GIS Visualization

Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια σύντομη βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση με σκοπό να αναδειχθεί η θετική επίδραση των κοινοτικών σχολείων στην εκπαίδευση των μαθητών στην απόκτηση ενός υψηλού βαθμού κοινωνικο-πολιτικής εγγραμματοσύνης και ενεργούς πολιτειότητας. Η κοινωνικο-πολιτική εγγραμματοσύνη συνάδει με τη λειτουργική χρήση γνώσεων, δεξιοτήτων και αξιών για την επίλυση κοινωνικών και πολιτικών προβλημάτων της καθημερινής ζωής. Η ενεργή  πολιτειότητα συνδέεται με εθελοντικές δράσεις κοινωνικού και πολιτικού χαρακτήρα εντός της τοπικής κοινότητας. Τα κοινοτικά σχολεία σχεδιάζουν και υλοποιούν συστηματικά και εμπεριστατωμένα ποικίλες εκπαιδευτικές δράσεις με σκοπό να προάγουν στην καθημερινή εργασία των σχολείων, των εκπαιδευτικών, των μαθητών και των γονέων την κοινωνική και πολιτική παιδεία, στις οποίες περιλαμβάνονται η συμμετοχική εκπαιδευτική διοίκηση, η συμπερίληψη, η κοινωνική δικαιοσύνη, και η συναισθηματική φροντίδα για όλα τα μέλη της σχολικής και της ευρύτερης τοπικής κοινότητας. Αυτό συμβαίνει, επειδή λειτουργώντας τα  κοινοτικά σχολεία στη βάση της φιλοσοφίας του συστημικού - κοινωνικο-οικολογικού μοντέλου της Epstein, επιτυγχάνουν να υποστηρίζουν πολυεπίπεδα τους μαθητές να σκέπτονται, να συμπεριφέρονται και να ενεργούν ως κοινωνικο-πολιτικά εγγράμματοι και ενεργοί πολίτες με βάση τις θεμελιώδεις αρχές του οικουμενικού ανθρωπισμού και του πολιτικού φιλελευθερισμού. Με βάση τα παραπάνω, χρειάζεται οι  φορείς της παιδαγωγούσας πολιτείας (εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα, οικογένεια, πολιτική διοίκηση, νομικό σύστημα, τοπική κοινότητα, μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης, κοινωνικά δίκτυα) να ενισχύσουν ουσιαστικά και να αξιοποιήσουν παραγωγικά τον θεσμό των κοινοτικών σχολείων προκειμένου οι μαθητές από την παιδική ηλικία να αποκτήσουν δεξιότητες κοινωνικοπολιτικής εγγραμματοσύνης και ενεργούς πολιτειότητας.

Η εισήγηση με αφετηρία τη θέση ότι η έννοια της δεξιότητας αποτελεί κοινωνική κατασκευή και όχι απλά ένα τεχνικό χαρακτηριστικό μιας εργασιακής δραστηριότητας, παρουσιάζονται τις βασικές θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις της (Θετικιστική, Εθνομεθοδολογική, Βεμπεριανή, Μαρξιστική) και αναδεικνύει την επικράτηση της θετικιστικής προσέγγισης στη χάραξη πολιτικών μέσα από τα «επαγγελματικών περιγραμμάτων». Τα επαγγελματικά περιγράμματα, ως τυποποιημένες αποτυπώσεις δεξιοτήτων επιδιώκουν να συνδέσουν την εκπαίδευση με την αγορά εργασίας, αλλά έχουν επικριθεί επειδή υποτιμούν τη δυναμικότητα της μάθησης, αγνοούν κοινωνικές και πολιτισμικές διαστάσεις της και επιβάλλουν μια γραφειοκρατική λογική. Καταληκτικά, τονίζεται η ασυμβατότητα μεταξύ της αξιοποίησης των επαγγελματικών περιγραμμάτων και της ανάπτυξης της Ανοικτής Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευσης (ΑεΑΕ) στους σύγχρονους καιρούς, οι οποίοι απαιτούν νέες προσεγγίσεις ανάπτυξης των δεξιοτήτων μέσα από εκπαιδευτικές πρακτικές οι οποίες θα χαρακτηρίζονται από ευελιξία, εξατομίκευση, χρήση ψηφιακών εργαλείων και ανάπτυξη επικοινωνιακών δεξιοτήτων.

