Forestry Science

This study lists and discusses the occurrence of insects and fungi in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens) chips, as well as on chips from native forest species, for export from Chilean ports. Eight shipments were inspected and analyzed. The main problem was the establishment of Ceratocystis spp. fungi during chip storage. Although no insect species were Bosque (Valdivia) -Caracterización fitosanitaria de astillas de Eucalyptus... PARA LA DETECCION DE INSECTOS: las astillas fueron observadas con una lupa estereoscópica, procediéndose a codificar la presencia de agentes y signos de acuerdo a la siguiente pauta: 1. Insectos sin importancia económica (Díptera) Bosque (Valdivia) -Caracterización fitosanitaria de astillas de Eucalyptus...

The present study investigates the spatio-temporal variations in the physico-chemical characteristics and overall water quality of Hub Lake, Vajamangala, Mysuru, during the months of April, May, and June 2024. Water samples were collected from four different sites and analysed for eleven key parameters including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, chloride, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using standard analytical procedures. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was computed to assess the suitability of the lake water for domestic purposes, while Pearson correlation analysis and PCA were employed to evaluate interrelationships among the parameters. Results revealed notable seasonal fluctuations, with most parameters showing elevated values during summer (April-May) due to increased evaporation, organic decomposition and reduced water levels. WQI values ranged from poor to very poor, indicating significant deviation from natural water quality and suggesting that the water is unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive associations among parameters such as EC, chloride, calcium, carbon dioxide and BOD, highlighting their combined influence on water quality deterioration. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and management interventions to improve and protect the ecological health of Hub Lake.

Jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret) wood is largely commercialized in the Northeast region, but not always as products with great added value due to disinformation about its potential. The aim of this work was evaluating the influence of longitudinal variation intra species on the natural resistance to the attack of Ganoderma sp. fungi, responsible for white rot, and on wood colorimetry. The species, no matter the tested high in the stem, showed been highly resistant to the fungi in lab tests. However, there was difference between the top wood susceptibility and lower parts. Due to the higher presence of sapwood, the top wood also showed wood color difference compared with the other parts with predominant presence of heartwood. The top showed less red hue than the bottom part. The differences between color and white rot susceptibility could be influenced by the higher presence of acetone soluble extractives in the heartwood.

Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the period from 5 th 2024 to study the effect of different levels of Zn (0, 0.50 and 0.75) and different concentration of BA (0. 50, and 100) mgl-1 on some flowering and vase life of two cultivars of Zinnia plant. The results were as follows: The best results (fewest days) for the number of days from planting to bud emergence, and anthesis were obtained on Zinnia Lavanda (54.957 and 85.185) respectively. Also, these treatments were significantly superior in the other characteristics like flower stem length (cm), flower stem diameter (cm) and vase life (days) for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar reached (3.815 cm 8.169 cm 10.710 day) respectively. While the flower dry weight 1.429g and vase life 11.009 day was significantly increased when plant spraying with 0.75 % Zn compared with other treatments. The responses of the Zinnia plants to micro elements under study, significantly increased number of flowers per plant 4.389, flower stem diameter 0.437 cm, flower fresh weight 9.510 g and vase life 11.148 for the Zinnia Lavanda when spraying with 0.75% Zn compared to the control. While the maximum result about the flower stem length 87.310 cm, flower diameter 8.319 cm and flower dry weight 1.674 g for Zinnia rosso scarlatta when spraying with 0.75% Zn. Also, the best result of Zinnia Lavanda for number of flowers per plant, flower stem diameter, flower fresh weight and vase life (4.333, 0.405 cm, 10.462 g and 11.111 days) was obtained when the plant sprays with BA at (100 and 50) mgl-1 respectively compared with control and Zinnia rosso scarlatta. Maximum fresh flower weight (13.030 g) was recorded for plants grown in BA at 50 mgl-1+ 0.50% Zn treatment for the Zinnia Lavanda cultivar follow by 12.217g fresh flower weight for the same cultivar when spraying only 100 mgl-1 BA. Maximum dry flower weight (2.317 g) was recorded for Zinnia rosso scarlatta cultivar in control treatment. Maximum vase life (12.333 days) was recorded for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar in 0.75% Zn combined with 50 mgl-1 BA treatment.

La présente étude s’est réalisée sur les différentes formes d’utilisations de vitellaria paradoxa, ces
connaissances et les stratégies mises en place en vue de sa gestion durable auprès des communautés de
la commune de Banikoara. L’objectif du présent travail, est d’évaluer les connaissances traditionnelles
et les différents usages de vitellaria paradoxa en vue de sa gestion durable dans la commune de
Banikoara. L’approche méthodologique utilisée est basée sur une recherche documentaire et à
l’élaboaration d’un questionnaire semi-structuré (ethnobotanique) auprès de 202 personnes réparties en
cinq groupes socioculturels. Les résultats ont révélé sept (06) formes d’utilisations de l’espèce :
alimentaire (95%), médicinal (67%), fourrage (37%), bois d’œuvre (36%), énergétique (73%) et
cosmétique (15%), les Bariba viennent en tête dans l’alimentation ; les Fulbés en médicinal ; les Fon en
fourrage, énergétique et cosmétique. On constate aussi une inégale répartition des connaissances tant du
point de vue sexe, âge et groupe socioculturel. En ce qui concerne le sexe, les femmes viennent en tête
avec (ID = 0,5579±0,1288 et IE = 0,5351±0,1604) ; les vieux (ID = 0,398±0,025 et IE = 0,49±0,1591)
selon l’âge et les Dendi (ID = 0,2541±0,0254 et IE = 0,1255±0,0015) selon le groupe socioculturel.
Cette espèce à vertus multiples mérite une attention particulière sur sa germination et sa croissance
initiale en vue de sa pérennité.

