Fish Analysis

Some promising treatments for Huntington's disease (HD) may require pre-clinical testing in large animals. Minipig is a suitable species because of its large gyrencephalic brain and long lifespan. To generate HD transgenic (TgHD) minipigs encoding huntingtin (HTT)1-548 under the control of human HTT promoter. Transgenesis was achieved by lentiviral infection of porcine embryos. PCR assessment of gene transfer, observations of behavior, and postmortem biochemical and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. One copy of the human HTT transgene encoding 124 glutamines integrated into chromosome 1 q24-q25 and successful germ line transmission occurred through successive generations (F0, F1, F2 and F3 generations). No developmental or gross motor deficits were noted up to 40 months of age. Mutant HTT mRNA and protein fragment were detected in brain and peripheral tissues. No aggregate formation in brain up to 16 months was seen by AGERA and filter retardation or by immunostaining....

Some promising treatments for Huntington's disease (HD) may require pre-clinical testing in large animals. Minipig is a suitable species because of its large gyrencephalic brain and long lifespan. To generate HD transgenic (TgHD) minipigs encoding huntingtin (HTT)1-548 under the control of human HTT promoter. Transgenesis was achieved by lentiviral infection of porcine embryos. PCR assessment of gene transfer, observations of behavior, and postmortem biochemical and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. One copy of the human HTT transgene encoding 124 glutamines integrated into chromosome 1 q24-q25 and successful germ line transmission occurred through successive generations (F0, F1, F2 and F3 generations). No developmental or gross motor deficits were noted up to 40 months of age. Mutant HTT mRNA and protein fragment were detected in brain and peripheral tissues. No aggregate formation in brain up to 16 months was seen by AGERA and filter retardation or by immunostaining....

Primary breast mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are uncommon and restricted diagnostic criteria should be used to exclude breast involvement by systemic lymphomas. The molecular pathogenesis of primary breast MALT lymphomas is not clear because of the rarity of the disease. Generally the molecular studies of MALT lymphoma in extranodal sites have shown the presence of different chromosomal aberrations, mutually exclusive with substantial differences in their frequency relatively to topographic localization. Few cases of breast MALT lymphomas in the literature have been assessed for MALT lymphoma-associated translocations and BCL10 expression, underlying their rarity in primary breast MALT lymphomas. In our study, we analyzed a series of nine cases of primary breast MALT lymphomas. FISH results showed evidence of MALT1 gene rearrangements in four primary breast lymphomas, in particular three cases with t(11;18)(q21;q21) and one case with t(14;18)(q32;q21). In addition, BCL10 gene rearrangement was not observed. There was no evidence of BCL10 gene translocation in any of the neoplasms assessed. Our data indicate that MALT1 gene rearrangements are not rare in primary breast MALT lymphoma in contrast with results of previous series. Finally, t(11;18) has been observed to be significantly associated with high intensity cytoplasmic BCL10 expression underlying cross-talk between MALT1 and BCL10 pathways in the pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas. Materials and methods Clinical information. Cases were selected from the pathological files of the Cardarelli Hospital and National Tumor Institute Pascale, Naples, and University of Trieste, from January 1993 to December 2010. The WHO criteria to establish the diagnosis of PBL have been strictly applied. Thus cases included in our study are characterized by the following

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) cannot be identified or characterized unambiguously by conventional cytogenetic banding techniques. Until recently, the large variety of marker chromosomes, as well as the limitations in their identification, have presented a diagnostic problem. In order to determine the origin of sSMCs, we used a variety of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods, including centromere-specific multicolor FISH, acrocentric specific multicolor FISH, subcentromere-specific multicolor FISH and multicolor FISH with whole chromosome paint probes. Moreover, uniparental disomy testing was in all cases attempted. From a total of 28,000 pre-natal samples from four diagnostic genetics laboratories in Greece, 23 (0.082%) supernumerary marker chromosomes were detected. The mean maternal age was 36.2 years (range 27-43) and the mean gestational age at which amniocentesis was performed was 18.5 weeks (range 16-23). Eighteen markers were de novo and 5 marker...