This paper explores the multiple strands of the Greek Revolution of 1821 and analyzes its ideological origins. The comparative and theoretical analysis is attempted in the light of the theories of modernization and the contrast between tradition and modernity. The concepts of modernization and modernity are perceived both positively (as movement of the traditional community towards western modernity) and negatively (as “de-traditionalization, i.e. as a loss of the traditional character and mental certainty guaranteed by the traditional society). This highlights both the conscious and targeted movement towards modernity of one part of the revolutionary world and the unconscious de-tranditionalization of another. The rapprochement and collaboration of these two worlds was the necessary condition for the successful outcome of the struggle for independence. The catalyst for this social transformation was the ideology of nationalism, which was itself a derivative as well as a carrier of modernization. The total ideological commitment of the enslaved Greeks in a national and sacred struggle and their irreversible decision to eradicate everything that deprived them of the right to live up to high ideals and values resulted in the first successful secession of one part of the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the overall transformation of the Greek society. Thus, the independent Greek state was established, a democratic and liberal state identified with the institutional and ideological arsenal of popular sovereignty.
Keywords: Greek Revolution 1821, Ideology, Nationalism, Tradition - Modernity.

Abstract
Anthracological, macrobotanical and ethnoarchaeological studies were undertaken
for the early medieval, medieval and post medieval periods in Konso Zone of Southern
Ethiopia with the objective of reconstructing human-plant interactions and pathways for
the beginning of early food production in the region. Samples for the studies were
recovered from Koy-koyo cave and Sohaito abandoned terrace. Soil samples from both
excavated sites were floated and sorted separately. From 44.2 liters of soil samples
processed, a total of 1036 macrobotanical remains were analysed: 127 charcoal
fragments from Koy-koyo cave, 909 macrobotanical remains from Sohaito. The bottom
layer of Koy-koyo cave is radiometrically dated to 1195–1235 years cal BP. Out of the
127 charcoal fragments, 14 remain unidentified, while the remaining 113 fragments are
identified as: Acacia (type 1 and type 2), and other woody plants belonging to Acacia
Commiphora wood land. The 909 macrobotanical remains from Sohaito were identified
as cereals, legumes, weedy taxa and woody plants. Fruit stones of Moringa cf.
stenopetala, belonging to the Moringaceae family, a staple food plant in Konso Zone
with wide ranging food and medicinal values, are recovered for the first time from
archaeological context dated back to the post medieval times. The Konso zone is within
the range of environment where Moringa naturally grows. Anatomical study of the
recovered charcoal remains enabled us to understand the early medieval and medieval
palaeoenvironment of Konso as arid and semi-arid and the vegetation zone can be
classified as Acacia-Commiphora wood land type.

The present issue is the 8 th volume of the "3 a Serie" (the volume 4 th of the "Nuova Serie" was published in 2012) and it represents the 55 th volume since the establishment of the journal. -The Università di Napoli L'Orientale participates in the publication of the «Rassegna di Studi Etiopici» by entrusting its care to its Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo.

se encuentra brindar a sus estudiantes una capacitación formal en tecnología de semillas a través de cursos especializados y entrenamiento práctico en las áreas de producción, procesamiento y acondicionamiento. Con ello, Zamorano participa activamente en la producción y procesamiento eficiente de semilla de frijol de óptima calidad, a la vez que colabora en el fortalecimiento de la industria nacional de semillas y el incremento del nivel de productividad alcanzado por los productores de este rubro. El frijol es el segundo grano básico en importancia en Honduras, debido al volumen de su producción, la superficie destinada a su cultivo y su contribución al valor agregado agrícola. Este grano únicamente se utiliza para el consumo humano, y es una de las principales fuentes de proteína para la gran mayoría de la población del país. Las preferencias del consumidor hondureflo están basadas principalmente en el color, tamaño, sabor y tiempo de cocción del grano. Zamorano, manteniendo sus objetivos de enseñanza e investigación, ha participado activamente en el desarrollo de la industria nacional de semillas. Ejemplo de ello es que entre 1950 y 1985, las únicas instituciones dedicadas a la producción y procesamiento de semilla eran la Secretaría de Recursos Naturales (ahora Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería) y Zamorano. Entre 1986 y 1990, varias empresas del país se iniciaron en la producción, procesamiento y mercadeo de semillas de granos básicos, con la espectativa de que la demanda de este insumo se incrementara y en consecuencia se redujera su precio de venta. Sin embargo, en el período 1991-92, la mayoría de estas empresas arrastraron gran parte de sus inventarios debido a la importación de semilla a un precio menor al exigido por ellas, lo que les ocasionó una difícil situación financiera.

