Fractional Order Filter

Diferentes modelos matemáticos que describen el comportamiento de la temperatura y la humedad relativa en una unidad manejadora de aire (UMA) son obtenidos y validados a partir de datos experimentales reales. La identificación de sistemas es la metodología empleada, asumiendo la linealidad del sistema en el rango de operación de las variables de interés. El sistema se descompone en cuatro subsistemas, acorde a la dependencia de las variables temperatura y humedad relativa con las señales de control que reciben los actuadores que se usan para regular dichas variables, que son la válvula de tres vías y la válvula eléctrica. Para la estimación de parámetros se seleccionan diferentes estructuras lineales, concluyéndose la conveniencia de la estructura Box-Jenkins (BJ) para obtener modelos que relacionen las variables del sistema. La metodología utilizada es parcialmente programada, fundamentalmente las etapas de estimación de parámetros y de validación de modelos, lo que permite seleccionar con facilidad a los mejores modelos de entre un grupo de modelos candidatos para representar al sistema. Palabras claves: unidad manejadora de aire, identificación de sistemas, modelos lineales, estructura BJ, validación In this work several mathematical models that describe the behavior of temperature and relative humidity in an air handling unit (AHU) are obtained and validated from real experimental data. System identification methodology is used assuming the linearity of the system within the range of operation of the key variables. System is decomposed in four subsystems according to the dependence of temperature and relative humidity variables with the control signals received by the three-way valve and the electric valve, actuators used to control the mentioned variables. Several linear structures were selected for parameter estimation, then the suitability of Box-Jenkins (BJ) structure to obtain models that relate the system variables was concluded. The methodology used is partially programmed, mainly parameters estimation and model validation steps, allowing the best models to be easily selected from a group of candidate models to represent the system.

En este trabajo se propone el diseño de un controlador IMC-PID con filtro de orden fraccionario (IMC-FPID) para el control efectivo de la distribución del agua en un tramo de un canal principal de riego. A partir de datos en tiempo real y aplicando el procedimiento de identificación de sistemas se obtiene un modelo matemático dinámico de este proceso representado mediante una función de transferencia de primer orden con retardo. Basado en el modelo obtenido se diseñó un controlador IMC-PID con filtro de orden fraccionario que se comporta de forma efectiva. Los resultados de simulación comparan el desempeño del controlador propuesto con un controlador IMC-PID convencional. En esta comparación se utilizó el índice de desempeño de la integral del error absoluto (IAE). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el controlador propuesto proporciona valores más bajos de este índice y en consecuencia supera al controlador IMC-PID convencional en términos de desempeño y precisión. Palabras claves: Controlador IMC-PID, filtro de orden fraccionario, tramo de un canal principal de riego, distribución de agua, control automático.

This paper introduces the design procedure for the low pass filter based on Chebyschev polynomials of fractional power of any order. The filter order is considered in intervals of width two. Only the first two intervals are considered along with their pole locus produced by varying the filter order and the magnitude response. A general formula for constructing the filter from its s-plane poles is suggested. Numerical analysis and circuit simulations using MATLAB and Advanced Design System (ADS) based on the proposed design procedure are presented. Good matching between the circuit simulation and the numerical analysis is obtained which proves the reliability of the proposed design procedure.

En este trabajo se presenta la compensación del retardo de tiempo a través del diseño de las estrategias de control Predictor de Smith Filtrado, Predictor de Smith Modificado (MSP) y Control Predictivo, para procesos multivariables estables, inestables y de fase no mínima. Se emplean tres casos de estudio, donde se muestra mediante simulación el comportamiento de cada estrategia según las características dinámicas del proceso. Los resultados de simulación se obtienen mediante el Matlab® y la comparación de las estrategias de control empleadas se realiza a partir del desempeño temporal del sistema controlado, del rechazo a perturbaciones, seguimiento de referencias y el manejo de incertidumbres. Además, se presenta una modificación al MSP para el caso de perturbación en la carga. Los resultados de simulación evidencian que las prestaciones de la propuesta son superiores a la versión original MSP. Palabras claves: Retardo de tiempo, Control multivariable, Control predictivo, Compensación de retardo, Sistemas de fase no mínima. In this paper we present the time delay compensation through the design of control strategies like Filtered Smith Predictor, Modified Smith Predictor (MSP) and Predictive Control, for stable, unstable and non-minimal phase multivariable processes. Three case studies are used, where the behavior of each strategy is shown by simulation, according to the dynamic characteristics of the process. The simulation results are obtained by Matlab® and the comparison of the control strategies used is performed by the time performance of the controlled system, rejection of disturbances, monitoring of references and handling of uncertainties. In addition, a modification to the MSP is presented for the case of disturbance in the load. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposal is higher than the original MSP version.

