannot be analyzed solely by crime data. Additionally, urban planning today has gradually shifted its focus from a top-down to a bottom-up approach, making it essential to understand and foster spaces where residents feel safe. This research examines the spaces and places where people experience fear, as well as the factors that contribute to it, in New York City. We utilized social media data to gather people's expressions of the city and identified posts expressing fear emotion using the RoBERTa-based model and a rule-based classifier. Then, the selected social media data and crime were compared temporally by weekly trends and spatially by clustering methods (i.e., Hotspot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) and Local Moran's I). The results show that their temporal and spatial patterns partially have limited alignment. To delve into the origins of fear, we extend our analysis by adopting BERTopic to identify topics and summarize them into themes (e.g., places, transportation, people, others) to understand the bottom-up emergence of fear, thereby informing a people-centered approach to research on urban issues.

Given the fact that women are less likely to experience crime victimization than males, researchers have been puzzled for decades as to why women experience higher levels of fear of victimization. Scholars such as Warr (1984) and Ferraro (1995, 1996) argue that the fear of rape that females experience shadows fear of other crime, as rape is viewed by females

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar si la severidad punitiva,
entendida como una expresión de agresividad autoritaria, es explicada
por la percepción de la amenaza delictiva y la sujeción acrítica al poder.
Se aplicó una Regresión Lineal Múltiple (MCO), con corrección de
robustez (HC3), utilizando datos de la Corporación Latinobarómetro
(2024) para un análisis comparativo entre Venezuela, El Salvador
y República Dominicana. Los modelos estimados resultaron ser
estadísticamente significativos (p<0.05). Los resultados indican que la
agresividad autoritaria, mediada por la severidad punitiva, no responde
linealmente a la amenaza delictiva, pues se halló que el autoritarismo
se legitima cuando ofrece resultados favorables, actuando como un
muro de contención que previene retrocesos en materia de seguridad.
Asimismo, la desconfianza institucional emerge como predictor clave:
la ineficacia percibida del poder judicial y la corrupción incrementa
la demanda de castigos extremos. Además, un mayor nivel educativo
aumenta significativamente el apoyo autoritario, lo que sustenta la tesis
de la dominación social y el control exogrupo. La severidad punitiva
opera como un rasgo autoritario sin matiz político, lo que reduce
la sustentación de una relación indisoluble autoritario-derechista.
Se concluye con que el autoritarismo es un fenómeno complejo
alimentado por la legitimación de la eficacia estatal en el manejo de la
seguridad, la persistencia de profundas desconfianzas institucionales
y la reproducción de la dominación social

This study focuses on the community's perception of how effective police visibility is and how it contributes to crime prevention. Based on Hirschi's Social Control Theory, the study aims to ascertain how satisfied community members, particularly University of Mindanao criminology students, are with police visibility and its effects on safety, public trust, and crime reduction. Data were gathered from 300 selected respondents using a customized survey instrument and a descriptive quantitative research approach. The findings showed high satisfaction levels in important areas like perceived safety, police presence in high-crime areas, and community cooperation. Perceived police performance is greatly influenced by community perception, as seen by the strong links discovered between community discernment, trust, fairness, and collaboration. Additionally, through crime deterrence, community discernment influences perceptions of police visibility directly and indirectly, according to regression and mediation analyses. The results indicate that to increase public safety and institutional confidence, community-based policing initiatives must be strengthened, public participation must be increased, and transparent policing methods must be promoted.