Το Le prime lezioni in italiano αποτελεί διδακτικό εγχειρίδιο ειδικά σχεδιασμένο για αρχάριους ελληνόγλωσσους διδασκόμενους την Ιταλική ως ξένη γλώσσα (επιπέδων Α1- Α2). Μέσω της σύζευξης αφενός σύγχρονων παιδαγωγικών αρχών και προσανατολισμών και αφετέρου των δεδομένων της εκπαιδευτικής πραγματικότητας όπως αυτή καταγράφεται στην ελληνική ξενόγλωσση τάξη, το Le prime lezioni in italiano παρέχει σύντομο και περιεκτικό υλικό εμπλουτισμένο, όμως, με συνεχείς αναλυτικές επεξηγήσεις στα σημεία τα οποία δυσχεραίνουν ιδιαίτερα τον ελληνόγλωσσο διδασκόμενο και τον οδηγούν να κάνει συστηματικά διαγλωσσικά λάθη, λόγω της έντονης (αρνητικής) παρεμβολής της Ελληνικής μητρικής/πρώτης γλώσσας. Το διαβαθμισμένης δυσκολίας διδακτικό υλικό του και μια ευρεία ποικιλία δραστηριοτήτων και τεχνικών κατανόησης και παραγωγής γραπτού και προφορικού λόγου (όπως δραστηριότητες πολλαπλών επιλογών, αντιστοίχισης, συμπλήρωσης κενών, ερωτοαπαντήσεις, οπτικοακουστικές ασκήσεις πάνω σε υλικό που χρειάζεται να ανασυρθεί από το διαδίκτυο, κ.ά.), οδηγούν τον διδασκόμενο, με τρόπο ευχάριστο και αποδοτικό, στην ανακάλυψη και την αποτελεσματική αφομοίωση των μελετώμενων στοιχείων της υπό εκμάθηση γλώσσας (λεξιλόγιο, προφορά/ορθογραφία, μορφολογία, σύνταξη, καθώς και επικοινωνιακά, υφολογικά και πολιτιστικά στοιχεία) και, κατ’ επέκταση, στην άμεση χρησιμοποίησή της τόσο στην κατανόηση όσο και στην παραγωγή γραπτού και προφορικού λόγου στην Ιταλική Γλώσσα.

Τόπος: ο γεωγραφικός χώρος όπου ζούμε, κινούμαστε, που αποκτά ιστορία, υπόσταση, συνδέεται με προσωπικά βιώματα και αποτελεί κομμάτι της ζωής μας.
Μνήμη: το σύνολο των αναμνήσεων, των πληροφοριών, των "εγγραφών" που αποθηκεύονται στο ασυνείδητο του ανθρώπου.

Όταν κάποιος θέλει να αναφερθεί στη Λάρισα, δεν μπορεί να προσεγγίσει το σήμερα αν δεν κάνει μια σύντομη αναφορά στο παρελθόν της. Ζούμε σε μία από τις αρχαιότερες και μάλιστα αδιαλείπτως κατοικούμενες πόλεις στον ελληνικό χώρο, όπως αναφέρει ο Δρ. Αρχαιολόγος Θεόδωρος Παλιούγκας στο νέο του βιβλίο «Συμβολές στην τοπογραφία και αρχαιολογία της Πελασγίδος Λάρισας".

Η Λάρισα είναι μια πόλη που μετρά 143 χρόνια ελευθερίας από τον Τουρκικό ζυγό, μια πόλη που δεν υπήρξε ποτέ χωριό, αλλά σημαντικό διοικητικό, εμπορικό και αστικό κέντρο, ακόμη και στην περίοδο της μακρόχρονης Οθωμανικής σκλαβιάς. Μια πόλη που τα τελευταία 200 χρόνια γνώρισε τόσους πολέμους, αναταραχές, διαφορετικούς πληθυσμούς και τόσες μεταβολές.