As pontes de madeira exercem papel preponderante para se manter o fluxo de mercadorias e pessoas por diversas regiões, com destaque, principalmente, nas zonas rurais. Para tanto, as pontes de madeira devem apresentar condições satisfatórias para atender ao objetivo supracitado, portanto torna-se necessário a adoção de monitoramento da qualidade da obra, visando manutenções preventivas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a inspeção cadastral e classificar as condições de 28 pontes em vigas de madeira serrada existentes na vicinal 22, município de São Luiz, Roraima, por meio das características da estrutura, funcionais e de durabilidade, a fim de avaliar o estado de conservação das mesmas e sugerir um protocolo de avaliação rápida. A avaliação estrutural consistiu na mensuração do comprimento, largura e altura das pontes selecionadas, os funcionais, representados pelas características planialtimétricas e da pista, e de durabilidade, no qual foi analisado os registros de inconformidades. Considerando todos os aspectos ressaltados foi realizada a classificação da condição de obra. Quanto à avaliação estrutural foi obtido em média 10 m, 5 m e 2,45 m, para comprimento, largura e altura do pilar, respectivamente, nas características funcionais e durabilidade destacam-se, a uniformização de algumas características como o número de faixa, largura do rodeiro, entre outros, e a ausência de sinalização e catadióptricos. Quanto as condições das obras 82% das pontes foram classificadas como excelente ou boa e 18% regular ou ruim.

Contemporary ecological and Earth-system models describe planetary stability primarily through the regulation of physical and biological variables. While these approaches have achieved significant explanatory power, they often remain centered on scalar quantities and equilibrium-based descriptions. The present work proposes a complementary perspective in which planetary stability is interpreted not as the control of variables, but as the preservation and redistribution of coherence across interacting domains. Within this framework, Gaia is understood as a dynamic coherence system operating through coupled relations between atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Stability does not emerge from fixed equilibrium, but from the continuous reorganization of phase relationships across scales. Coherence is therefore approached not as a static property, but as a conserved relational principle expressed through transformation. A central role is attributed to forests, interpreted not merely as ecological components, but as distributed coherence structures participating in planetary geostasis. Forests regulate flows, stabilize longrange interactions, and enable the redistribution of coherence following perturbations. In this sense, they function simultaneously as sensors and actuators within the Earth system. The work further introduces the distinction between Source and Manifestation as two complementary regimes of reality: one relational and generative, the other physical and observable. Within this perspective, delay, oscillation, and ecological recovery times are interpreted as manifestations of coherence unfolding within space and time. Drawing on analogies from meandering systems, complexity science, and coherencebased approaches, the article proposes a relational reinterpretation of Gaia in which planetary stability arises through adaptive redistribution rather than centralized control. The objective is not to replace existing ecological models, but to extend them toward a coherence-oriented understanding of Earth as a living dynamic system.

Contemporary ecological science has developed increasingly sophisticated models for monitoring environmental variables and ecosystem dynamics. However, most sensing approaches remain centered on scalar quantities such as temperature, humidity, biomass, carbon flux, or atmospheric composition. While essential, these measurements often fail to capture the relational and coherence-based organization through which living systems maintain planetary stability. The present work proposes a complementary perspective in which forests are interpreted not only as ecological systems, but as distributed orthosensor-like structures capable of detecting, integrating, and redistributing coherence across planetary scales. Unlike classical sensors, which respond primarily to magnitude, orthosensors are sensitive to relational organization, phase compatibility, delayed coupling, and structural transformation. Within this framework, forests function simultaneously as distributed sensing systems, adaptive coherence regulators, and planetary-scale actuators participating in geostasis. Their responses to perturbation are not interpreted merely as local ecological reactions, but as manifestations of distributed coherence redistribution across atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The work further explores the role of delay, synchronization, and long-range ecological coupling in coherence propagation, suggesting that forests operate as interfaces through which planetary compatibility is continuously reconstructed under changing conditions. Finally, the article discusses the potential integration of artificial intelligence and distributed sensing architectures in the development of a coherence-oriented ecology capable of identifying relational patterns that remain inaccessible to classical environmental monitoring approaches. The proposed perspective does not replace quantitative ecology, but extends it toward a relational understanding of living systems in which coherence becomes a primary descriptor of planetary organization.

