Floristic diversity

The present study deals with the phytosociological study of Taranga hill forest in Satlasana taluka, Mehsana district, Gujarat during 2021-2023. A total of 82 tree species were recorded which were represented by 63 genera and 31 families. Fabaceae was the most diverse family with maximum 25 species followed by Moraceae with 6 species and Apocynaceae with 5 species. The IVI values ranged from 0.27 to 22.05. The maximum IVI was recorded for Vachellia nilotica (22.05) followed by Pongamia pinnata (19.14), Diospyros montana (15.46), Senegalia Senegal (17.02) and Gymnosporia senegalensis (16.08) respectively.

The relationship between palynological diversity and floristic diversity was studied on the basis of sediment surface sample pollen data from nine small lakes and vegetation data within a 250 m radius from the lake shore of each. The nine study areas are situated in the patchy cultural landscape of Southern Estonia and were chosen to represent landscape changes along a gradient from closed forest to open vegetation. Two diversity measuresrichness and evennesswere used to compare the palynological and floristic data. A total of 307 plant species were recorded in the vegetation representing 127 pollen types. Only 52 pollen types were recorded in the sediment surface samples of which 43 had parent plants in the vegetation. Significantly lower floristic richness was found in closed surroundings than in more open surroundings. Study sites with open vegetation also had significantly higher palynological richness (number of pollen types recorded in surface sediments). The additional pollen types recorded in surface sediments from open vegetation were widespread types mostly of insect-pollinated taxa such as Ranunculus, Rubiaceae, Melampyrum, Filipendula, Potentilla or Vaccinium. The parent plants of these pollen types were frequent in the landscape. This suggests that the main mechanism governing palynological richness in this study was not floristic diversity but rather variance in pollen productivity. Since woodland has a higher pollen production than open areas (grassland and fields) per unit land surface, open areas tend to show a better representation of slightly rarer but widespread herb pollen types. No relationship was found between palynological and floristic diversity of wind-pollinated taxa and tree taxa partly because the pollen source area for these pollen types is much larger than 250 m.

Polyphenols are natural compounds originate in various vegetables, fruits, herbs, and grains, and they have increased scientific attention because of their powerful effects on human health. They support our bodies by reducing oxidative inflammation and stress. which are common causes of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart problems and neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, under certain conditions, polyphenols can also act in the opposite way, creating stress precisely inside harmful or cancerous cells. This unique dual behaviour makes them promising candidates for future therapeutic applications. However, polyphenols often disruption rapidly and are not permanently absorbed by the body. To address this, researchers are modified with new way to combine polyphenols with starches and proteins. These mixtures help retain the polyphenols stable, make them more active during digestion, and permit to release gradually where they are needed. Such combination is also showing great promise in refining increasing shelf life, food quality, and making healthier functional foods. To create of these valued compounds in an extra sustainable way, modern green extraction techniques, such as pressurized supercritical fluid extraction, liquid extraction, ultrasound methods, and heat-assisted processing, are helping to recover high-quality polyphenols without harming the environment. Many of these methods also use agricultural byproducts, turning waste into useful resources. Overall, polyphenols represent an opportunity to developed healthier foods, safer packaging, and even more advanced biomedical materials. With continued research, they may play a major role in shaping future innovations that support both human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Chimnabai Lake is situated near Kadarpur village in Kheralu Taluka of Mehsana district. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity and status of terrestrial floral species in the surrounding area of the lake. 70 species of terrestrial plants belonging to 33 families were identified. The Asteraceae family dominanted the 33 families, with Poaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Amaranthaceae, and so forth following. Among 26 tree species, Mimosaceae was the most dominant family followed by Fabaceae, Moraceae and Myrtaceae and so on. Senegalia senegal of the Fabaceae family has the highest IVI (42.08) and least of Ficus racemosa of Moraceae family (2.42). The outcome displays the species richness and floristic diversity around the lake area. Therefore, in order to successfully preserve this lake's biological and social diversity, more conservation initiatives must be implemented in the future.

An updated inventory of the native vascular flora of Italy, providing details on the occurrence at regional level, is presented. The checklist includes 8195 taxa (6417 species and 1778 subspecies), distributed in 1092 genera and 152 families; 23 taxa are lycophytes, 108 ferns and fern allies, 30 gymnosperms and 8034 angiosperms. The taxa currently occurring in Italy are 7483, while 568 taxa have not been confirmed in recent times, 99 are doubtfully occurring in the country and 19 are data deficient. Out of the 568 not confirmed taxa, 26 are considered extinct or possibly extinct.