Περπατώντας στην πόλη οι εικόνες που αντικρίζω τακτικά, τα τελευταία τρία, τέσσερα χρόνια είναι ταμπέλες εργολάβων, απομεινάρια κατεδαφίσεων και νέα, υπερμεγέθη κτίρια, στοιβαγμένα το ένα δίπλα στο άλλο, γκρίζα, αρχιτεκτονικά αδιάφορα. Η ομορφιά, αυτή που είχε πριν από μερικές δεκαετίες η πόλη δυστυχώς χάθηκε, μένοντας οι φωτογραφικές αποτυπώσεις του παρελθόντος να θυμίζουν σε μερικούς «ρομαντικούς», όπως εγώ, μια άλλη Λάρισα. Τη δική μου Λάρισα…

«Άλλες (πόλεις) στη θέα τους, προκαλούν φόβο, ταραχή, ανησυχία, απελπισία», ανέφερε ο Αριστ. Προβελέγγιος. Ζητείται ταυτότητα…

Wild edible plants provide a natural food supply that can reduce hunger and malnutrition. Although wild edible plants are widely used in Ethiopia, little research has been done on their nutritional makeup. The study's goal was to assess the vitamin C content and proximate composition of four wild edible plants that were chosen from the Kebridehar district in the Khorahie zone of the Somale region of Ethiopia. Vitamin C and the proximate composition parameters (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, carbohydrate, and energy) were determined using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using programs like Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The study found that the average moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, carbohydrate, and total energy contents of Moringa stenopetala leaf samples were 7.2, 11.83, 20.00, 26.00, 17.50, 17.47, and 319.8 (in terms of g/100g). Commiphora rostrata leaves had the highest carbohydrate content (32.00 g/100 g), followed by Ziziphus Mauritia leaves (29.98 g/100 g), according to the nutritional analysis results. Ziziphus mauritiana, Commiphora rostrata, Cibirhiza spiculata, and Moringa stenopetala showed highly significant differences. In general, the study area revealed that multiple comparisons by post hoc test revealed a p ≤ 0.05, indicating a significant difference. The study's findings imply that eating these nutrient-dense wild edible plants may contribute a significant quantity of vitamin C and other nutrients to the human diet. The results of this study suggest that the local population needs assistance through education and awareness-raising on the sustainable management and utilization of plant resources.

This work reviews literature on taxonomic and use diversity of the family Amaranthaceae in Ethiopia in order to organize the available information and to identify gaps in knowledge. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea Volume 2 part 1 recognizes 20 genera and over 50 species in the family. A maximum of 33 species of Amaranthaceae are registered in Sidamo Region and a minimum of eight species are registered in Arsi and Welega Regions. In species wise distribution Achyranthus aspera and Cyathula cylinderica are widely distributed. Achyranthus aspera and Amaranthus caudatus are highly used as medicine and Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus graecizans are highly used as food in different ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Some of them are very promising food crops in arid region due to their resistance to heat, disease, and pests. These groups are neglected and underutilized species and are drought tolerant, grow fast and are easily cultivated. Since the dawn of history, amaranth has served civilizations as staple grain. Now, in its quest for health and variety, American consumers are discovering the natural nutrition, exciting textures and unique flavor of this grain so some species of the genus Amaranthus are cultivated for their grains or leaves. Amaranth has various health benefits and medicinal properties including those which are very useful in preventing a retarded growth in children, increase the flow of breast milk, valuable in preventing a premature old age, important in all bleeding tendencies, considered highly beneficial in treatment of gonorrhea and benefits patients with cardiovascular disease. Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus dubius can be toxic if taken as food by humans without proper precaution. Reason for exposure can be accidental contact and any dose is dangerous and effect to toxicity that may lead to other health and life risks. Amaranthus caudatus and Iresine herbstii have been developed as ornamentals and Sericocomopsis pallida, Amaranthus thunbergii, Amaranthus dubius and Achyranthus aspera are used as favorite food for livestock. Pupalia lappacea, Chionothrix latifolia, and Chionothrix tomentosa are also used as forage and for house construction.