Roads are anthropogenicaly constructed ecosystem which support varying vegetation either planted or grown naturally and play an important role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. A study was conducted to monitor vegetation diversity and their relations to carbon storage in both soil and vegetation growing the along roadsides in forty five villages covering nine forest ranges in Jodhpur district. A total number of 140 plant species belonging to 35 families were recorded during field study. Most of them are ephemerals and annuals.  We observed significant positive relations between species diversity and species richness with both aboveground and belowground biomass. The enhanced species diversity and species richness of tree through plantation and sapling, shrubs and herbs through regeneration had positive correlation ( P <0.05) with carbon storage in both biomass and soils. However, high diversity in topography, soils and better rainfall in Mandor and Osian enha...

Resumen: El número de instituciones académicas que forman ingenieros forestales ha pasado de 7 en la década de 1970 a 19 o más en 2024, y el número de esos profesionales colegiados supera ahora los 5000. Pero el paradigma de la formación forestal no ha variado significativamente; continúa esencialmente basado en el aprovechamiento de madera proveniente del patrimonio forestal natural amazónico, revelando una brecha creciente con la realidad del sector, cuyo futuro debe considerar prioritariamente las plantaciones, la conservación de la biodiversidad, la restauración de ecosistemas degradados, la adaptación al cambio climático y el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos del bosque natural, entre otros temas de actualidad. En este ensayo se discuten y proponen opciones para adaptar mejor la educación forestal a las nuevas demandas y oportunidades.

Degradation of fragile lands and gully formation are pressing challenges in Western Ethiopia, particularly in the Mana Sibu District. The integration of Chomo grass (Brachiaria humidicola), a stoloniferous perennial grass with strong adaptive and restorative properties, has shown promising potential for ecological restoration and soil conservation. This study aimed to characterize the morphological traits of Chomo grass across different age categories and assess its role in the sustainable rehabilitation of degraded landscapes. A randomized complete block design was employed to evaluate both above-and belowground morphological traits, including plant height, stolon length, leaf sheath, root depth, and plant density. Results revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.001) in most traits across age groups, indicating rapid early development and increasing restoration capacity with plant age. The highest ground cover (98.67%) and root length (125 cm) were recorded in older stands, supporting its effectiveness in enhancing soil stability, vegetation recovery, and water retention. Field observations further confirmed Chomo grass's role in stabilizing gullies and fragile lands, reducing erosion, and supporting livelihoods through fodder production. The study recommends the expansion of Chomo grass as a viable biological soil and water conservation strategy in degraded areas.

Os incêndios florestais representam um perigo constante ao bem-estar humano. Uma técnica de atenuar e prevenir os danos causados por incêndios é o uso de cortinas de segurança em áreas de interface urbanorural. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a potencialidade das espécies Eugenia uniflora L. (pitangueira), Lafoensia pacari Saint-Hilaire (dedaleiro), Leucaena leucocephala Lam. (leucena) e Persea americana Mill. (Abacateiro), para atuar na silvicultura preventiva por meio de avaliação de traços funcionais e teste de inflamabilidade laboratorial. Avaliando os atributos funcionais, cada espécie foi classificada quanto ao seu potencial para a composição de cortinas de segurança, pela avaliação de fatores positivos a resistência ao fogo. Para o teste de inflamabilidade, realizou-se a queima controlada em um epirradiador, na qual foi utilizado material vegetal fino maduro recém coletado, sendo determinado: tempo de ignição, duração da combustão, altura de chama e frequência de ignição. Após as avaliações, foi observado que há indícios de relação direta entre os valores encontrados de inflamabilidade e as características morfológicas foliares. Constatou-se que as espécies P. americana e E. uniflora apresentam maior aptidão para compor cortinas de segurança.

Salvar as florestas começa resfriando as cidades. Este manifesto estabelece a necessidade de uma nova abordagem científica para o planejamento urbano e climático. As cidades modernas operam como sistemas térmicos ativos, interferindo diretamente na dinâmica atmosférica e nos ciclos hidrológicos. No contexto do Dia Internacional das Florestas, reconhece-se que a preservação ambiental não pode ser dissociada da reconfiguração urbana.

Organic matter such as paddy straw mulch and cow urine could be used to improve the soil structure. The study aims to determine the effect of rice straw mulch and cow urine application on growth, yield, quality, and population of sweet corn pests. This study used a 2 x 4 factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor is rice straw mulch consisting of 2 levels, namely, with mulch and without mulch, and the second factor is the concentration of cattle urine composed of 4 levels, namely 2.5 ml L-1 , 5.0 ml L-1 , 7,5 ml L-1 , 10.0 ml L-1. The results showed that rice straw mulch and cow urine increased sweet corn's growth, yield, and quality. The maximum yield of 17.87 t ha-1 was achieved in the treatment of straw mulch accompanied by cattle urine 10.0 ml L-1. In comparison, the results of 15.33 t ha-1 were achieved in the treatment without rice straw mulch accompanied by 10.0 ml L-1 cow urine. The intensity of corn planthopper pests (Delphacidae family) ranged from 40-40.4% in 7 WAP and between 44.5-51.1% in 8 WAP and was not consistently affected by mulch treatment or the level of concentration of cattle urine.