En este trabajo se presenta la compensacion del retardo de tiempo a traves del diseno de las estrategias de control Predictor de Smith Filtrado, Predictor de Smith Modificado (MSP) y Control Predictivo, para procesos multivariables estables, inestables y de fase no minima. Se emplean tres casos de estudio, donde se muestra mediante simulacion el comportamiento de cada estrategia segun las caracteristicas dinamicas del proceso. Los resultados de simulacion se obtienen mediante el Matlab® y la comparacion de las estrategias de control empleadas se realiza a partir del desempeno temporal del sistema controlado, del rechazo a perturbaciones, seguimiento de referencias y el manejo de incertidumbres. Ademas, se presenta una modificacion al MSP para el caso de perturbacion en la carga. Los resultados de simulacion evidencian que las prestaciones de la propuesta son superiores a la version original MSP.

Essential oils are one of the industry's major compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical, perfume and food sectors. They were acquired using several methods such as steam distillation. In this method, heat from the steam will release the aromatic molecule at their specific boiling points. Thus, it is important to regulate the steam temperature at the correct level to get the perfect composition of the yield. Many studies have shown that essential oil is volatile and sensitive to excess heat. In order to maintain the desired steam temperature, this study proposed an internal model control (IMC) based PID with fractional-order filter as a controller for this system. IMC is a model-based control structure that can handle parameter variations and load disturbance very well. With the inverse model imposed in the loop, IMC can gain a perfect tracking control as well. The implementation of a fractional-order filter cascaded to the PID controller may enhance the system robustness to...

This paper introduces a new technique to optimally design the fractional-order Butterworth low-pass filter in the complex F-plane. Design stability is assured by incorporating the critical phase angle as an inequality constraint. The poles of the proposed approximants reside on the unit circle in the stable region of the F-plane. The improved accuracy of the suggested scheme as compared to the recently published literature is demonstrated. A mixed-integer genetic algorithm which considers the parallel combinations of resistors and capacitors for the Valsa network is used to optimize the frequency responses of the fractional-order capacitor emulators as part of the experimental verification using the Sallen–Key filter topology. The total harmonic distortion and spurious-free dynamic range of the practical 1.5th-order Butterwoth filter are measured as 0.13% and 62.18 dBc, respectively; the maximum and mean absolute relative magnitude errors are 0.03929 and 0.02051, respectively.

Protein complexes are formed by interacting proteins and exhibit diverse biological functions. Protein complexes are predicted by computational methods from biological networks, which is not only important for understanding the mechanisms of biological activities and the pathogenesis of diseases, but also for making up the deficiencies of biological high-throughput experimental methods. In this paper, two types of prediction methods based on static network protein complexes are introduced and analyzed. Secondly, we discuss the deficiencies of protein complex algorithms and the challenges of this field.

Protein complexes are important biological function modules in protein interaction (PPI) network and play an important role in biological activities. Usually the topological structure is used as the condition for clustering in the PPI network, which constrains the overall performance of complex identification. To improve this problem, a new complex identification algorithm is proposed based on fusion of multi-source information. Firstly, based on the semantic similarity of GO, we construct a weighted PPI model and design a core-attachment clustering algorithm based on the density, diameter and cosine similarity. Secondly, the seed nodes are sequentially selected according to the descending order of the node degrees in the network and expanded in weighted graph model to identify protein complex. Lastly, the proposed method is compared with three classical algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm can effectively enhance the performance in terms of precision, F-measure and functional enrichment analysis.