Extant literature indicates that individual perceptions of collective efficacy and incivilities are important in explaining fear of crime. Using field interviews with a sample of residents from four neighborhoods within Miami-Dade County, the current study examines the degree to which perceptions of incivilities mediates the relationship between collective efficacy and fear of crime. In the combined sample, results indicate that perceptions of collective efficacy perfectly mediates the relationship between collective efficacy and fear of crime. However, results from considering each neighborhood separately suggests substantial heterogeneity in the social processes that govern fear of crime. In one neighborhood, there is evidence for perfect mediation. In the second neighborhood there is evidence for partial mediation. In the third neighborhood, only perceptions of incivilities is an important predictor of fear of crime. Finally, in the fourth neighborhood, neither collective efficacy nor perceptions of incivilities predict fear of crime. These results suggest that ignoring the context within neighborhoods may lead to oversimplification of the processes at work. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Alan yazında farklı yerleşim yerleri üzerinden sıklıkla araştırmalara konu edilen suç korkusu kavramı; duygusal, bilişsel ve davranışsal açıdan ele alınabilen nesnel bir araştırma alanıdır. Suç korkusuna yönelik geliştirilen bu bakış açılarının çok yönlü bir niteliğe sahip olması tekil değerlendirmeleri kısıtlı hale getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte suç korkusu düzeylerinin ölçülmesi kuramsal değerlendirme ve metodoloji tartışmalarına hem bağıl bir özellik göstermekte hem de sınırlılık getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla suç korkusu araştırmaları parametre tespiti ve model tasarımından önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada suç korkusu araştırmalarında mekânsal gerçekliğin önemi esas alınarak suç korkusu olgusunun toplumsal nedenleri üzerine bir tarama araştırması yapılmış, suç korkusu ölçümleri açısından model tasarımı önerilmiştir. Böylelikle toplumsal olguların tekil değerlendirmelerini kısıtlı hale getiren sınırlılıklar sosyolojik bakış açısından hareketle anlaşılmaya ve aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada kapsam olarak tümdengelimsel bir akıl yürütme tekniğiyle suç korkusu yaklaşımlarının sayıltıları incelenmiş, sosyal bütünleşme teorisinden hareketle eklektik bir çerçeve esas alınarak değişken setleri ve çözümleme stratejisi oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada yer verilen değişken setlerinin ölçeklendirme süreci ikincil veri analizine göre gerçekleştirilmiş olup, suç korkusu ve sosyal bütünleşme düzeylerine ilişkin açık kaynak verileri Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü ile Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'ndan elde edilmiştir. Çalışma operasyonel açıdan nicel araştırma yöntemi üzerine tasarlanmış, korelasyonel araştırma deseni esas alınarak suç korkusu olgusu ve sosyolojik belirleyicilerinin değişim düzeyleri kanonik korelasyon analiziyle tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda suç korkusu düzeylerindeki değişimin yaşam memnuniyeti ve göç etme düzeyleriyle ilişkili olduğu keşfedilmiştir. Yerleşim yerlerinin mikro ölçekte belirtilen değişkenlerden hareketle suç korkusu araştırmalarına konu edilmesinin ve detaylandırılmasının araştırmaların sınırlılığının aşılması ve geçerli sonuçlar elde edilmesi açısından önemli olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

The article aims at exploring the social constituents of anxiety, which is considered to be a phenomenological cost of late modern social distortions. Firstly, the social theoretical background is elaborated based on a network theoretical synthesis of Bourdieu's and Habermas' phenomenologically grounded social theories, which aim at elaborating the social suffering caused by unfair competition and distorted communication. Secondly, an attempt is made to identify the key phenomenological characteristics of anxiety: based on psychoanalytic and cognitive psychological descriptions, it is defined as a non-reactive, non-targeted fear, resulting in the generalization of worry. These two approaches are connected in order to identify those social distortions, which contribute to the emergence of such diffuse fear. The most typical examples are networks characterized by unstable competition and nontransparent and volatile competition or collective traumas, distrust or inefficient systems.

Certainly a reading of the city [of Kuala Lumpur] as collisions of the fragments of different pasts does not lead the reader into blindness towards the future. Instead, the focus on collisions and on the fragmentation both of space and of spatial and verbal languages leads the eye of the reader into those places of the city where the collisions and their abrasions are most unsettling to conventional ideas of 'good order' and the suppression of discursive reflection. In contrast to 'ancient' Putrajaya and Cyberjaya, disheveled KL seems to be of this very moment, a city of multiple levels and realities, able to be many spaces simultaneously.

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Fearmongering é o termo atribuído à exploração do medo para além dos limites
da proporcionalidade e razoabilidade, criando um ambiente de alarmismo
para a persecução de objetivos pessoais. Trata-se de uma estratégia empregada
há anos para o controle das massas que, no contexto hodierno, alcança sua
máxima com a espetacularização da criminalidade e a elaboração de um arcabouço
punitivo voltado, sobretudo, para a neutralização do criminoso. O
medo, como uma arma política, possibilita a promoção pessoal em um ambiente
no qual a população, apavorada, procura por uma figura capaz de lhe
apresentar soluções aparentemente rápidas. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura,
o presente estudo busca, pois, analisar a cultura do medo e como ela
pode ser compreendida à luz da criminologia quando empregada por agentes
políticos. Com efeito, observou-se que, em um mundo paranoico, a emergência
causada pela existência de um inimigo leva à adoção de um Direito
Penal de caráter simbólico, que, em meio à supressão de garantias, mostra-se
ineficaz para a solução das mazelas sociais.