Propagation of Milicia excelsa is severely threatened by a gall-forming psyllid (Phytolyma fusca), which causes stunted growth and could result in plant mortality. This study evaluated the effect of different organic manures on the growth and gall formation of M. excelsa seedlings during P. fusca attack. Six month-old uniformly growing seedlings were potted in topsoil amended with poultry droppings (T2), cattle dung (T3), and pig faeces (T4), at a mixture ratio of 2:1 (5kg topsoil: 2.5 kg manure), while untreated topsoil served as control (T1). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomised design and each treatment was replicated 60 times. Data were obtained on seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves and gall formation (number of galls and number of ruptured galls), for 22 weeks. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05 level of significance. Seedlings treated with T4 had the highest height (46.21±2.59 cm) while T1 had the least (23.4±0.82 cm). Seedlings in T2 treatment had the highest collar diameter (0.77±0.03 cm), followed by T4 (0.74±0.04 cm) and T3 (0.67±0.02 cm), while T1 had the least (0.46±0.02cm). Cattle dung treated seedlings (T3) had the highest number of leaves (10.48±1.32) while T1 had the least (6.5±0.83). Gall formation was observed after 12 weeks, and T2 seedlings had the highest number of ruptured galls (1.70±1.17) while T1 had the least (1.50±1.94). Soil amendment with organic manure improved seedling growth of M. excelsa and could not control P. fusca attack.

Reproduction is the ultimate driver of butterfly survival, and courtship behaviours determine whether mating succeeds or fails. Observing these interactions in natural habitats not only reveals species-specific strategies but also adds to the natural history knowledge needed to understand butterflies in diverse ecosystems. Despite the rich butterfly fauna of the Eastern Himalayas, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh, systematic field observations of mating behaviour remain extremely limited. To address this, we recorded courtship and mating behaviour in 14 butterfly species at Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary between 2021 and 2023. Across pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons, opportunistic observations were conducted to document male, female, and pair behaviours, along with mating outcomes. Males exhibited a wider range of behaviours, including perching, chasing, and flight pursuit, while females primarily responded with immobility, wing fluttering, and twirling. Species-specific signatures were evident, with circular versus straight chase flights, clockwise versus anti-clockwise twirling, and contrasting carousel orientation. Of the 14 species, six achieved successful copulation (40–168 min), five experienced interruptions, and three were rejected by females. Copulation was longest in Junonia orithya (168 min) and shortest in Heliophorus epicles (40 min). These findings provide the first detailed records of butterfly mating behaviour from Arunachal Pradesh, strengthening natural history records for the region and offering a foundation for future behavioral research on butterflies.

The paper reviewed the policy interventions and measures that have implications on the gum arabic subsector in Sudan since 1899 to date. Profitability, comparative advantage, competitiveness and economic protection regarding gum arabic commodity were also assessed for the last 15 years, including periods before and after liberalization of gum arabic trade. The study depended on secondary data, which were analyzed by descriptive statistic and policy analysis matrix (PAM). The findings confirmed that gum arabic subsector has experienced different levels of policy interventions and measures for more than one century. These interventions have affected the subsector potentialities, resource base and commodity share on the international trade. Despite that the financial profitability of gum arabic commodity has been encouraging for different stakeholders to engage in the sector commercially, particularly after gum arabic trade liberalization. The economic profitability was far higher than the financial one, assuring the severe burden of direct and implicit taxes on the commodity at local markets, especially during the period of the state owned Gum Arabic Company concession. The commodity proved comparative advantage and competitiveness despite the paradoxical policy interventions and measures. The study suggests some recommendations for policy reform of gum arabic subsector in the Sudan.

This chapter assesses the impact of the Sudanese war on the supply and value chains of gum Arabic (GA) and proposes urgent and sustainable solutions for revitalisation in the post-war period. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multidisciplinary approach using a suitable framework was employed for this chapter, integrating diverse knowledge, primary data, and expert judgement. The conflict has led to the deforestation of GA trees, the forced displacement of producers, security unrest, and looting at GA markets, warehouses, and factories, as well as smuggling and disruption of GA trade. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Strengthening political will and community engagement is essential to support this roadmap and develop effective GA strategies. In line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 7, 16 and 17, this chapter presents solutions to revitalise Sudan's gum Arabic sector, focusing on building consensus to support producers and other actors.

This systematic review covers the literature published between 2012 and 2023 from the SciELO and Scopus databases on the relationships between droughts and wildfires in Latin America, highlighting how extreme droughts increase the frequency and intensity of fires. Multiple data sources were identified as key to assessing these phenomena. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) was the most frequently cited source, with 37% of the studies using data from the Queimadas Program. For drought assessment, 27% employed NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), while 23% used data from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS). Statistical approaches, such as correlations, regressions, and predictive models, reveal the complexity of these interactions. Finally, the review emphasizes the need to improve data availability and accessibility for better drought and fire management in the context of climate change.