Protein complexes are important biological function modules in protein interaction (PPI) network and play an important role in biological activities. Usually the topological structure is used as the condition for clustering in the PPI network, which constrains the overall performance of complex identification. To improve this problem, a new complex identification algorithm is proposed based on fusion of multi-source information. Firstly, based on the semantic similarity of GO, we construct a weighted PPI model and design a core-attachment clustering algorithm based on the density, diameter and cosine similarity. Secondly, the seed nodes are sequentially selected according to the descending order of the node degrees in the network and expanded in weighted graph model to identify protein complex. Lastly, the proposed method is compared with three classical algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm can effectively enhance the performance in terms of precision, F-measure and functional enrichment analysis.

This paper introduces the generalization of the classical Transitional Butterworth-Butterworth Filter (TBBF) to the Fractional-Order (FO) domain. Stable rational approximants of the FO-TBBF are optimally realized. Several design examples demonstrate the robustness and modeling efficacy of the proposed method. Practical circuit implementation using the current feedback operational amplifier employed as an active element is presented. Experimental results endorse good agreement (R 2 = 0.999968) with the theoretical magnitude-frequency characteristic.

This paper introduces the generalization of the classical Transitional Butterworth-Butterworth Filter (TBBF) to the Fractional-Order (FO) domain. Stable rational approximants of the FO-TBBF are optimally realized. Several design examples demonstrate the robustness and modeling efficacy of the proposed method. Practical circuit implementation using the current feedback operational amplifier employed as an active element is presented. Experimental results endorse good agreement (R 2 = 0.999968) with the theoretical magnitude-frequency characteristic.

Essential oils are one of the industry's major compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical, perfume and food sectors. They were acquired using several methods such as steam distillation. In this method, heat from the steam will release the aromatic molecule at their specific boiling points. Thus, it is important to regulate the steam temperature at the correct level to get the perfect composition of the yield. Many studies have shown that essential oil is volatile and sensitive to excess heat. In order to maintain the desired steam temperature, this study proposed an internal model control (IMC) based PID with fractional-order filter as a controller for this system. IMC is a model-based control structure that can handle parameter variations and load disturbance very well. With the inverse model imposed in the loop, IMC can gain a perfect tracking control as well. The implementation of a fractional-order filter cascaded to the PID controller may enhance the system robustness to...

This paper proposes the design of an IMC-PID controller with a fractional order filter (IMC-FPID) forthe effective control of water distribution in a main irrigation canal pool. From real-time data and applying the system identification procedure a dynamic mathematical model of this process is obtained, which is represented by a first-order transfer function with a time delay. Based on the model obtained an IMC-PID controller with a fractional order filter was designed that behaves effectively. The simulation results compare the performance of the proposed controller with a conventional IMC-PID controller. In this comparison, the performance index of the integral of absolute error (IAE) was used. The results obtained show that the proposed controller provides lower values of this index and consequently outperforms the conventional IMCPID controller in terms of

Escherichia coli, one of the favorite model organisms, was initially annotated in 1997 and re-annotated in 2007. Although years of intensive research is being carried out on E. coli genome, still complete and accurate functional information of this organism is not available. In E. coli, about 40% of the protein sequences have been annotated as hypothetical proteins, because of lack of information. Hence, such sequences require advanced computational strategies and derive clues on their biological role. Herein, we have carried out re-annotation of the complete proteome of E. coli K-12 using "Dynamic biological data fusion method". It is a computational strategy we typically applied for combining the heterogeneous biological data sources to maximize knowledge sharing and generating the intersection of data sets. Functional re-annotation results reported in this paper help us to present high quality data on complete proteome of E. coli K-12. We have updated all the protein coding genes from previous annotation work and tried to assign new or more precise functions, wherever possible. About 29% of the protein sequences of E. coli which have been previously annotated

Essential oils are one of the industry's major compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical, perfume and food sectors. They were acquired using several methods such as steam distillation. In this method, heat from the steam will release the aromatic molecule at their specific boiling points. Thus, it is important to regulate the steam temperature at the correct level to get the perfect composition of the yield. Many studies have shown that essential oil is volatile and sensitive to excess heat. In order to maintain the desired steam temperature, this study proposed an internal model control (IMC) based PID with fractional-order filter as a controller for this system. IMC is a model-based control structure that can handle parameter variations and load disturbance very well. With the inverse model imposed in the loop, IMC can gain a perfect tracking control as well. The implementation of a fractional-order filter cascaded to the PID controller may enhance the system robustness to...