In conjunction with their gender, how does the current design of public transport services affect female passengers’ feelings of safety and fear when using the service? This study explores the influential service design attributes of the London Underground on fear of crime in female users through abductive reasoning, in which a hypothesis is provisionally selected by constantly moving back and forth between data and existing theories to find the best possible explanation of the researched phenomenon. Consequently, it proposes a conceptual model for understanding female passengers’ fear of crime in connection with public transport services and suggests influential factors of public transport service design when considering the social problem. It, therefore, draws a more befitting frame of reference for design and improvement of public transport services to ameliorate fear of crime than those based simply on crime prevention.

A existência humana prolonga-se num quadro de coordenadas espaço-temporais (Giddens, 1991), factores determinantes da constituição e do desenvolvimento das aglomerações sociais. A anomalia que nasceu com as inurbanidades e incivilidades das cidades, acentuada e solidificada no seu desenvolvimento, possibilita uma percepção realista na pessoa, de que existe e onde actua simultaneamente, estabilidade (espaços centrais e protegidos e.g., condomínios fechados) e insegurança (espaços marginais, periféricos e desvalorizados e.g., bairros). Esta dicotomia de bom-mau, vai originar imobilidade e isolamento na pessoa, inviabilizando-a de determinadas reacções comportamentais, promovendo o medo. O medo aumenta a separação espacial e vocifera a exclusão exacerbada: segregação. Ao longo deste artigo procuraremos compreender a génese da ruptura homem-meio ambiente.

A existência humana prolonga-se num quadro de coordenadas espaço-temporais (Giddens, 1991), factores determinantes da constituição e do desenvolvimento das aglomerações sociais. A anomalia que nasceu com as inurbanidades e incivilidades das cidades, acentuada e solidificada no seu desenvolvimento, possibilita uma percepção realista na pessoa, de que existe e onde actua simultaneamente, estabilidade (espaços centrais e protegidos e.g., condomínios fechados) e insegurança (espaços marginais, periféricos e desvalorizados e.g., bairros). Esta dicotomia de bom-mau, vai originar imobilidade e isolamento na pessoa, inviabilizando-a de determinadas reacções comportamentais, promovendo o medo. O medo aumenta a separação espacial e vocifera a exclusão exacerbada: segregação. Ao longo deste artigo procuraremos compreender a génese da ruptura homem-meio ambiente.

این  نوشته به بررسی نقش سنتی آرایشگاه‌ها و تاکسی‌ها به عنوان مراکز غیرمتعارف اما حیاتی برای تحلیل‌های اجتماعی و سیاسی می‌پردازد. نویسنده استدلال می‌کند که علی‌رغم فرسایش این فضاهای گفتگو به دلیل تکنولوژی‌های نوین و موانع فیزیکی ، آرایشگران و رانندگان تاکسی همچنان جایگاه منحصربه‌فردی برای ارائه «سنتز» و چکیده‌ای از افکار عمومی دارند؛ چرا که آن‌ها خارج از «حباب‌های ایدئولوژیک» رسانه‌های اجتماعی فعالیت می‌کنند. با مقایسه واقعیت‌های عینی و زیسته این مشاغل با رویکردهای داده‌محور و گاه گسسته آکادمیک ، این جستار بر اهمیت حفظ پیوند با نبض واقعی جامعه تأکید می‌ورزد.

This paper reflects on the findings of two independent studies carried out by the authors into partnership working between the police and other community agencies. Running counter to previous evidence, we find strong support for partnership working amongst police officers both at operational and strategic levels. This paper draws out some of the effective ingredients of successful partnership working and the ways it can be best embraced and sustained within the police organisation.

This paper reflects on the findings of two independent studies carried out by the authors into partnership working between the police and other community agencies. Running counter to previous evidence, we find strong support for partnership working amongst police officers both at operational and strategic levels. This paper draws out some of the effective ingredients of successful partnership working and the ways it can be best embraced and sustained within the police organisation.

This article reflects on the findings of two independent studies carried out by the authors into partnership working between the police and other community agencies. Running counter to previous evidence, we find strong support for partnership working amongst police officers both at operational and strategic levels. This article draws out some of the effective ingredients of successful partnership working and the ways it can be best embraced and sustained within the police organization.