An updated inventory of the vascular flora alien to Italy, providing details on the occurrence at regional level, is presented. The checklist includes 1597 species, subspecies, and hybrids, distributed in 725 genera and 152 families; 2 taxa are lycophytes, 11 ferns and fern allies, 33 gymnosperms, and 1551 angiosperms. 157 taxa are archaeophytes and 1440 neophytes. The alien taxa currently established in Italy are 791 (570 naturalized and 221 invasive), while 705 taxa are casual aliens, 4 are not assessed, 7 are of unknown regional distribution, 47 have not been confirmed in recent times, 3 are considered extinct or possibly extinct in the country, and 40 are doubtfully occurring in Italy. This checklist allows to establish an up-to-date number (9792) of taxa constituting the whole (native and alien) Italian flora.

An updated inventory of the native vascular flora of Italy, providing details on the occurrence at regional level, is presented. The checklist includes 8195 taxa (6417 species and 1778 subspecies), distributed in 1092 genera and 152 families; 23 taxa are lycophytes, 108 ferns and fern allies, 30 gymnosperms and 8034 angiosperms. The taxa currently occurring in Italy are 7483, while 568 taxa have not been confirmed in recent times, 99 are doubtfully occurring in the country and 19 are data deficient. Out of the 568 not confirmed taxa, 26 are considered extinct or possibly extinct.

Vegetation refers to a comprehensive list of plant species found in a given geographic area (Amjad et al., 2017). Understanding vegetation structure provides insight into biodiversity and helps assess current climate conditions (Thakur et al., 2012). It provides an important resource for systematic research on plant life (Khan et al., 2017). Floristic inventory provides a taxonomic perspective on flora, Abstract | The current study was conducted to investigate floral structure, life form and leaf size spectrum and habitat status of plants of Swabi District, Pakistan. Regular visits were organized between the years of 2022 to 2023 to collect plant samples of the region and prepare a flora inventory. The life form of the plant and the size of its leaves were determined. Plant species were also classified according to their habitats. In the current study, we collected and identified about 140 species belonging to 102 genera and 53 families. The largest family was Poaceae (15 spp.), followed by Rosaceae (11 spp.) and Solanaceae (7 spp.). Herbaceous vegetation predominates, followed by trees, shrubs and climbing plants. In this study the area was found to be dominated by therophytes with (48 spp., 34%), followed by phanerophytes (39 spp., 28%) and Hemicryptophytes (33 spp., 24%). Examination of leaf shape spectra revealed that Microphyll (43 spp., 31%), followed by Nanophyll (38 spp., 27%), and Mesophyll (34., 24%). In the current study we also classified plants species based on their habitat. The results showed that the largest number of species were found in dry places (31 spp., 22%), followed by moist places (29 spp., 21%), cultivated areas (26 spp., 18%), wasteland areas (23 spp., 16%). This study provides basic information on the flora of Swabi, because the flora of the study area is very diverse therefore further studies will be required to assess the conservation status of the wild flora and obtain quantitative information on the vegetation.

This study aimed to provide the first floristic checklist from Sorkhabad Protected Area in Zanjan Province, Northwest Iran. This area is one of the large protected areas in the Irano-Anatolian global biodiversity hotspot. This study was conducted based on the extensive field surveys during the growing season from 2019 to 2021. Our results documented 523 taxa of vascular plants belonging to 290 genera and 70 families. The most prominent families are Asteraceae (44 genera, 66 species), Brassicaceae (24 genera, 36 species), Poaceae (21 genera, 38 species) and Fabaceae (17 genera, 44 species). The richest genera are Astragalus L. (19 species), Bromus L., Papaver L., Salvia L. and Silene L. (each with 7 species), Allium L., Centaurea L., and Glaucium Mill. (each with 6 species). Hemicryptophytes (218 taxa, 42%) are the most dominant life form followed by therophytes (162 taxa, 31%), and Irano-Turanian elements (296 taxa, 57%) are the most common plants. Current results provide baseline data for future studies, such as conservation, and phytogeography.

This study was undertaken to investigate and document the floristic diversity of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB) main campus with a view to assess the numbers of plant species and the areas where they are found. Different vascular plants were enumerated through line transect sampling methods and direct on-site field observations. In all taxa studied, there were 269 documented vascular plant species from 215 genera and 72 families, including 84 herbs (31.23%), 83 trees (30.85%), 61 shrubs (22.68%), 19 vines (7.06%), 13 lianas (4.83%), 5 geophytes (1.86%) and 4 epiphytic plants (1.49%). The most diverse of the 72 identified families were Fabaceae (34 species), Euphorbiaceae (21 species), Malvaceae (19 species), Asteraceae (16 species) and Poaceae (12 species). Of the 269 plant species studied, 97.03% were angiosperms, 1.11% were gymnosperms and 1.86% were Pteridophytes. Native species outnumbered exotic species, indicating that native species are more likely to establish in disturbed areas than cultivated and exotic species. Anthropogenic activities have greatly altered the vegetation of FUNAAB campus. The floristic diversity can be improved by controlling the indiscriminate felling of plant taxa and other anthropogenic activities that can result in the depletion of the vegetation. Given the current rate of infrastructure development in the study area, adequate steps should be taken to protect the biodiversity, particularly plants that are available on campus in order to prevent extinction and preserve the environment. Autecological research, afforestation, seed-collection and avoidance of plant harvest are all encouraged. The unsustainable utilization of the flora should be discouraged.