During the extraction process, the temperature plays the major effect on the quality and output yield.Numerous studies on this domain mention that excessive heat during the extraction process will degrade the quality of oil and produced poor output.Recently, researchers take efforts to fix this problem by develop intelligent control technique in order to regulate the temperature. This study proposed the self-tuning fuzzy PID (STFPID) controller using online method. The STFPID controller will regulate the steam temperature below 100OC where very little publication so far discussed on that range.The robustness of STFPID controller was test using load disturbance and set point tracking.The performance effectiveness was evaluated based on rise time, settling time, percent overshoot, and steady stare error.From the simulation result, the STFPID controller shows good performance in both transient and steady state dynamics.The STFPID controller also has the ability to track the set point c...

The paper presents a new active building block (ABB) called minus-type voltage gain-controlled third-generation current conveyor (VGC-CCIII) in which the voltage gain between Y to X terminal can be controlled. The usefulness of the tunable feature in the presented ABB is demonstrated in currentmode {0.3 rd ; 0.5 th ; 0.7 th ; 1 st }-order all-pass filter (APF) employing single VGC-CCIII, one capacitor, and one resistor. The theoretical results of the integer-and fractional-order APF are verified by SPICE simulations based on readily available IC OPA860 macromodel, which can also be used in experiments.

This paper presents the real time robustness test using intelligent fuzzy based controller in extraction process of essential oil is discussed in this study. Previous finding shows that the quality of the essential oil is affected by the steam temperature that acts as the control variable in this study. The robustness test is applied to the system during running process to show the system is robust to any operation conditions t make sure the controller is able to give a smooth control output response. The dynamic performance of the system are represented by applying  standard performance criteria such as rise time Tr, settling time Ts, overshoot %OS, root mean square error (RMSE) and time on recovering load disturbance. Generally, the objectives in designing the controllers have been achieved because all intelligent fuzzy based controllers capable to regulate the desired set point by acting on the change in the output compared with the set point.

摘要 环状 RNA (circluar RNA, circRNA) 在基因表达、剪切和转录的过程中扮演着重要角色. 越来 越多的证据表明, circRNA 与疾病的产生与发展存在着重要的联系. 本文提出了一种基于多数据融合 的非负矩阵分解算法 (EDNMF) 预测 circRNA-疾病关联关系. 该方法首先对 circRNA-疾病关联关系 进行预处理, 解决了 circRNA-疾病关联关系过少对算法产生的负面影响的问题. 然后, EDNMF 算法 将 circRNA 表达谱和癌症相似性数据转化为约束条件, 基于预处理后的 circRNA-疾病关联关系采用 改进的非负矩阵分解算法得到最终的打分值, 从而预测 circRNA-疾病关联关系. 五折和十折交叉验证 结果表明, EDNMF 算法相比其他算法能更有效地预测 circRNA-疾病关联关系. 此外, 采用 EDNMF 算法预测新的 circRNA-结肠直肠癌关联关系打分排名前 10 的结果中, 大部分结果已经得到了佐证, 表明了该算法可以有效地预测未知的 circRNA-疾病关联关系. 关键词 circRNA, circRNA 表达谱, circRNA-疾病关联关系, 非负矩阵分解, 疾病相似性 1 引言 环状 RNA (circluar RNA, circRNA) 是一种拥有独特性质和多种细胞功能的特殊内源性非编码 RNA (non-coding RNA, ncRNA) [1, 2]. 1976 年, Sanger 等 [3] 在研究植物类病毒的过程中首次通过电 子显微镜观察到了 circRNA. 此后, 研究人员在真核生物细胞质 [4] 、酵母线粒体 [5] 中发现了 circRNA. 然而, 由于 circRNA 的结构特性、功能未知性和丰度低等原因, 很长一段时间它们被认为是转录噪声 或错误拼接的产物 [6, 7] , 并没有受到过多的关注.