This study analyzes the perception of security in Mahajanga, Madagascar, in relation to urban planning and police visibility or patrol frequency. The sample of 225 participants comes from popular neighborhoods (37.78%), semi-urban areas (32.44%), Mixed areas represent 15.11%, and areas in transition or development 10.67 % and residential areas (4%). High-density, poorly planned areas, such as Tsararano nosikely, are perceived as less safe, while better-planned neighborhoods, like Mahabibokely, have a higher perception of security. Police visibility plays a crucial role, with 53.33% of respondents rating the police visibility or patrol frequency as low. Among the 37.78% reported experiencing petty crimes such as theft or harassment, while 55.56% reported other forms of offences. Women and young adults feel particularly vulnerable in poorly lit areas. The study shows that improvements in urban planning and police visibility or patrol frequency, such as green spaces and community policing, are essential to enhance perceived security.

This study examines the impact of fear of crime and xenophobia on the participation of local residents in recreational activities in areas with high concentrations of Syrian refugees under temporary protection status in Turkey. The primary objective of the research is to reveal the restrictive effects of anti-immigrant attitudes and security concerns on recreational activities. Conducted in the Altındağ district of Ankara, this study employs a semi-structured interview technique to deeply analyze the fear of crime and xenophobic attitudes of 31 participants. According to the findings, a significant portion of Turkish citizens living in Altındağ report that the presence of Syrian refugees heightens their security concerns and reduces their participation in recreational activities. Participants' fear of crime is intensified by concerns related to physical assault, sexual violence, and theft. Xenophobic attitudes, on the other hand, are exacerbated by the belief that Syrians do not integrate socially, leading to further restrictions on individuals' daily activities. The results of the study indicate that fear of crime and xenophobia create substantial limitations on recreational activities.

Paper discusses the rights of suspects and accused in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) criminal proceedings in comparison to the efforts of the European Union (EU) when it comes to strengthening the foundation of the European area criminal justice. BiH is on the road toward the EU integrations and is faced with the requests to harmonize national legislation, including specific areas of criminal justice with EU standards and legislation. Research primarily comprises normative analysis of the criminal proceeding laws that are in force in BiH including other related regulations. Due attention is paid to special safeguards for juvenile suspects and accused in criminal proceedings as well. As EU acquis implies not only harmonization of national legislation but also its effective implementation, paper provides analytical insight to number of decisions of the Constitutional Court and of other high courts in BiH comprising important opinions regarding procedural safeguards for suspects and accused.

This  article  explores  how  the  perception  of  crime  can  weigh  more  heavily  than  actual  victimization,  particularly  among  women  in  urban  contexts  marked by structural violence. It adopts a qualita-tive exploratory-descriptive approach, grounded in the analysis of 233 in-depth interviews with women aged  18  to  50  residing  in  diverse  areas  of  Tijuana.  Although  national  surveys  such  as  ENDIREH  and  ENVIPE  are  referenced  to  frame  the  broader  context  of  gender-based  violence  in  Mexico,  the  study’s findings derive exclusively from qualitative fieldwork.  No  quantitative  analysis  is  conducted as  part  of  the  research  design.  The  interviews,  conducted with a semi-structured guide informed by an ethnographic glossary, capture the everyday realities, fears, and strategies employed by women across  generations.  The  narratives  reveal  how  perceptions  of  violence  are  shaped  by  age,  life  stage, and lived experiences. Young women (18–25) describe heightened fear and distrust, often tied to direct or observed violence during formative years. Older  women  (46–50)  articulate  broader  unders-tandings of violence, encompassing psychological, institutional, and spatial dimensions.

Calgary’s Light Rail Transit (LRT) system is a vital component of the city’s transportation infrastructure, connecting neighborhoods and facilitating urban mobility. However, ensuring that LRT stations meet the evolving needs of the community requires continuous assessment and improvement. Given the importance of community feedback in evaluating the quality of the built environment, the primary objective of this paper is to assess and understand the lived experiences of commuters and identify areas needing greater attention. The present work is part of a comprehensive innovative 5-year pan-national project considering ‘Quality in Canada’s Built Environment’1, and consists of two distinct components. The first study examines the lived experiences and perceived quality of the LRT system through community feedback—retrieved from online platforms. This involves systematically collecting and analyzing comments shared by users regarding their experiences with LRT stations across Calgary using NVivo. The second study is an observational analysis of two key LRT stations, based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, aimed at identifying areas that fall short of safety and design standards. Together, these studies provide a comprehensive understanding of both the commuter experience and the physical quality of the stations, aiming to pinpoint areas for improvement and enhance the quality and functionality of Calgary’s LRT system. The outcomes provide valuable insights for researchers and actionable recommendations for architects, planners, and politicians. Researchers will gain evidence-based data on public perceptions of LRT station design to guide future projects. Architects can refine station designs to ensure functionality and responsiveness to community needs. Planners and politicians can apply the findings to inform policy decisions, enhance regulatory frameworks, and prioritize improvements that elevate station quality and functionality.