Although previous cytogenetic analysis of Pamphagidae grasshoppers pointed to considerable karyotype uniformity among most of the species in the family, our study of species from Armenia has discovered other, previously unknown karyotypes, differing from the standard for Pamphagidae mainly in having unusual sets of sex chromosomes. Asiotmethis turritus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833), Paranocaracris rubripes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846), and Nocaracris cyanipes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846) were found to have the karyotype 2n♂=16+neo-XY and 2n♀=16+neo-XX, the neo-X chromosome being the result of centromeric fusion of an ancient acrocentric X chromosome and a large acrocentric autosome. The karyotype of Paranothrotes opacus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) was found to be 2n♂=14+X1X2Y and 2n♀=14+X1X1X2X2., the result of an additional chromosome rearrangement involving translocation of the neo-Y and another large autosome. Furthermore, evolution of the sex chromosomes in these species has in...

On September 18-19, 2019 a workshop on Securing Legacy Data to Enable Future Discoveries was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico engaging 29 researchers representing universities, national laboratories, and governmental agencies that included 4 international and 10 early career participants. The need and funding for this workshop grew out of a June 2018 event focused on legacy seismic data organized by the National Academy of Science Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics (NAS COSG), which sparked interest at both at the National Science Foundation and U.S. Geological Survey. The NAS COSG event identified a number of technical as well as financial challenges in trying to collect and build the datasets necessary to address key problems spanning large time periods that require legacy data. Not only are such datasets essential to evaluate global change in microseisms and extend time series of precursory phenomena, they are a crucial first step toward machine learning and other data intensive processing. Regardless, critical paper and magnetic tape records are at risk of loss or severe degradation. Presentations and discussions at the meeting were organized in three main themes: science drivers, data preservation, and future directions. Through a series of presentations by the participants, the workshop reviewed examples of tectonic, volcanic, national security and climate science questions that can best be addressed using legacy data. Next the workshop reviewed past and ongoing legacy data preservation efforts in the US and internationally, enabling participants to consider best practices. This second theme included a number of different software products to better scan analog legacy data. Several large-scale international scanning and digitizing projects, such as by Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia in Italy, SISMOMEx by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Harvard University were described in detail. These efforts show that with sufficient resources, significant volumes of analog data can be preserved and securely archived. However, these efforts are currently only addressing a small fraction of the available high-value, legacy data worldwide. The workshop participants identified opportunities to coordinate activities internationally to achieve consensus on metadata standards. Initially, 39 metadata elements were identified. These elements can be grouped into 6 broad categories that parameterize the data including: 1) Time of Data, 2) Station/Channel, 3) Sensor, 4) Recording System, 5) Image File, and 6) Other. Participants were surveyed as to whether these elements should be required, recommended, optional, or omitted. Post-workshop, 20 additional metadata elements were contributed to the list. To reach consensus and maximize the utility of these efforts, additional vetting by the international community is warranted. At the end of the workshop, a list of next steps for legacy data activities was developed and summarized below: iii Analog holdings catalog. Create an inventory of analog seismic data holdings to identify current resources, connect potential users to resources, and aid in metadata discovery. Publications database. Create a database of research publications that use analog data as a resource to other researchers, inspire new studies, and provide evidence to the importance of this data. Data Availability. Develop policies to encourage legacy data submission to data centers working with existing centers on sustainable financial models. Standards. Begin work on creating FAIR compliant metadata standards to enable federated discovery and access. Establish best practices and standards for imaging and digitizing, learning from established projects. Pilot Project. Identify existing repositories to pilot federated data search and access utilizing proposed metadata standards, and retrieval of multiple data and metadata types. A pilot study will help to demonstrate the data's value, enable consensus on standardization, and advance data processing workflows. Future Research. Identify strategies to enable future research through open source and standardization of both data and software. Identify targeted campaigns with specific research objectives defining the high priority science questions such as the identification of key stations to conduct imaging of all records and the identification of specific earthquakes for historical analysis. New Technologies. Identify enabling technologies to reduce human intervention in the end-to-end process of creating research ready, time series data. Other Communities. Attract a broader scientific community to apply seismological data in nontraditional research domains and communities with similar needs in preserving analog time series data. Outreach. Create a larger community of users through outreach at all career levels.