In the midst of urban expansion in Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara, bird diversity in rice field habitats is threatened with extinction, even though rice paddies play an important role as ecological corridors that support opportunistic species such as Passeriformes in controlling pests and maintaining the balance of agricultural ecosystems. This study identified and analyzed bird communities (Aves) in the BTN Kopajali rice field area and the Ring Road in April-May 2025, using direct observation methods in three plots per location, as well as analysis of Shannon-Wiener (H'), dominance (C), importance value (INP), and evenness (E) indices. The main findings include four species namely, Botaurus cinnamomeus (Gmelin, JF, 1789), Lonchura maja (Linnaeus, 1766), Lonchura leucogastroides (Horsfield & Moore, 1856), and Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the order Passeriformes dominating abundance (H' = 1.15 at location 1 and 1.09 at location 2, classified as moderate). The low dominance index and high evenness indicate that the community structure is stable, influenced by food availability and minimal human disturbance, although the homogeneity of the habitat in the second location limits diversity. The implications of this study highlight the need for rice field conservation as an urban buffer to prevent the decline of bird biodiversity.

Research and development efforts are currently underway worldwide to examine the potential use of a wide range of non-destructive technologies (NDT) for evaluating wood and wood-based materials, from the assessment of standing trees to in-place structures. For this purpose, acoustic velocity by the Fakopp time of flight (TOF) tool was used to estimate the influence of four thinning treatments performed in Southern Italy. The objective of the study was to determine if the effects of silvicultural practices on wood quality can be identified using acoustic measurement to assess the MOEd of standing trees with non-destructive method in Calabrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. calabrica). Four hundred and fifty standing trees from four sites were nondestructively tested using a time-of-flight acoustic wave technique. The thinning trials were conducted on 60-year-old plantations of Calabrian pine in four plots under different treatments: Control (T), light thinning (A), intermediate thinning (B) and heavy thinning (C). Statistical analysis demonstrated significant stress wave time differences between the stands with moderate thinning (A and B) and those with heavy thinning (C). The results showed that tree diameter has significant influence on acoustic wave measurements and a valid relationship exists between diameter at breast height and tree velocity. The results of these studies proved that the stress wave technique can be successfully applied on standing trees.

e os valores correspondem às médias de triplicatas. A umidade encontrada foi 90% da massa fresca para P. taeda e P. elliotti, e 91% para P. patula. Os teores de cinzas obtidos foram 3%, 4% e 4%, os valores de fibras foram 28%, 30% e 20% e a quantidade de carboidratos 66%, 63% e 72% da massa seca, para as três espécies, respectivamente. A quantidade de proteínas encontrada foi de 3% para as duas primeiras e 4% para P. patula, e a de lipídios foi de 5% da massa seca nas três. Verifica-se que tanto as espécies consumidas quanto aquela evitada apresentam pouca variação nos valores da composição centesimal, sugerindo que este não é um fator determinante na preferência de consumo de seiva pelo macaco-prego.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de espécies arbóreas em ambientes degradados por sais. Os solos foram coletados em área irrigada, no município de São José do Bonfim -PB, na profundidade de 0,0-0,20 m, foram realizadas caracterizações químicas e físicas dos solos coletados. Foram instalados dois experimentos, o primeiro experimento foram avaliadas as espécies cumaru, gliricídia, nim, angico, aroeira e turco e no segundo experimento avaliou-se o cauaçu, craibeira, embiratanha, mulungu e pereiro. Todas as espécies foram cultivadas em solos não salino, solo salinizado, solo salinizado mais gesso e solo salinizado mais rejeito de mineração, ambos os experimentos foram cultivados em vasos com capacidade de 2,8 L, com 3 repetições em cada experimento . Foram avaliados as seguintes variáveis, altura de planta, diâmetro do coleto e massa seca de parte aérea. Conclui-se que a incorporação do rejeito e do gesso agrícola em solos salinizados seguidos de lavagem reduz a concentração de sais solúveis, os teores de sódio no solo, e as plantas que apresentaram maior tolerância à salinidade foram o nim, turco e cauaçu.

The experiment was carried out at the Instructional cum Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Biswanath College of Agriculture, AAU, Biswanath Chariali during 2022-2023 to study the effect of organics on yield and quality of okra and to find out the most profitable organic nutrient treatment. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications incorporating 16 treatments viz., T1: FYM @20 t ha-1, T2: vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, T3: neem cake @ 2 t ha-1, T4: poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, T5: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, T6:
FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + neem cake @ 1 t ha-1, T7: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, T8: vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + neem cake @ 1 t ha-1, T9: vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, T10: neem cake @ 1 t ha-1 + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, T11: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + biofertilizer consortia, T12: vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + biofertilizer
consortia, T13: neem cake @ 1 t ha-1 + biofertilizer consortia, T14: poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 + biofertilizer consortia, T15: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + recommended NPK and T16: untreated control. Significant variation was observed in the fruit yield related parameters as well as quality parameters. The maximum number of fruits per plant (18.99), fruit length (14.10 cm), fruit girth (6.55 cm), fruit volume (18.42 cc), the weight of individual fruit (15.71 g), fruit yield per plant (0.29 kg) and yield per hectare were recorded in treatment T1. However, the fruit yield per hectare was significantly higher in inorganic treatment T15 (14.12 t ha-1). Among all the treatments the highest vitamin A (375.06 I.U) and
vitamin C (29.00 mg 100 g-1) were recorded in organic treatment T5 and minimum fibre content was recorded in T12 (9.76%). Considering the highest B:C ratio (2.53:1) and with superiority among the organic treatments, it could be suggested to the growers of this region to apply FYM @ 20 t ha-1 in okra to get a good crop harvest with quality fruit.
Key words: Organic nutrient, yield, quality, okra, benefit cost ratio.