This study is approaches postmodern literature's thematic and technical characteristics. It demonstrates how literary themes and techniques intersect with each other in postmodern literature through narrative descriptions and fictional events. The duality of postmodern themes and techniques will be further elaborated by discussing postmodern literary characteristics that offer genuine and unprecedented fictional qualities. The discussion of the relationship between literary themes and techniques would yield in cogent critical interpretation; whereby fictional texts add to the cognitive background of the readers and their view of reality and their social milieus. This background enriches the current scholarship on postmodern literature and how it could be interpreted and comprehend within its social and cultural circumstances.

Deindustrialisation has severely hit Finnish suburban housing estates of the 1960s and 1970s, and socio-economic differences between neighbourhoods have increased. The social disorganisation theory suggests that neighbourhood disadvantage is a risk factor for problems related to social order. This article compares perceptions of social disorder in suburban housing estates compared to other kinds of neighbourhood. Perceived social disorder appears to be most common in the suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s, somewhat less common in other high-rise neighbourhoods, and clearly least common in low-rise areas. Neighbourhood disadvantage predicts perceived social disorder, which partly explains these differences.

No company in the world is immune to accounting frauds regardless of size, success in business, history, location or activity. The recession significantly increases the risk of financial reporting frauds. The best fight against frauds, in general, is considered to be a struggle that prevents the occurrence of fraud. Unfortunately, the fight against accounting frauds in BiH, is lead by supervisory authorities in accordance with their domain of action, but the practice around the world has shown that it is still insufficient prevention. Namely, modern world research projects are seen the consistent use of forensic accounting techniques, knowledge and skills of a forensic accountant who should be the key player of the activities in the fight against accounting frauds as the most efficient tool to fight against this type of frauds. The research goal of this paper is to analyze the characteristics and extent of accounting frauds by analyzing official statistics of the judicial institutio...

Researching violence against women (VAW) in low-income areas of a city such as São Paulo, Brazil, where high levels of both urban and interpersonal violence occur daily, presents challenges for a lone, female researcher. It affects methodological choices such as access to fieldwork sites, access to interviewees as well as issues around daily movement and personal safety, all of which affect the data collected. A shared gender with interviewees can be beneficial, but other factors such as power relations, subjectivity, and local expectations of gendered behaviour also impact data collection. What is more, exploring the role of faith and religion among domestic violence survivors and the centres they attend for help can be challenging when the researcher does not hold the same views. In this chapter, I draw on eight months’ fieldwork experience in the city of São Paulo and discuss the implications of studying and negotiating forms of VAW in one of the world’s biggest mega-cities, finding that it was the gendered fear of crime and violence which became one the biggest methodological constraints of the project.

Perfekcjonizm jest definiowany przez niektórych badaczy jako relacja
między własnymi możliwościami i oczekiwaniami. Silna reakcja emocjonalna
na rozbieżność między nimi może być nieprzystosowawcza i prowadzić nawet
do zachowań agresywnych. W badaniach wzięło udział 133 studentów i absolwentów
uczelni wyższych z całej Polski, w tym 67 osób o różnych specjalnościach
z zakresu sztuk wizualnych. Do charakterystyki perfekcjonizmu użyto polskiej
wersji Kwestionariusza Sposobu Pracy (Schuler, 1994), natomiast do opisu agresji
narzędzia Inwentarz Psychologiczny Agresji (Gaś, 1980). Celem badań była
analiza związku pomiędzy poszczególnymi wymiarami perfekcjonizmu, a agresją
u osób uzdolnionych plastycznie. Wyniki badań wskazują, że uzdolnieni plastycznie
uzyskali wyższe wyniki w zakresie niektórych wymiarów perfekcjonizmu niż osoby
z grupy kontrolnej. Nie potwierdziły się założenia, że badane grupy różnią się pod
względem syndromu agresji. Mężczyźni uzdolnieni plastycznie różnili się od
mężczyzn z grupy kontrolnej pod względem wymiarów perfekcjonizmu oraz pod
względem agresji przemieszczonej. Nie stwierdzono istotnych statystycznie różnic
w zakresie perfekcjonizmu i syndromu agresji między kobietami. Ponadto płeć
nie różnicowała perfekcjonizmu w grupie uzdolnionych plastycznie.