Monosomy of chromosome 17 may affect the assessment of HER2 amplification. Notably, the prevalence ranges from 1% up to 49% due to lack of consensus in recognition. We sought to investigate the impact of monosomy of chromosome 17 to interpretation of HER2 gene status. 201 breast carcinoma were reviewed for HER2 gene amplification and chromosome 17 status. FISH analysis was performed by using double probes (LSI/CEP). Absolute gene copy number was also scored per each probe. HER2 FISH test was repeated on serial tissue sections, ranging in thickness from 3 to 20 µm. Ratio was scored and subsequently corrected by monosomy after gold control test using the aCGH method to overcome false interpretation due to artefactual nuclear truncation. HER2 immunotests was performed on all cases. 26/201 cases were amplified (13%). Single signals per CEP17 were revealed in 7/201 (3.5%) cases. Five out of 7 cases appeared monosomic with aCGH (overall, 5/201, 2.5%) and evidenced single signals in >60...

W e report on a combined high resolution cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization study (FISH) on 15 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and 14 Angelman syndrome (AS) patients. High resolution banding showed a microdeletion in the 15qll-q13 region in 7 out of 15 PWS patients, and FISH analysis of the D15Sll and SNRPN cosmids demonstrated absence of the critical region in three additional cases. Likewise 8 out of 14 AS patients were found to be deleted with FISH, using the GABRB3 specific cosmid, whereas only 4 of them had a cytogenetically detectable deletion.

Although previous cytogenetic analysis of Pamphagidae grasshoppers pointed to considerable karyotype uniformity among most of the species in the family, our study of species from Armenia has discovered other, previously unknown karyotypes, differing from the standard for Pamphagidae mainly in having unusual sets of sex chromosomes. Asiotmethis turritus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833), Paranocaracris rubripes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846), and Nocaracris cyanipes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846) were found to have the karyotype 2n♂=16+neo-XY and 2n♀=16+neo-XX, the neo-X chromosome being the result of centromeric fusion of an ancient acrocentric X chromosome and a large acrocentric autosome. The karyotype of Paranothrotes opacus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) was found to be 2n♂=14+X1X2Y and 2n♀=14+X1X1X2X2., the result of an additional chromosome rearrangement involving translocation of the neo-Y and another large autosome. Furthermore, evolution of the sex chromosomes in these species has in...

Monosomy of chromosome 17 may affect the assessment of HER2 amplification. Notably, the prevalence ranges from 1% up to 49% due to lack of consensus in recognition. We sought to investigate the impact of monosomy of chromosome 17 to interpretation of HER2 gene status. 201 breast carcinoma were reviewed for HER2 gene amplification and chromosome 17 status. FISH analysis was performed by using double probes (LSI/CEP). Absolute gene copy number was also scored per each probe. HER2 FISH test was repeated on serial tissue sections, ranging in thickness from 3 to 20 µm. Ratio was scored and subsequently corrected by monosomy after gold control test using the aCGH method to overcome false interpretation due to artefactual nuclear truncation. HER2 immunotests was performed on all cases. 26/201 cases were amplified (13%). Single signals per CEP17 were revealed in 7/201 (3.5%) cases. Five out of 7 cases appeared monosomic with aCGH (overall, 5/201, 2.5%) and evidenced single signals in >60...

Monosomy of chromosome 17 may affect the assessment of HER2 amplification. Notably, the prevalence ranges from 1% up to 49% due to lack of consensus in recognition. We sought to investigate the impact of monosomy of chromosome 17 to interpretation of HER2 gene status. 201 breast carcinoma were reviewed for HER2 gene amplification and chromosome 17 status. FISH analysis was performed by using double probes (LSI/CEP). Absolute gene copy number was also scored per each probe. HER2 FISH test was repeated on serial tissue sections, ranging in thickness from 3 to 20 µm. Ratio was scored and subsequently corrected by monosomy after gold control test using the aCGH method to overcome false interpretation due to artefactual nuclear truncation. HER2 immunotests was performed on all cases. 26/201 cases were amplified (13%). Single signals per CEP17 were revealed in 7/201 (3.5%) cases. Five out of 7 cases appeared monosomic with aCGH (overall, 5/201, 2.5%) and evidenced single signals in >60...