This study was undertaken to investigate and document the floristic diversity of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB) main campus with a view to assess the numbers of plant species and the areas where they are found. Different vascular plants were enumerated through line transect sampling methods and direct on-site field observations. In all taxa studied, there were 269 documented vascular plant species from 215 genera and 72 families, including 84 herbs (31.23%), 83 trees (30.85%), 61 shrubs (22.68%), 19 vines (7.06%), 13 lianas (4.83%), 5 geophytes (1.86%) and 4 epiphytic plants (1.49%). The most diverse of the 72 identified families were Fabaceae (34 species), Euphorbiaceae (21 species), Malvaceae (19 species), Asteraceae (16 species) and Poaceae (12 species). Of the 269 plant species studied, 97.03% were angiosperms, 1.11% were gymnosperms and 1.86% were Pteridophytes. Native species outnumbered exotic species, indicating that native species are more likely to establish in disturbed areas than cultivated and exotic species. Anthropogenic activities have greatly altered the vegetation of FUNAAB campus. The floristic diversity can be improved by controlling the indiscriminate felling of plant taxa and other anthropogenic activities that can result in the depletion of the vegetation. Given the current rate of infrastructure development in the study area, adequate steps should be taken to protect the biodiversity, particularly plants that are available on campus in order to prevent extinction and preserve the environment. Autecological research, afforestation, seed-collection and avoidance of plant harvest are all encouraged. The unsustainable utilization of the flora should be discouraged.

The study of the forest in rainy environments of the Dominican Republic reveals the presence of four types of vegetation formations, clearly differentiated from each other in terms of their floristic and biogeographical composition, and also significantly different from the rainforests of Cuba. This leads us to propose two new alliances and four plant associations located in northern mountain areas exposed to moisture-laden winds from the Atlantic: All. Rondeletio ochraceae-Clusion roseae (Ass. Cyatheo furfuracei-Prestoetum motanae; Ass. Ormosio krugii-Prestoetum montanae); and All. Rondeletio ochraceae-Didymopanion tremuli (Ass. Hyeronimo montanae-Magnolietum pallescentis; Hyeronimo dominguensis-Magnolietum hamorii). We pay special attention to the description of cloud forest types, since they have a high rate of endemic species, and therefore there are endemic habitats, which need special protective actions. Therefore, we apply the Shannon diversity index to characteristic, compan...

Spontaneous flora offers many functions and potentialities in the urban ecosystem. However, few studies have been carried out on this subject in Morocco. The present study aimed to analyze the diversity of spontaneous flora in the urban area of Temara, to contribute to interpreting the structure and dynamics of Moroccan spontaneous flora. During the study, 90 floristic surveys were carried out along four transects, marked A, B, C, and D so that each transect started from the city center and went in one of the four directions of the study area. Transect A ran northwards from the city center, transect B westwards, transect C southwards, and transect D eastwards from the city center. To carry out the floristic surveys, several survey areas were chosen, given the heterogeneity of the urban environment. These areas ranged from a few cm 2 for rock fissure plants, through 10 to 25 m 2 for grasslands, to 25 to 100 m 2 for forest cuttings. The results revealed a total of 137 taxa grouped in 116 genera and belong to 33 floristic families. The Asteraceae family came out on top, with 30 species (21.90%) and 24 genera, and the Poaceae family was in second place with 21 species (15.33%) divided into 20 genera. Analysis of this floristic list indicates a predominance of the therophyte life form (48.90%), then hemicryptophytes (26.28%) followed by geophytes (10.22%) in terms of biological type, and a predominance of the Mediterranean element (31.19%) in terms of chorological type. Of the 137 taxa inventoried, 10 are very rare, 1 is rare, 1 has a doubtful presence, and 2 are endemics. This study showed that even in a disturbed and fragmented environment, such as the urban environment, certain spontaneous plant species adapt to the conditions prevailing in this habitat and show considerable diversity, thus contributing to a better interpretation of the composition and dynamics of the country's flora.