Este trabajo examina las estrategias mediáticas ejercidas por las agencias de seguridad distrital de Bogotá (Colombia) en la construcción discursiva de la criminalidad y el control del delito. A partir del análisis crítico del discurso, se estudian las publicaciones oficiales realizadas en redes sociales y medios digitales en torno a las políticas de seguridad recientes, con el propósito de identificar patrones narrativos. De esta manera, a partir de la metodología de estudio de caso, se analizan las estrategias mediáticas utilizadas por las agencias de seguridad a partir de los hechos criminales ocurridos el pasado 17 de noviembre de 2024 en la Plaza de San Victorino, así como las reacciones que estas produjeron. En ese sentido, se responderá ¿cómo las agencias de seguridad de la ciudad de Bogotá emplean sus estrategias mediáticas para abordar el problema del crimen? ¿cómo construyen sus narrativas en torno a la seguridad? ¿qué tipo de reacciones se producen en las redes sociales?

El trabajo tiene como horizonte los presupuestos teóricos y conceptuales de las perspectivas críticas de la criminología latinoamericana. En ese sentido, los ejes analíticos para este ejercicio de investigación fueron, por un lado, los discursos y estrategias comunicacionales construidas en torno a las narrativas del control del crimen, así como las representaciones mediáticas de las políticas de seguridad por parte de las agencias de seguridad distrital; y por el otro, las reacciones que se producen en torno a estas publicaciones por parte de los usuarios, sobre todo en las ideas, los valores y la percepciones que se producen en torno a la seguridad y la reacción al crimen.

El horizonte metodológico es de tipo cualitativo . A partir de la caja de herramientas que trae el análisis crítico del discurso, se recolectaron las publicaciones que la alcaldía, el alcalde, la secretaría de seguridad y la policía metropolitana, todas de la ciudad de Bogotá, realizaron desde sus respectivas cuentas oficiales de X (Twitter), entre el 17 y el 24 de noviembre de 2024 (1 semana), sobre i) los hechos criminales ocurridos en San Victorino, ii) el lanzamiento del Plan Centro y iii) su implementación inmediata.

La organización y sistematización de estas publicaciones permitió la identificación de los conceptos y argumentos que narrativamente reprodujeron las agencias de seguridad distrital respecto a su política de seguridad; asimismo, estas publicaciones arrojaron las estrategias comunicacionales que apelaron a reforzar la autoridad de dichas agencias y las ideologías punitivas que desde allí convergen; y finalmente, este ejercicio de investigación logró la interpretación de las reacciones sociales frente estas publicaciones que los usuarios de X (Twitter), incluyendo a los medios de comunicación que también hacen parte de ese ecosistema tuvieron, evidenciando las simpatías, las críticas y las tensiones que estas producen.

En ese sentido, las publicaciones que fueron objeto de análisis no solo evidenciaron cómo las agencias de seguridad distrital construyen mediáticamente sus ideas sobre la respuesta al crimen y la política de seguridad de la ciudad, las cuales encuadran los problemas asociados a la criminalidad en términos de urgencia y excepcionalidad, consolidando un enfoque de seguridad reactivo, reaccionario y de mano dura con el delito.

This paper relates to "fear of crime" in public open spaces from the point of women living in cities. Fear of crime, in general terms, can be described as a feeling of "fear" and "insecurity" derived from a feeling of a person who senses his/her personal security to be under the threat. This fear of crime is a fact which has a considerable impact of the daily lifes of urban dwellers directly or indirectly by causing urban open spaces such as public parks, squares, plazas, streets not be used; causing routes preferred to travel between working places and dwelling places be changed; and causing roads and streets chosen for commerce be altered. According to the scientific researches, it has been detected that elders and women are more exposed to fear of crime in cities. Consequently, women have to prefer to stay closed and safeguarded places and to avoid urban streets, parks, plazas, public transportation vehicles and areas, especially in the evenings; they feel insecure while walking on the streets and even at their homes; they restrict the right to freedom of movement of their children in the city; and they have to take measures in public open spaces for the reason of this anxiety. This situation restrains the personal involvements of women in public life of the city. Discussing the reasons for fear of crime in public open spaces, in this paper, it is aimed to focus this fact from the point of women. To conclude, it is examined the reasons and degrees of fear of crime; measures taken due to this fact; and handicaps which restrains the personal involvements of women in public life of the city.

Murders and violent crime in many American cities have fallen since 2021.  The trend started during Biden's Administration and has continued.  The evidence is that Prsidents have no influence, it is purely local conditions that determine,such violence.