in Livno. He attended elementary and secondary school in Tomislavgrad. In 2006 he enrolled in undergraduate studies in Geography at the Department of Geography of the University ofZadar, where he graduated in 2009, acquiring the degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Geography. In the same year he enrolled in graduate studies in Applied Geography and gained his MSc in Geography on 14 June 2011, with the thesis topic Physical-Geographic Features of Duvno Field (Duvanjsko polje). He was among the best students in his year. He received a scholarship from the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia for the entire duration of his studies. In 2008, he won the Federik Grosogono award from the Croatian Geographic Society-Zadar for outstanding achievements. He also received two Rector's awards from the University of Zadar in the academic years 2008/09 and 2009/10. During his studies, he participated in a number of international workshops and programmes and spent four weeks at the University ofMaribor, and two weeks at the University of Primorska in Koper. In 2011, he enrolled in interdisciplinary postgraduate doctoral studies The Adriatic-A Link Between Continents organized by the Department of History and the Department ofGeography ofthe University of Zadar, where he successfully defended his doctoral thesis under the mentorship ofProf. D. Magaš. From July 2011, he worked as a junior researcher in the scientific project Geographic Basis of Development of the Littoral Regions ofCroatia led by Prof. D. Magaš, and as an assistant at the Department ofGeography ofthe University of Zadar. Independently, or as a co-author, he has published around 20 scientific and professional papers. His particular scientific interests are physical geography, especially geomorphology, wind power estimation, and the application ofnew technologies such as GIS in geography. He speaks fluent English, and also uses German and Slovenian. He is a member of the Croatian Geographic Society-Zadar and secretary ofthe Naša Baština (Our Heritage) association in Zagreb. He is married and lives in Zadar. The thesis entitled Topography Analysis in the Wind Estimation Process is 132 A4 pages long and includes 76 figures, ofwhich most are thematic maps and cartograms. There are 29 tables, seven notes, 168 bibliographic units, two appendices, an abstract with key words in Croatian and English, and the author's biography. The thesis is the result of a young scientist's interest in researching the complex issue of the role of topography in the process of estimating wind potential, which determines the Denis Radoš, MSc in Geography, and assistant and junior researcher at the Chair for Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) at the Department of Geography of the University of Zadar, has successfully defended his PhD thesis entitled Topography Analysis in the Wind Estimation Process within the doctoral studies in The Adriatic-A Link Between Continents organized by the Department of History and the Department ofGeography ofthe University ofZadar.

, ovime izjavljujem da je moj doktorski rad pod naslovom Analiza topografske površine u procesu procjene vjetropotencijala rezultat mojega vlastitog rada, da se temelji na mojim istraživanjima te da se oslanja na izvore i radove navedene u bilješkama i popisu literature. Ni jedan dio mojega rada nije napisan na nedopušten način, odnosno nije prepisan iz necitiranih radova i ne krši bilo čija autorska prava. Izjavljujem da ni jedan dio ovoga rada nije iskorišten u kojem drugom radu pri bilo kojoj drugoj visokoškolskoj, znanstvenoj, obrazovnoj ili inoj ustanovi. Sadržaj mojega rada u potpunosti odgovara sadržaju obranjenoga i nakon obrane uređenoga rada. Zadar, 12. rujna 2017. Zahvale Zahvaljujem svima koji su svojim zalaganjem i podrškom na bilo koji način doprinijeli izradi ove doktorske disertacije. Od srca zahvaljujem mentoru prof. dr. sc. Damiru Magašu na pomoći pri odabiru teme, stručnom vodstvu i strpljenju prilikom pisanja doktorske disertacije. Zahvaljujem članovima stručnog povjerenstva za ocjenu i obranu disertacije Izv. prof. dr. sc. Sanji Lozić i doc. dr. sc. Mladenu Paherniku. Ideja za temu disertacije potekla je tijekom razvoja projekta VE Jelovača kod Tomislavgrada u Bosni i Hercegovini. Na sugestijama i pomoći zahvaljujem prof. dr. sc. Marku Radošu, Marku Radošu-Mari i Mići Šarcu. Za područje istraživanja odabrao sam Vjetroelektranu Danilo zbog podrške g. Bojana Reščeca, dipl. ing, direktora tvrtke RP Global u čijem vlasništvu se nalazi VE Danilo, koji mi je omogućio pristup svim potrebnim podatcima. Za pomoć pri obradi podataka i sugestijama tijekom istraživanja zahvaljujem g. Leu Jerkiću, mag. ing. el. iz tvrtke Megajoule Adria d.o.o. Zahvaljujem Odjelu za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zadru, instituciji u kojoj sam zaposlen, na svakoj podršci koju sam imao tijekom pisanja ove doktorske disertacije. Korištenje WAsP programa u istraživanju omogućila je institucija Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark na čemu se posebno zahvaljujem. Osobito hvala mojim roditeljima Frani i Ivanki za svu ljubav i podršku tijekom cijelog mog školovanja. Najveću i posebnu zahvalu upućujem svojoj supruzi Maji, za svu ljubav, podršku i razumijevanje koju mi je pružila dok smo zajedno prolazili sve etape pisanja ove doktorske disertacije, od praznog Word dokumenta do obrane.