The research aims to identify the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Miconia bracteolata Bonpl and determine the ecological parameters. The analysis focuses on the Guangra sector, located in the buffer zone of the Sangay National Park - Ecuador, using the most modern methods for the extraction and quantification of AMF. The highest spore populations were found in plot 03 (5637.95 spores/100 g soil), while the lowest was found in plot 01 (3586.46 spores/100 g soil), with a mean colonization percentage of 15.69, developed in a soil type with a slightly acidic pH, which is strongly associated with AMF spore survival. In plot 03, the genus Glomus spp. showed high importance for ecological parameters, medium diversity H-index, and high dominance Simpson's diversity index. These results can help to predict distributions and the degree of ecosystem disturbance, ultimately contributing to the conservation of biodiversity and functions in high Andean ecosystems.

We report the discovery of Cotula australis Hook.f. for the first time in Morocco and North Africa. We found it living in the cork-oak forest of Maamora (Northwest). This species, a member of the family Asteraceae, is introduced to Morocco and has potential to be highly invasive and destructive to the native environment. We describe the distinctive taxonomic and morphological characters of this species and provide notes on its distribution, ecology, and habitat.

Ecological studies in cities are not only aimed at investigating floristic diversity, but also represent informative test cases for understanding ecological system dynamics and responses to urban and climate changes since cities represent microcosms of environmental changes happening globally. the city of Bologna was selected as a case study since two specific and complete studies have been carried out in a 120-years timespan, one in 1894 and one in 2018. Since 1894, a large increase occurred in the number of taxa (families from 41 to 101, species from 176 to 477) and alien species (from 22 to 144), with a 65% total species turnover. The comparison of species life forms pointed out a noticeable recent expansion of phanerophytes and geophytes at the expense of therophytes and hemicryptophytes. The correlation between urbanistic features and plant richness indicated that the main factor affecting plant richness is the presence of green spaces (parks, tree lines, flowerbeds, etc.). Analysis of variation in Ellenberg's indicator values over the last 120 years evidenced a shift toward shade-tolerant species, mainly connected to the increased presence of parks and trees within the city. Climate change and the presence of artificially irrigated areas within the city has led to an increase in both hygrophilous and drought-resistant species. In particular, the temperature index showed a significantly higher amount of macrothermal species in accordance with a warmer climate and the urban heat island effect. The world's population is experiencing a dramatic shift from rural to urban living. Whereas in 1900 only 10% of people were residing in cities, this number now exceeds 54% and is expected to increase to 66% by 2050 1 . The development of urban environments is one of the principal causes of land use change worldwide 2 and believed to be the major cause of biodiversity alteration. Although floristic diversity 3 in urban areas is generally poorly documented, inside cities where comprehensive surveys have been undertaken plant species biodiversity is often remarkably high 2 . General data indicate that urbanization reduces native species diversity at a regional scale, while, on the contrary, total plant species richness often increases in the city centres in comparison to wildlands, due to the highly heterogeneous patchwork of urban habitats coupled with the human introduction of exotic species 4 . In addition, in some semi-natural environments within cities, endangered native plant species show consistent populations 5,6 making urban habitats preferential sites for their conservation. It is argued that with the increase of global travel, which has led to a greater circulation of plant species and the spread from gardens of introduced alien plants 7-10 , there has been an enhancement of species richness counterbalancing or even exceeding the potential local extinction of native species . This high number of non-native species within cities may actually improve ecosystem services (e.g. air quality, pollinator insect diversity) and it is expected that the establishment of garden ornamental plants will keep increasing in the future . Ecological studies in cities are not only aimed at investigating floristic diversity and connected ecosystem features; since cities represent microcosms of environmental changes happening globally, they can serve as

This study deals with the types of anthropization in the Matorral of the southern slopes of the Tlemcen region Northwest of Algeria. It is clear that the nature of human action and the importance of disturbances that are related to several factors. Currently serious signs in much of the landscape of Tlemcen shows the magnitude of the impact of the man and his flock, whose structure is found revised with sometimes the disappearance of the original species and their replacement by anthropogenic species. The results obtained from 150 flora identified carried out according to the method of Braun-Blanquet, show that species anthropogenic toxic and difficult and/or very present with high frequencies onlyUlex boivini presented a 60% frequency. Paronychia argentea 40% ,Thapsia garganica 39% , Ferula communis 16%in the study area.

In this study we aim at refining our understanding of the floristic connectivity of the loma- and precordillera floras of southern Peru and northern Chile and the parameters determining vegetation cover in this region. We used multivariate analyses to test for floristic- and environmental similarity across 53 precordillera and loma locations in Peru and Chile. We propose the use of predictive modeling in estimating the extent of desert vegetation as a complementary method to remote sensing. We created habitat suitability models for the vegetation on the coast and in the precordillera based on a combination of latent bioclimatic variables and additional environmental predictors using Maxent. We found Peruvian and Chilean lomas to be strongly floristically differentiated, as are the Chilean precordillera and lomas. Conversely, there is clear connectivity between both the Peruvian loma- and precordillera floras on the one hand and the Peruvian and Chilean precordillera floras on the ot...