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) cannot be identified or characterized unambiguously by conventional cytogenetic banding techniques. Until recently, the large variety of marker chromosomes, as well as the limitations in their identification, have presented a diagnostic problem. In order to determine the origin of sSMCs, we used a variety of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods, including centromere-specific multicolor FISH, acrocentric specific multicolor FISH, subcentromere-specific multicolor FISH and multicolor FISH with whole chromosome paint probes. Moreover, uniparental disomy testing was in all cases attempted. From a total of 28,000 pre-natal samples from four diagnostic genetics laboratories in Greece, 23 (0.082%) supernumerary marker chromosomes were detected. The mean maternal age was 36.2 years (range 27-43) and the mean gestational age at which amniocentesis was performed was 18.5 weeks (range 16-23). Eighteen markers were de novo and 5 marker...

Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC) is a recently recognised neoplasm with a broad spectrum of morphological characteristics, thus representing a challenging differential diagnosis, especially with the low malignant potential multicystic renal cell neoplasms and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. We selected 14 cases of CCPRCC with a wide spectrum of morphological features diagnosed on morphology and CK7 immunoreactivity and analysed them using a panel of immunohistochemical markers, focusing on 34βE12 and related CKs 1,5,10 and 14 and several molecular analyses such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), VHL methylation, VHL and TCEB1 sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Twelve of 13 (92%) CCPRCC tumours were positive for 34βE12. One tumour without 3p alteration by FISH revealed VHL mutation and 3p deletion at aCGH; thus, it was re-classified as clear cell RCC. We concluded that: ...

isabel_2003.htm). Storm surge was variable in the region, reaching a high of 2.7 m on the western side of the bay, where the heaviest rainfall occurred. The highest sustained wind in the bay region reached 30.8 m s -1 at Gloucester Point, Virginia, with gusts to 40.7 m s -1 . Overall, Hurricane Isabel was responsible for physical and biological changes in Chesapeake Bay on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Short-term responses (e.g., the reduction of hypoxia by mixing, nutrient inputs to the upper water column, and a large-scale phytoplankton bloom) and longterm responses (e.g., early onset of hypoxia in spring 2004, high abundance of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis in spring 2004, and increased recruitment of Atlantic croaker) highlight the importance of hurricanes to the function of a large, estuarine ecosystem.

The magnitude of phytoplankton blooms has increased significantly in many areas of the world during the past 11 years, as shown in data from ocean color sensors on board satellites. These areas with increased blooms are likely to be environmentally stressed and undergoing undesirable environmental changes such as a higher frequency of harmful algal blooms and oxygen depletion in bottom layers of oceans, estuaries, and lakes. These changes can disrupt traditional fisheries and recreational use in many coastal areas.

We appreciate W. Menke and L. Levin's comments (Eos, 86(19), pp.185, 189, 10 May 2005) on the need to develop new seismological techniques to more accurately determine the magnitude of great earthquakes quickly. However, in the first few paragraphs, Menke and Levin suggest that the many thousands of people died because an accurate assessment of the true nature of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake was not known within the first hour after it occurred. Although this may serve as a wake-up call to seismologists on the importance of better and more rapid magnitude estimation procedures, it should not be used to obscure the most urgent need, which is to establish an effective global tsunami warning system.

On September 18-19, 2019 a workshop on Securing Legacy Data to Enable Future Discoveries was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico engaging 29 researchers representing universities, national laboratories, and governmental agencies that included 4 international and 10 early career participants. The need and funding for this workshop grew out of a June 2018 event focused on legacy seismic data organized by the National Academy of Science Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics (NAS COSG), which sparked interest at both at the National Science Foundation and U.S. Geological Survey. The NAS COSG event identified a number of technical as well as financial challenges in trying to collect and build the datasets necessary to address key problems spanning large time periods that require legacy data. Not only are such datasets essential to evaluate global change in microseisms and extend time series of precursory phenomena, they are a crucial first step toward machine learning and other data intens...