Povećana potražnja za energijom u svijetu, kao i sve stroži propisi i zahtjevi za zaštitom okoliša rezultirali su većim korištenjem energije vjetra, odnosno rastom izgradnje energetskih objekata koji proizvode struju iz vjetra. Proces izgradnje vjetroelektrane složen je proces koji traje više godina i uključuje brojne radnje, od planiranja, do provođenja različitih analiza. Jedna od ključnih analiza tijekom izgradnje vjetroelektrane je analiza procjene vjetropotencijala, na temelju koje se utvrđuje količina vjetra na željenoj lokaciji i samim time utvrđuje isplativost gradnje vjetroelektrane. Proces procjene vjetropotencijala također je složen proces koji obuhvaća brojne radnje, a simulacije koje se provode na temelju meteoroloških i topografskih parametara (visina, hrapavost i prepreke) mogu se izvoditi u različitim fizikalnim modelima, od kojih su najpoznatiji linearni BZ model kojeg koristi program WAsP, te sve prisutniji CFD modeli. U ovom istraživanju korišten je program WAsP n...

Οι φορείς που διαχειρίζονται και πραγματεύονται τη σύγχρονη τέχνη, καλούνται σύμφωνα με τις σύγχρονες προκλήσεις, να συλλέξουν, να συντηρήσουν και  να εκθέσουν τα σύγχρονα έργα τέχνης ενίοτε με πρακτικές που “ξεφεύγουν” από τα καθιερωμένα όρια της επαγγελματικής δεοντολογίας συντήρησης. Η σκέψη του συντηρητή δομείται πέρα από την κρίση ή λογική που δίνει έμφαση στην διατήρηση της ιστορικής, θρησκευτικής και καλλιτεχνικής αξίας του έργου τέχνης. Καθώς τα σύγχρονα έργα τέχνης, είναι συχνά εφήμερης φύσης, εξελίσσονται ή επεκτείνονται στο χώρο του μουσείου σύμφωνα με τις προθέσεις του εκάστοτε εικαστικού εντοπίζονται πολλά ζητήματα λήψης αποφάσεων: σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις  τα διακριτά στοιχεία/μέρη των έργων τέχνης συλλειτουργούν ή ενσωματώνονται σε άλλα έργα τέχνης ή ακόμη υφίσταται μία διάδραση μεταξύ του κοινού που πηγαίνει στα μουσεία και τις γκαλερί.

Despite the great role of wild edible plants (WEPs) in ensuring food security and the fact that they can serve as a source of income, the consumption and acceptance varies from place to place. Although social, economic and cultural factors might have contributed for the avoidance of some edible wild plants, the fear of presence of toxic principles including heavy metals or their counter ions and antinutritional components might also be a barrier to the use of WEPs. In this study, the determination of the levels of some selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) and antinutritional (oxalate) components are carried out using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and HPLC methods. The results showed that the mean metal concentration (mg/kg) in ripe fruit of WEP, unripe fruit of WEP and their underlying soil samples were 4.57, 5.77 and 3.22 (Cu), 2.37, 1.54, and 3.54 (Pb), 0.93, 0.63, and 0.42 (Cd), 2.02, 2.09, and 2.24 (Ni) and 2.47, 2.09, and 2.24 (Cr) respectively.The amounts of oxalate (mg/kg) in WEPs (Ripe Dovyalis Abyssinica, Unripe Dovyalis Abyssinica Unripe Ficus Sur Forresk and Unripe Blackberry) were 359.93, 301.01, 815.08 and 1406.15 mg/Kg respectively. All the heavy metals considered in this study and oxalate contents were detected in both WEPs and their underlying soil samples. The highest concentration of the heavy metals was found in blackberry while the lowest in unripe strawberry. Using one way ANOVA, significant (P = 0.05) variations among the levels of heavy metals in ripe and unripe were recorded. Generally, the content of heavy metals was higher in most of WEPs than their underlying soils. In conclusion, on the basis of the level of heavy metals and oxalate content, blackberry is found to be less safe for consumption than other WEPs considered in this study.