Our study focuses on plant diversity in the Allal El Fassi dam, a semi-arid continental bioclimate, to understand human-impacted aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed plant, soil, and water samples from 40 stations using various indices. We identified 55 plant species across 35 families, with Poaceae, Asteraceae, Asparagaceae, and Rosaceae being dominant. The transition zone (formerly Zone 2) is characterized by dense vegetation of hydrophytes, hemicryptophytes, and therophytes. The transformed (formerly Zone 1) and terrestrial zones (formerly Zone 3) have less diverse vegetation, dominated by phanerophytes, geophytes, and chamerophites. Phanerophytes, due to their developed root systems, are suited to dam soil types. Predominant species like Tamarix gallica L., Nerium oleander L., Juncus acutus L., and Arundo donax L. indicate the dam’s ecological transformation into a terrestrial ecosystem isolated from the river by sedimentary deposits following floods. These species are opportunistic, and adapted to water level variations.

Understanding the ecology of populations located in the rear edge of their distribution is key to assessing the response of the species to changing environmental conditions. Here, we focus on rear-edge populations of Quercus pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada (southern Iberian Peninsula) to analyze their ecological and floristic diversity. We perform multivariate analyses using high-resolution environmental information and forest inventories to determine how environmental variables differ among oak populations, and to identify population groups based on environmental and floristic composition. We find that water availability is a key variable in explaining the distribution of Q. pyrenaica and the floristic diversity of their accompanying communities within its rear edge. Three cluster of oak populations were identified based on environmental variables. We found differences among these clusters regarding plant diversity, but not for forest attributes. A remarkable match between the populations clustering derived from analysis of environmental variables and the ordination of the populations according to species composition was found. The diversity of ecological behaviors for Q. pyrenaica populations in this rear edge are consistent with the high genetic diversity shown by populations of this oak in the Sierra Nevada. The identification of differences between oak populations within the rear-edge with respect to environmental variables can aid with planning the forest management and restoration actions, particularly considering the importance of some environmental factors in key ecological aspects.

The current study based on the broad survey on the floristic composition of Jnana sarovara campus Nandihalli, postgraduate centre of VSKUB. This research enumerates total 204 plants species belonging to 156 genera 61 families. Among the collected plant families dominant are Fabaceae with 23 species (11.2%) stands first followed by Euphorbiacae with 17(8.3%), Poaceae 15(7.3%), Apocynaceae 11(5.3%) and Lamiaceae 8(3.9%). Dominant plants species were Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara, Rostellularia procumbens, Senna uniflora, Dactoyloctenium aegyptium. Also documneted the pteridophytes plant species like Adiantum Philippense, Perkinsonia Aculata, Madhuca Longidolia. Among the species this shows IUCN RED LIST, PG Center, Nandihalli. As per research paper most of collected species belongs to , LC 82 (40%) , EN 2 (0.9%), DD 1(0.4%). The survey reveales that, the Herbs 102 speies (50%) are dominant followed by the shrubs 50(24.5%), trees 37(18.1%), and climbers 15 (7.3%). Majority of the documented plant species were used against several diseases, either alone or in combination with other plants. Herbal medicine offers safe, gentle and effective treatment. It does not just treat the isolated signs and symptoms of disease but treats the whole of us-physically, mentally because the healing cannot be fully achieved unless all are addressed .

Ballari district in Karnataka, India, is a significant agricultural hub, with a diverse range of cultivated plants playing a crucial role in the local economy and food security. This study aimed to document the variety of cultivated plants in Ballari district, including crops, horticultural plants. Our survey revealed that the district cultivates a wide range of plants, including cereals like paddy, wheat, and jowar; pulses like Bengal gram, red gram, and green gram; oilseeds like groundnut, sunflower, and; commercial crops like sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco; and horticultural crops like mango, banana, and tomato. Additionally, various medicinal plants like aloe vera, ashwagandha, and tulsi are also cultivated in the region. The study highlights the importance of preserving and promoting this plant diversity to ensure sustainable agriculture, food security, and livelihoods for the local communities. Further research and conservation efforts are necessary to protect and enhance the cultivated plant diversity in Ballari district.

The present research carried out survey on dye yielding plants of Ballari district, Karnataka from JAN-JULY (2023-24). Enumerated total 40 dye yielding plants belonging to 33 genera and 20 families, along with their vernacular name, habit, part used. Among plant families Fabaceae is dominant with 10 species followed by Combretaceae with 5 species and Asteraceae with 3 species emerged as three dominant families. The dye yielding plants were extracted by using various techniques. The study identified and extracted natural dyes from various plant sources.