Gecmis donemlerde kapladiklari genis alanlardan daralarak gunumuzde sadece belirli yerlerde varliklarini devam ettiren orman ekosistemlerini tanimlamada relikt orman, kalinti orman, orman kalintisi gibi farkli terimler literaturde karsimiza sikca cikmaktadir.  Botanik alaninda “relikt” ve “kalinti” tur terimlerinin birbirinin esdegeri olarak kullanilmasina rastlanmakla birlikte tipik olarak relikt orman terimi jeolojik donemler boyunca yasanan iklim degisimleri sonucu belirli siginak alanlarinda yasamini surduren ormanlara isaret etmektedir. “Kalinti orman” veya “orman kalintisi” terimleri ise genellikle insan mudahalesi sonucu gecmisteki daha genis yayilisindan kuculerek bozkir alanlari arasinda adaciklar halinde varligini surduren orman bakiyesi yerleri ifade etmektedir. “Kalinti orman” ve “orman kalintisi (bakiyesi)” yerlerin “relikt” ormanlardan ayrimi nispeten belirgin olmakla birlikte, “kalinti orman” ve “orman kalintisi” terimlerinin isaret ettikleri ekosistemlerin birbirinde...

Досліджено сучасну структуру лісового фонду басейну Бистриці Тисменицької за матеріалами останнього лісовпорядкування. Для державних та комунальних лісів розраховано показники лісис-тості, проаналізовано розподіл лісів за переважаючим функціями, видовий (породний) склад, вікову структуру та найголовніші показники продуктивності лісів (розподіл за повнотами та бонітетами). Запропоновано шляхи оптимізації структури лісового фонду.
Ключові слова: Бистриця Тисменицька, лісовий фонд, категорії лісів, видова та вікова структура, розподіл за повнотами та бонітетами.

The research aimed to obtain the physic mechanical characterization of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. and manufacture a furniture with wood in study and to verify their aesthetic characteristics and superficial finishing. Thus, five trees of Mimosa tenuiflora had been harvested, in Brazilian Savanna (Caatinga) at Lameirao Farm, located in the municipality of Santa Terezinha, Paraiba State, Brazil, manufactured test samples and carried through physical-mechanical wood characterization in accordance with the Standard Brazilian. Assays for determination of basic and apparent densities and moisture, shrinkage and strength and rigidity to compression parallel to the fibers had been carried. For data acquisition was employed Linear Displacement Transducers (LVDTs). The values obtained in research indicated that the wood of Mimosa tenuiflora has good dimensional stability and strength and rigidity characteristics compatible for employ in furniture and small structures.

A field study was carried out at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bastar (C.G.) during the Kharif season of year 2021 and 2022 to perusal the "Varietal response of indigenous air layering in mango (Mangifera indica L.)". The soil of the study plot was 'Inceptisols' having low nitrogen, medium phosphorus, and potassium content. The study was performed in seven mango varieties, viz., Dussehri, Mallika, Alfanjo, Amrapali, Neelam, Nandiraj and Barahmasi (10-year-old varieties of each). The results revealed that propagation of mango on these seven varieties takes an average of 47.71 days with about 59% average success rate after successful air layering (with soil + vermicompost + Aloe vera gel) in branches of mango. However, "Mallika" variety showed a better response in terms of success (62%) and Nandiraj showed the best response in terms of root initiation (41 days). And after one month of hardening the plant was ready for transfer to the field for commercial purposes.

The objective of this document is to describe the experience of MERCOSUR countries with respect to the managment of trade remedy measures (anti-dumping duties, countervaling duties and safeguards). For each member country, the institutional framework of these three mecanisms and its utilization are presented. Also, past and current efforts for the construction of a common trade remedy policy are described.

Colombia cuenta con un potencial en la producción de madera, ya que cuenta con suelos fértiles y gran diversidad de árboles maderables "El país tiene una superficie total cercana a los 114 millones de hectáreas; de ellas algo más de 60 millones disponen de cobertura de bosques naturales, lo que equivale al 55% del territorio nacional colombiano, y solo 405.000 hectáreas corresponden a bosques plantados de las cuales cerca de 377.000 tienen fines comerciales" (Minagricultura, 2011).

Knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting germination and growth of tree species is of paramount importance for enhancing the efforts towards afforestation. Hence, the prime objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of seed treatment methods, provenance and size on germination and early nursery performance of Olea europaea. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor A was seed treatment methods (soaking in three levels of hot water, soaking in four levels of concentrated H2SO4, heating with fire, de-coating and control). Factor B was two seed provenances and factor C was two seed size classes. Interaction of seed size and provenance had no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05) on all parameters. Different seed soaking method showed highly significant difference (p &lt; 0.01) in all parameters. Seed de-coating had maximum value for all parameters but seeds treated with fire had...

Resumo. A durabilidade da madeira é algo considerado variável, pois depende das características das mesmas e condições de uso. A presença do agente biológico é algo frequentemente comum no ataque de madeira, pois é parte do ciclo natural de alguns insetos, porém acarretam grandes prejuízos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades anatômicas e químicas das madeiras de Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke (amargoso), Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C. Sm. (amburana) e a Astronium sp. Schott (gonçalo-alves) atacadas por insetos inferindo sobre tal ocorrência. As análises químicas e anatômicas foram realizadas no disco da base, porém para a caracterização química a região do cerne e alburno foi analisada separadamente. Para a caracterização anatômica, a presença de maior diâmetro e frequência de vasos, os valores relacionados à altura, largura e frequência dos raios, aumentam a susceptibilidade das espécies ao ataque do inseto, assim como para as madeiras estudadas. Em relação à caracterização química, a elevada variabilidade entre os componentes químicos da região cerne e alburno, independente da espécie avaliada, estão relacionados à maior afinidade do inseto Lyctus brunneus na região do alburno. Estas espécies apresentaram elevados teores de amido, sendo esse componente o principal alimento para o inseto identificado. O amargoso e amburana apresentaram maior incidência de ataque, possivelmente devido a abundância de células parenquimáticas axiais, as quais possuem elevada quantidade de materiais de reserva. As espécies avaliadas possuem teores de cinzas elevados na região do cerne, afetando a zona de ataque, pois elevados teores de cinzas, resultam em desgaste do aparelho bucal desses insetos Palavras-chave: Deterioração. Durabilidade Natural. Cerrado. Madeira.

First observations of Pronocera angusta (Kriechbaumer, 1844) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in south-eastern Poland. The short communication presents information on the occurrence of Pronocera angusta (kriechbaumer, 1844) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in south-eastern Poland. As a result of field observations carried out in 2020-2021 the appearance of P. angusta was found at two sites in the Sandomierska Lowland.

The present study was aimed to germinate the seeds without substrate because soil-based cultivation is presently combating alarming challenges to the lack of land availability, massive escalation rate of industrialization and intense urbanization. Land-related agriculture is at stake due to irrepressible climate shift, relentless soil degradation, unbefitting management practices and other adversative effects. The settings are further exacerbated by the increment in population with respect to miniature land availability to cultivate. Hence, soilless media culture would make ways as an auspicious auxiliary in current pressing scenario. In this study seed germination without any growing substrate was examine in Spondias pinnata. One of the threatened species in India and possesses several traditional herbal medicines values through the world. It possess antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, anti-diarrhoeal, anthelmintic, cytotoxic and hepatoprotective activities. The ...

As recentes alterações na legislação brasileira incentivam a utilização de sistemas produtivos em áreas de preservação. Para avaliar a funcionalidade ecológica quanto ao aporte de biomassa e nutrientes, foi feito estudo de uma área de floresta e de quatro modelos de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) biodiversos e multiestratificados, com plantio de uma (solteira) a duas (casada) mudas por cova e com e sem consórcio de leguminosas, em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) no município de Paraty, RJ. A produção e o aporte de nutrientes foram maiores na área da floresta (7,47 Mg.ha-1.ano-1), sendo de 5,4 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 nas unidades de SAFs biodiversos. O sistema de plantio e o uso de leguminosas não promoveram incrementos no aporte de biomassa, sendo influenciados pelo manejo, que também afetou a sazonalidade da deposição. O aporte de serapilheira foi um eficiente indicador, sendo sensível para detectar alterações temporais e de manejo nas áreas dos sistemas agroflorestais estudados.

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa Duch.) is an important fruit of the genus Fragaria and belongs of the family Rosaceae. Adoption of Strawberry even under subtropical condition is gaining momentum. However, standardization of agro-techniques for the cultivation of Strawberry still needs to be stimulated under sub-tropical conditions to enhance production and maintain the quality at the same time. The present investigation entitled "Effect of Organic Manure and Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv Sweet Charlie" was conducted at Research field,

whereas T1 had the highest 65.88%. The same pattern was observed in the yield-attributing characteristics where T10 had the greatest number of fruits per plant (208.00), and highest fruit weight (347.19 g) and fruit yield (72.22 kg/tree). In general, the outcomes show that the microbial community of Azotobacter, PSB, and ZnSB (T10) has a profound positive effect on flowering efficiency, fruit set, retention, and yield of mango cv. Kesar, suggesting that it has a high potential to be used as a sustainable biofertilization method.