Despite the great role of wild edible plants (WEPs) in ensuring food security and the fact that they can serve as a source of income, the consumption and acceptance varies from place to place. Although social, economic and cultural factors might have contributed for the avoidance of some edible wild plants, the fear of presence of toxic principles including heavy metals or their counter ions and antinutritional components might also be a barrier to the use of WEPs. In this study, the determination of the levels of some selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) and antinutritional (oxalate) components are carried out using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and HPLC methods. The results showed that the mean metal concentration (mg/kg) in ripe fruit of WEP, unripe fruit of WEP and their underlying soil samples were 4.57, 5.77 and 3.22 (Cu), 2.37, 1.54, and 3.54 (Pb), 0.93, 0.63, and 0.42 (Cd), 2.02, 2.09, and 2.24 (Ni) and 2.47, 2.09, and 2.24 (Cr) respectively.The amounts ...

"Παρακολουθώντας" στην κρατική τηλεόραση την ελληνική κοινωνία της δεκαετίας του 1980
Η γυναίκα και ο ρόλος της στις τηλεοπτικές διαφημίσεις της δεκαετίας του 1980
Ανανέωση των έμφυλων στερεοτύπων, θηλυκότητα και χειραφέτηση της καταναλώτριας

Shilabo District of Somali Regional State in Ethiopia is economically important for livestock production. The indigenous pasturelands are increasingly being invaded by Prosopis juliflora, thereby threatening their livestock production capacity. However, the ecological impact of Prosopis' invasion has yet to be investigated. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Prosopis juliflora on plant species abundance, diversity, and occurrence. Vegetation samples were collected from three 20-m by 20-m sub-plots nested within 100-m by 100-m main plots that were purposefully selected in target study sites and replicated three times in both invaded and uninvaded areas. The study recorded 44 plant species, of which thirteen species occurred in both invaded and uninvaded areas, 13 species in invaded areas and 24 in uninvaded areas. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, and an independent t-test was used to determine the statistical significance difference between invaded and uninvaded areas in terms of number, density, important value index, diversity, abundance, evenness, and richness of plant species. These plant parameters were recorded in invaded and uninvaded areas with species numbers of 678.33 and 1763, densities of 226.00 and 366.98/ha, abundances of 254.04 and 409.45, important value indexes of 15.00 and 9.68, Shannon diversity of 1.56 and 3.40, evenness of 0.52, and 0.99, and richness of 1.30 and 1.35, respectively. The uninvaded area had a significantly higher species diversity index (3.40) than the invaded area (1.56; P 0.00). Similarly, the number of plant species, density, abundance, important value index, species evenness, and richness were significantly higher in uninvaded areas than invaded areas (p < 0.000).

Availability is a crucial aspect of wild edible plants (WEPs) consumption by indigenous communities. Understanding the local perception of this availability helps to determine, which contribution WEPs can make to rural communities. We used an integrated participatory approach to investigate important parameters and themes that influenced the perception of availability of woody WEPs. We demonstrate the approach in three communities in Turkana County, Kenya. By availability, we referred to the ease of accessing, harvesting, transporting, and processing WEPs for consumption. We conducted three focus group discussions (FGDs). We asked FGD participants to list, score, and discuss availability. We used logistic regression and mixed-content analysis to identify important parameters and themes, respectively. The most important WEPs were the toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica L.), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), and mbamba ngoma (Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt.). Distance, s...

Wild edible plants are vital for the survival and sustainable livelihoods of rural people of Ethiopia. Thus, this study compiled wild edible plants, their use, threats, and management practices in Metema District, northwestern Ethiopia. Eight sample kebeles were selected purposively based on vegetation coverage and key informants availability. A total of 128 informants were selected using purposive and random sampling techniques. Data were collected using individual interviews, guided field walks, focus group discussion, and market surveys through semistructured questionnaires. Ethnobotanical data collected from the informants were summarized by descriptive statistics, and further verified by using informant consensus, preference, and direct matrix ranking. Knowledge difference among age and sex groups was evaluated by independent sample t-test. A total of 44 wild edible plant species distributed in 34 genera and 25 families were documented. Most (88.64%) of these plant species were...