Biodiversity is an important gift of nature that provides all basic requirements for human existence. But due to modern development of human races nature is under great threat. Since time immemorial plants have played an important role in human civilization. It has been observed that large numbers of plants are being used for the worshiping of gods and goddesses by different indigenous communities, which serve as a useful tool for conservation of plants. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world and dominant in Indian subcontinent. The present paper analyzed different plant species that are used in worshiping of gods and goddesses in Hindu tradition in two districts of Assam viz. Nalbari and Sonitpur. A total of 54 species under 51 genera and 30 families were recorded during the study. Among these, Cynodon dactylon, Aegle marmelos, Ocimum sanctum, Piper betle, etc. are exclusively used in all worship. Prasad is one of the most important elements of all worship which is prepared with different varieties of fruits and cereals. Vigna radiate, Cicer arietinum, Mangifera indica, Musa sp., Saccharum officinarum, Cocos nucifera, Zingiber officinale, etc. are some important species used for the preparation of Prasad. In fact, the Prasad are rich in nutrients and considered very healthy.

El estado de Nayarit se ubica en una posición geográfica estratégica al encontrarse en el vértice de tres importantes cadenas montañosas del país (Eje Volcánico Transversal, Sierra Madre Occidental y Sierra Madre del Sur), lo que determina en gran medida su alta riqueza florística. En la entidad, la familia Asteraceae, representada por 122 géneros y 447 especies, es la más diversa de todas las fanerógamas. En este trabajo se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies de Asteraceae; asimismo, se compara su diversidad con la de otros estados vecinos. Se presenta igualmente una lista de las especies endémicas a Nayarit.

Acid Mine Drainage (A.M.D) is sulfidic and contains high abundance of heavy metals. It represents a crucial problem, on the environment, the flora, fauna and on local population. The Kettara mine, located 30 km north-north-west of Marrakech, is an example of abandoned mining sites. Mining discharges were exposed to weathering factors giving an AMD affecting ground water and neighboring environment. To minimize the AMD effects, the phosphate mining by-products were used as a cover to neutralize the soil acidity and to reduce water infiltration. One of the aspects investigated was the influence of vegetation cover on the performance of this recovery system.. The present research performed to optimize choice of candidate species for phosphate wastes stabilization for in situ reclamation of Kettara closed mine. In this study, the floristic diversity of vascular plants, found in the Kettara mine area, was examined. Promising quantitative and qualitative results were obtained from the stu...

We studied the fl oristic diversity of the semi evergreen tropical forest, in the "ejido" El Carmen II, Calakmul, Campeche. In nine plots of 300 m 2 , we represented secondary vegetation ("acahual") with seven years old, secondary vegetation with 15 years

ambientale, sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; g istituto Beni culturali, regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; h centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università di cagliari, cagliari, italy; i scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, macerata, italy; j Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di modena e reggio emilia, modena, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita (DistaV), università di genova, genova, italy; l Dipartimento di Biologia, ecologia, e scienze della terra (DiBest), università della calabria, cosenza, italy; m Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; n comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali efisio noussan, aosta, italy; o sezione di Botanica filippo Parlatore, museo di storia naturale, università di firenze, firenze, italy; p Dipartimento di Biologia, università di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; q Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; r scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; s strada Val san martino superiore, torino, italy; t centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; u Dipartimento di Pianificazione, Design, tecnologia dell'architettura (PDta), sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; v Department of Botany, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; w Via isonzo, massa, italy; x Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; y Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; z museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; aa Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ab fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; ac sezione di Botanica ed ecologia Vegetale, Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche (steBicef), università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; ae Via europa unita, schio, italy; af istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ag laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ah largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; ai Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;

milano, italy; d Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; e istituto Beni culturali regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze della terra e dell'ambiente, università di Pavia, Pavia, italy; g centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università degli studi di cagliari, cagliari, italy; h scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, camerino, italy; i Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita, università di genova, genova, italy; j Dipartimento DiBest, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; l comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali "efisio noussan", aosta, italy; m sezione di Botanica "filippo Parlatore", università degli studi di firenze, museo di storia naturale, firenze, italy; n Dipartimento PDta, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; o Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; p scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; q fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; r Dipartimento di Biologia, università di firenze, firenze, italy; s strada Val san martino sup., torino, italy; t hermann-Kurz strasse, tübingen, germany; u centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; v Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; w national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; x Via isonzo, massa, italy; y Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; z Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; aa museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; ab Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ac Dipartimento steBicef/sezione di Botanica ed ecologia vegetale, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Diparimento di Biologia, università degli studi di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; ae Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; af Via europa unita, schio, italy; ag istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ah laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ai largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; aj Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;