Magnitude is one of the most commonly used parameters in retrieval tsunami early warning decisions due to the greater magnitude of the earthquake will then be the greater the deformation that may occur on the sea floor. In this study, the determination of Moment Magnitude using broadband P wave signal for earthquakes in Japan that have the potential to cause a tsunami. The author uses the method of Tsuboi, et al (1995) because it has been proven effective for tsunami early warning. The data used are 20 earthquake events with different stations. This study uses the moment magnitude released by Global CMT (Centroid-Moment-Tensor) as a reference to magnitude comparator. The purpose of this study is to determine a more precise and rapid method of determining magnitudes for big earthquakes that have the potential to generate a tsunami. The result of research using moment data of Global CMT magnitude data obtained relatively good correlation, that is R2 = 0.93781. Therefore, the determination of magnitude using the broadband P wave signal is more precise and quick to make a decisions of tsunami early warning.

Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans embraces the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and geology to the study of the oceans and their interaction with other components of the Earth system. Deepening the integrated knowledge of the sea utilizes new observational, analytical, computational and modeling capabilities to build upon established approaches in all areas of marine science.

Over the last few decades, historical data have become increasingly important in the different sectors dealing with the mitigation of greater natural hazards. By historical data we mean both the instrumental ones, above all those of the last 100 years, and the descriptive ones that generally cover very broad chronological ranges. Suffice it to think, for example, that in countries with ancient cultural traditions like Italy, the catalogue of strong earthquakes has been extended to embrace the last 2,500 years. In this sector, important methodological contributions have come from a multidisciplinary approach to research and the processing of historical information concerning: earthquakes, volcanic eruption, floods, landslides, geochemical data, seismographic data, etc.. Sophisticated and in-depth finalised historical research can make huge quantities of information available, while the development of dedicated information systems can allow for the efficient as well as flexible organi...

In the past few decades historical documentation of a scientific and non-scientific nature has taken on critical importance in the different sectors of seismology: historical seismology and historical seismometry. Modern technologies offer unique opportunities for cataloguing and efficiently distributing the reproductions or digital versions of scientific letters. Over the last 20 years SGA (Storia Geofisica Ambiente) has set up and promoted, within the scope of the TRO-MOS (INGV-SGA) and EUROSEISMOS (INGV-SGA) projects, initiatives for the cataloguing, reproduction, study and dissemination of documentation relating to the history of seismology in both Italy and Europe. This approach, based on the application of modern technologies, has enabled us to achieve a rigorous processing and study of documents using the most appropriate information technology tools. The techniques we have used encourage the dissemination and study of historical scientific documentation seeking to bring together scholars and research groups within a new disciplinary community dedicated to studying the history of earth sciences.

ABSTRACT Very cold temperatures across much of North America caused by the recent anomalous meridional upper air flow—commonly referred to in the public media as a polar vortex (for details, see Blackmon et al. [1977] and National Climatic Data Center, State of the climate: Synoptic discussion for January 2014, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/synoptic/2014/1)—have contributed to extreme hydrologic conditions on the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes are the largest system of lakes and the largest surface of freshwater on Earth—Lake Superior alone is the single largest lake by surface area.

Hurricane Isabel made landfall east of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, as a Category 2 (Safford-Simpson scale) hurricane on 18 September 2003. The storm's center tracked to the northwest, passing west of Chesapeake Bay (Figure 1) in the early morning of 19 September. Hurricane Isabel brought the highest storm surge and winds to the region since the Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane of 1933 and Hurricane Hazel in 1954 (http://www.erh. noaa.gov/er/akq/wx_events/hur/isabel_2003. htm). Storm surge was variable in the region, reaching a high of 2.7 m on the western side of the bay where the heaviest rainfall occurred. The highest sustained wind in the bay region reached 30.8 m s-1 at Gloucester Point,Virginia, with gusts to 40.7 m s-1.