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during the year 2024, to study the impact of nutrient management on nutritional and physiological traits of laisaak. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were T1:

The study was undertaken to determine the influence of defoliation and deblossoming on the vegetative and reproductive growth of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv.&#x27;Gola&#x27;tree. Twenty guava trees of uniform size and age with five treatments replicated ...

An investigation carried out in the Western Carpathian Mountains (Ujsoły, Węgierska Górka, Ustroń and Wisła Forest Districts) demonstrated a strong relationship between dieback in Norway spruce stands and the intensity of occurrence of Armillaria ostoyae. For the most endangered site types – mountain deciduous forest (LG) and mountain mixed forest (LMG), analyses of losses of annual volume increment and of stand productivity were performed, and their financial dimensions determined. The greatest losses – of about 8 m3/ha/year for tree stands of the age of 100 years, and 400 m3/ha for the rotation period – were found for LG (Mountain broadleaved forest) site type.

Farmers of Hararghe highland practice rain-fed onion cultivation, which is suffering from poor soil fertility caused by undulating topography that is prone to erosion and sub-optimal use chemical fertilizers resulted for low yields of crop. Hence, the experiment was conducted during 2022 main cropping season at OdaBultum University, West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The experiment consisted six levels of nutrients (control, 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF), 2.5 and 5 t ha -1 Vermicompost combined with 50% or 75% RDF) and three methods of planting (flat, raised and ridge-furrow). The treatment combinations were arranged using split plot design by considering planting method as main plot and the fertilizers as subplot. The highest leaf length (47.63 cm), bulb diameter (6.2 cm), bulb length (7.072 cm), marketable yield (27.12 t ha -1 ) and total bulb yield (28.59 t ha -1 ) were recorded from ridge-furrow. Similarly, longest leaf (46.33 cm), bulb diameter (6.1cm) and marketable yield (27.64 t ha -1 ) were recorded from plants that received 5 t ha -1 Vermicompost and 50% RDF. The highest adjusted marketable bulb yield (24.4 t ha -1 ) and highest net benefit (329632.6 Birr) with acceptable Marginal rate of return (MRR) (883.65%) was obtained from ridge-furrow whereas net benefit 260987.37Birr with 9537.36% MRR was also obtained from integration of 5 t ha -1 Vermicompost plus 50% RDF. Thus, it is inferred that ridge-furrow planting method with application of 5 t ha -1 VC and 50% RDF seems be appropriate for Bombay Red onion producing farmers in the studied area as well as other areas having similar agro-ecologies.

Farmers of Hararghe highland practice rain-fed onion cultivation, which is suffering from poor soil fertility caused by undulating topography that is prone to erosion and sub-optimal use chemical fertilizers resulted for low yields of crop. Hence, the experiment was conducted during 2022 main cropping season at OdaBultum University, West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The experiment consisted six levels of nutrients (control, 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF), 2.5 and 5 t ha-1 Vermicompost combined with 50% or 75% RDF) and three methods of planting (flat, raised and ridge-furrow). The treatment combinations were arranged using split plot design by considering planting method as main plot and the fertilizers as subplot. The highest leaf length (47.63 cm), bulb diameter (6.2 cm), bulb length (7.072 cm), marketable yield (27.12 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (28.59 t ha-1) were recorded from ridge-furrow. Similarly, longest leaf (46.33 cm), bulb diameter (6.1cm) and marketable yield (27.64 t ha-1) were recorded from plants that received 5 t ha-1 Vermicompost and 50% RDF. The highest adjusted marketable bulb yield (24.4 t ha-1) and highest net benefit (329632.6 Birr) with acceptable Marginal rate of return (MRR) (883.65%) was obtained from ridge-furrow whereas net benefit 260987.37Birr with 9537.36% MRR was also obtained from integration of 5 t ha-1 Vermicompost plus 50% RDF. Thus, it is inferred that ridge-furrow planting method with application of 5 t ha-1 VC and 50% RDF seems be appropriate for Bombay Red onion producing farmers in the studied area as well as other areas having similar agro-ecologies.

A qualidade da produção de mudas de melancia está diretamente relacionada às características do substrato utilizado. Neste sentido, o estudo objetivou determinar o efeito de diferentes proporções de cama de aviário (0; 4; 8; 12; 16 e 20 %, v/v) adicionadas ao substrato comercial, sobre a qualidade de mudas de melancia avaliadas através do seu tempo de emergência (TE), altura de plântula (H), diâmetro do caule (DC), massa seca de raízes (MSR), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e área foliar (AF). O experimento foi desenvolvido em estufa agrícola utilizando bandejas de poliestireno expandido de 128 células, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Observou-se que as proporções entre 10,63% e 13,04% de cama de aviário no substrato promoveram a melhor resposta para o máximo desenvolvimento biológico das mudas aos 46 dias após a semeadura, para as variáveis DC, H, MSPA e AF. O substrato comercial isoladamente não foi suficiente para expressar o máximo desempenho bio...