milano, italy; d Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; e istituto Beni culturali regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze della terra e dell'ambiente, università di Pavia, Pavia, italy; g centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università degli studi di cagliari, cagliari, italy; h scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, camerino, italy; i Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita, università di genova, genova, italy; j Dipartimento DiBest, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; l comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali "efisio noussan", aosta, italy; m sezione di Botanica "filippo Parlatore", università degli studi di firenze, museo di storia naturale, firenze, italy; n Dipartimento PDta, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; o Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; p scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; q fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; r Dipartimento di Biologia, università di firenze, firenze, italy; s strada Val san martino sup., torino, italy; t hermann-Kurz strasse, tübingen, germany; u centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; v Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; w national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; x Via isonzo, massa, italy; y Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; z Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; aa museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; ab Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ac Dipartimento steBicef/sezione di Botanica ed ecologia vegetale, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Diparimento di Biologia, università degli studi di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; ae Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; af Via europa unita, schio, italy; ag istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ah laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ai largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; aj Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;

Piedmont forests are ecosystems with great floristic diversity compared to other areas of the Orinoquía. This study characterized the structure and floristic composition of a piedmont forest in 0.1 ha, wherein all individual trees with a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm were measured. The 288 registered individuals were distributed in 71 species, 59 genera, and 33 families. The families with the highest number of species were Lauraceae (9 spp.) and Rubiaceae (9). The most representative genera were Aniba (4 spp.), Miconia, and Palicourea (3 spp. each). The species with the greatest ecological importance in the community were Ciliosemina pedunculata (62.6%), Warszewiczia coccinea (39.4%), and Socratea exorrhiza (23.5%). The most important families were Rubiaceae (142.8%), Lauraceae (18.0%), and Arecaceae (15.1%). Most of the individuals are clustered in the lower ranges of the height and diameter classes. It is concluded that the studied piedmont forest is in a state of initial recovery.

ambientale, sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; g istituto Beni culturali, regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; h centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università di cagliari, cagliari, italy; i scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, macerata, italy; j Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di modena e reggio emilia, modena, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita (DistaV), università di genova, genova, italy; l Dipartimento di Biologia, ecologia, e scienze della terra (DiBest), università della calabria, cosenza, italy; m Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; n comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali efisio noussan, aosta, italy; o sezione di Botanica filippo Parlatore, museo di storia naturale, università di firenze, firenze, italy; p Dipartimento di Biologia, università di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; q Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; r scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; s strada Val san martino superiore, torino, italy; t centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; u Dipartimento di Pianificazione, Design, tecnologia dell'architettura (PDta), sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; v Department of Botany, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; w Via isonzo, massa, italy; x Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; y Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; z museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; aa Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ab fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; ac sezione di Botanica ed ecologia Vegetale, Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche (steBicef), università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; ae Via europa unita, schio, italy; af istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ag laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ah largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; ai Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;

milano, italy; d Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; e istituto Beni culturali regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze della terra e dell'ambiente, università di Pavia, Pavia, italy; g centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università degli studi di cagliari, cagliari, italy; h scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, camerino, italy; i Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita, università di genova, genova, italy; j Dipartimento DiBest, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; l comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali "efisio noussan", aosta, italy; m sezione di Botanica "filippo Parlatore", università degli studi di firenze, museo di storia naturale, firenze, italy; n Dipartimento PDta, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; o Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; p scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; q fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; r Dipartimento di Biologia, università di firenze, firenze, italy; s strada Val san martino sup., torino, italy; t hermann-Kurz strasse, tübingen, germany; u centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; v Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale, università di roma "la sapienza", roma, italy; w national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; x Via isonzo, massa, italy; y Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; z Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; aa museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; ab Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ac Dipartimento steBicef/sezione di Botanica ed ecologia vegetale, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Diparimento di Biologia, università degli studi di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; ae Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; af Via europa unita, schio, italy; ag istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ah laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ai largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; aj Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;

The complexes formed in aqueous solution as a result of a reaction of iron and iron salts (Fe 2+ and Fe 3+) and some plant extracts were analyzed using Mössbauer spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared. The extracts were obtained from Opuntia elatior mill., Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton, Mimosa tenuiflora, Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd., Bumbacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand and Acacia mangium Willd., plants growing wildly in different zones of the Isthmus of Panama. Results suggest the formation of mono-and bis-type complexes, and in some cases, the occurrence of a redox reaction. The feasibility of application of the studied extracts as atmospheric corrosion inhibitors is discussed.