Energy conservation and diversification are becoming a major research issue. Awareness of the limited sources of energy from fossil fuels encourages research on renewable energy. Bioethanol is a promising fuel substitute for gasoline. Bioethanol processing includes sugar extraction, fermentation, distillation, and absorption. Temperature and pressure controls are essential in bioethanol processing. This paper presents a feedback-feedforward fuzzy logic approach for temperature control in a bioethanol vacuum distiller. In this study, vacuum pressure is employed as feedforward inputs for a fuzzy logic controller. The feedforward input directly modifies the main controller, i.e., fuzzy logic controller, through fuzzy rules. The controller is implemented using Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. The results show that the proposed feedback-feedforward fuzzy logic controller could successfully maintain the temperature at the desired setpoint value with small steady-state error (3.85%) and ...

Essential oils are one of the industry's major compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical, perfume and food sectors. They were acquired using several methods such as steam distillation. In this method, heat from the steam will release the aromatic molecule at their specific boiling points. Thus, it is important to regulate the steam temperature at the correct level to get the perfect composition of the yield. Many studies have shown that essential oil is volatile and sensitive to excess heat. In order to maintain the desired steam temperature, this study proposed an internal model control (IMC) based PID with fractional-order filter as a controller for this system. IMC is a modelbased control structure that can handle parameter variations and load disturbance very well. With the inverse model imposed in the loop, IMC can gain a perfect tracking control as well. The implementation of a fractionalorder filter cascaded to the PID controller may enhance the system robustness to process gain with its iso-damping properties. This study was conducted by simulation using MATLAB R2018. The step response of the closed-loop system has been evaluated with varying filter parameters depending on the desired phase margin of the open-loop reference model.

Fractional order (FO) element (FOE) is the building block for realization of FO systems, an important research domain. However, the realization of FO system is still a challenge. Till date, no FOE or fractor is available in the market. However, many researchers have developed various types of FOE, multi-component and single component, over past 50 years or more. This paper reviews some significant research work, along with their success and limitations, in the field of FOE realization. Also, it discusses the chronological development and a brief comparative study to present an overall idea on current stage of FOE research to the readers.

The main goal of this work is to exploit different tools in order to approximate a general double exponent fractional-order transfer function. Through the appropriate selection of the two fractional orders of this function, different types of filters can be derived. The investigated approximation tools are either curve fitting based tools or the Padé approximation tool, and the derived approximated transfer functions in all cases have the form of rational integer-order polynomials, which can be easily realized electronically.

Fractional order (FO) element (FOE) is the building block for realization of FO systems, an important research domain. However, the realization of FO system is still a challenge. Till date, no FOE or fractor is available in the market. However, many researchers have developed various types of FOE, multi-component and single component, over past 50 years or more. This paper reviews some significant research work, along with their success and limitations, in the field of FOE realization. Also, it discusses the chronological development and a brief comparative study to present an overall idea on current stage of FOE research to the readers.

Fractional order (FO) element (FOE) is the building block for realization of FO systems, an important research domain. However, the realization of FO system is still a challenge. Till date, no FOE or fractor is available in the market. However, many researchers have developed various types of FOE, multi-component and single component, over past 50 years or more. This paper reviews some significant research work, along with their success and limitations, in the field of FOE realization. Also, it discusses the chronological development and a brief comparative study to present an overall idea on current stage of FOE research to the readers.

This paper presents the analysis for allocating the system poles and hence controlling the system stability for KHN and Sallen-Key fractional order filters. The stability analysis and stability contours for two different fractional order transfer functions with two different fractional order elements are presented. The effect of the transfer function parameters on the singularities of the system is demonstrated where the number of poles becomes dependent on the transfer function parameters as well as the fractional orders. Numerical, circuit simulation, and experimental work are used in the design to test the proposed stability contours.

In this paper the sensitivity analysis of continuous- time
fractional order filters has been done to investigate ‘how much the
filter’s behavior changes as a component value changes’. In
particular, a KHN type fractional biquad filter has been taken
where two fractional order elements of order α and β (0 < α, β ≤ 1)
are used for realization. It is seen that pole frequency (ωn) and pole
quality factor of fractional order filter is more sensitive towards
component variations as compared to classical integer order filter;
however transfer function sensitivities are less affected due to
component variations.