The holm oak is a species that forms interesting stands in the Belezma National Park (PNB). Studying it has allowed us to understand it's ecological and phytoecological characteristics. Despite the importance of this species, individual trees remain exposed to multiple threats. Surveys were carried out at the level of the massifs of Kassrou and Om rkhaa which enabled us to carry out the floristic groups of the Holm oak. The study area is characterized by high floristic diversity, with 120 plant species belonging to 106 genera and 34 families, 46 of which are not included in the list of flora of the Belezma National Park. The most dominant families are Asteraceae (32 species; i.e., 27%) and Fabaceae (13 species; i.e., 11%), which are also families that are frequently found in Algeria, particularly in the Mediterranean region. The study of the phytogeographical spectrum shows that the field stations studied are dominated by the Mediterranean element (75%, 58%). Analysis of the biological types revealed the predominance of hemicryptophytes (30.33%). Therophytes were present with a high percentage at the two study sites (21%, 32%); the disturbance indices were respectively 46%, and 50%, showing high anthropogenic pressure. It is important to take the necessary measures for the preservation and conservation of this precious heritage.

Cette étude vise à évaluer la diversité floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux de six villages du Ferlo (Keur Momar Sarr, Syer, Mbar toubab, Widou thiengoly, Téssékéré et Labgar). Chaque site a été prospecté puis échantillonné par la méthode des relevés dendrométriques. La richesse spécifique totale est de 38 espèces, elle varie en fonction des sites et est moins importante à Keur Momar Sarr et Syer. Les indices de diversité de Shannon et de régularité évalués n'ont pas trop varié en fonction des sites. Ils sont plus faibles à Téssékéré et plus élevés à Mbar toubab. L'évaluation de la structure horizontale et verticale, montre une prédominance de la strate arbustive. L'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances a permis de discriminer trois groupements végétaux en étroite relation avec la localisation géographique et la géomorphologie des sites. Ainsi, dans le cadre d'une gestion durable et rationnelle des ressources naturelles en milieu sahélien, cette étude apporte des informations complémentaires sur l'état actuel des peuplements ligneux du Ferlo.

This work was carried out at the Dahra forest in the northwest of the wilaya of Chlef in western Algeria, to give the state of the vegetation cover and in particular that of the groups to Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (Pinales Cupressaceae) currently existing in this region. The floristic inventory includes more than 74 taxa, divided into 32 families, that belong to the Mediterranean biogeographic type with a percentage of 48%, next to the high rate of taxa of the whole Mediterranean develop endemic species and Eurasian elements. From the biological point of view chamephytes have an important place in the plant groups in Thuya followed by Therophytes, Phanerophytes, Hemicryptophytes and Geophysicists. Herbaceous plants are the most dominant with a percentage of 68%, followed by perennials with 32%. We were also able to describe a list of the so-called faithful species of Tetraclinis articulata or the species that make up the groups of the latter. Tetraclinis articulata; floristic; forest; Dahra; eastern Algeria.

ambientale, sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; f Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche ed ambientali, università del salento, lecce, italy; g istituto Beni culturali, regione emilia-romagna, Bologna, italy; h centro conservazione Biodiversità (ccB), Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e dell'ambiente (DisVa), università di cagliari, cagliari, italy; i scuola di Bioscienze e medicina Veterinaria, università di camerino, macerata, italy; j Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di modena e reggio emilia, modena, italy; k Dipartimento di scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della Vita (DistaV), università di genova, genova, italy; l Dipartimento di Biologia, ecologia, e scienze della terra (DiBest), università della calabria, cosenza, italy; m Dipartimento di scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi (DBios), università di torino, torino, italy; n comitato scientifico, museo regionale di scienze naturali efisio noussan, aosta, italy; o sezione di Botanica filippo Parlatore, museo di storia naturale, università di firenze, firenze, italy; p Dipartimento di Biologia, università di napoli federico ii, napoli, italy; q Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali, università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; r scuola di scienze agrarie, forestali, alimentari ed ambientali, università della Basilicata, Potenza, italy; s strada Val san martino superiore, torino, italy; t centro ricerche floristiche marche, Pesaro, italy; u Dipartimento di Pianificazione, Design, tecnologia dell'architettura (PDta), sapienza università di roma, roma, italy; v Department of Botany, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, Dc, usa; w Via isonzo, massa, italy; x Dipartimento di scienze della terra, università di torino, torino, italy; y Via regazzoni Bassa, Padova, italy; z museo di storia naturale della calabria ed orto Botanico, università della calabria, cosenza, italy; aa Dipartimento di scienze della Vita, università di trieste, trieste, italy; ab fondazione museo civico di rovereto, trento, italy; ac sezione di Botanica ed ecologia Vegetale, Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie Biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche (steBicef), università di Palermo, Palermo, italy; ad Dipartimento di scienze agrarie e forestali (Dafne), università della tuscia, Viterbo, italy; ae Via europa unita, schio, italy; af istituto per le Piante da legno e l'ambiente (iPla), torino, italy; ag laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di scienze delle Produzioni agroalimentari e dell'ambiente, università di firenze, firenze, italy; ah largo Brigata cagliari, Vercelli, italy; ai Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie ambientali, Biologiche e farmaceutiche, università della campania luigi Vanvitelli, caserta, italy;