Background Although there is a wide use of wild edible plants (WEPs) in Ethiopia, very little work has so far been done, particularly, in the Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, to properly document the associated knowledge. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to document knowledge and analyze data related to the use of wild edible and nutraceutical plants in Raya-Azebo District of Tigray Region. The district was prioritized for the study to avoid the further loss of local knowledge and discontinuation of the associated practices because of the depletion of wild edible plants in the area mainly due to agricultural expansion and largely by private investors. Methods A cross-sectional ethnobotanical study was carried out in the study District to collect data through individual interviews held with purposively selected informants, observation, market surveys, and ranking exercises. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed to analyze and summarize the data using...

ABSTRACT: A study aimed at identifying plant species used and manipulated by the community for food was carried out around ‘Dheeraa ’ town, in Arsi Zone of Oromia National Regional state, Ethiopia. The data were collected through four round fieldworks co nducted from October to December 2003. Random and systematic sampling methods were employed to select the study sites as well as the informants. Ethnobotanical methods using semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data on food plants used by the community. In this study, 71 species of food plants were recorded of which, the local people cultivate 30 species. Wild edible plant species claimed a larger proportion (41 species, 58%) of the total records. Of the edible plants of the study area 16 species used by the community in traditional medicine, are categorized as nutraceuticals. The non-cultivated food plants are very rare in the area and this might be attributed to the ongoing habitat modification and loss of natural v...

SAŽETAK. Batimetrijsko istraživanje jezera na Skradinskom buku obuhvaćalo je širok spektar aktivnosti koje su se provodile u nekoliko faza prema standardima Međunarodne hidrografske organizacije. Mjerenja su izvedena integriranim mjernim sustavom koji je uključivao tri glavne sastavnice: jednosnopni dubinomjer Hydrostar 4300 i GPS uređaje Ashtech Promark 500-bazni (base) i Thales Z-Max-pokretni (rover). Područje premjera obuhvatilo je 8 jezera ukupne površine 5,677 ha. Ukupno su prikupljene 2623 točke. Istraživanje je provedeno u svrhu: izrade batimetrijskih karta, klasifikacije jezerskog dna, upravljanja i zaštite flore i faune, infrastrukture podataka, turizma i ostalog. Osnovni su ciljevi rada: usporediti učinkovitost metoda interpolacije, odrediti najprikladnije interpolatore za izradu rasterskih modela jezera, izračunati površinu i volumen jezera i usporediti razlike u izračunu između rasterskih modela. Točnost metoda interpolacije ispitana je analizom 8 statističkih parametara koji su dobiveni metodom unakrsnog vrednovanja (cross-validation). Osim analize parametara, interpo lacijske metode uspoređene su i vizualno, grafičkim prikazom podataka (dvo dimenzionalno i trodimenzionalno). Utvrđeno je da je multikvadratna radijalna osnovna (ROF) metoda po svim parametrima najbolja deterministička, a obični kriging najbolja geostatistička metoda interpolacije. Izrađene su prve batimetrijske karte jezera na Skradinskom buku u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prikazani su novi znanstvenometodološki utemeljeni podaci o batimetrijskim značajkama, površini i volumenu jezera. Ključne riječi: batimetrijska izmjera, jednosnopni dubinomjer, determinističke i geostatističke metode interpolacije, srednja kvadratna pogreška, Skradinski buk.

An ethnobotanical study was carried out in the sacred forests of Kaya Kauma in Kilifi county and Kaya Tsolokero in Junju location in Kenya between 21st January 2015 to 22nd February 2016. Ethnobotanical data on the knowledge of useful Indigenous Food Plants among the dwelling population in the villages around Kaya Kauma and Kaya Tsolokero were obtained from the using semi-structured questionnaire and interviews of the population in the homesteads around both the forests. The Food Plants included vegetables, fruit or any sort of food if they yield to the society. Results based on a questionnaire survey in 18 villages around Kaya Kauma and 9 villages around Kaya Tsolokero are presented by different stratum of Gender, Age, Tribes, Education level, Relationship to the village, Marital status. Usage of plant as food out of the population interviewed around Kaya Kauma and the total fruit plants mentioned by the villagers dwelling around the forest was 18 belonging to 9 different families. The total vegetable plants which were mentioned by the population around Kaya Kauma were 23 belonging to 12 different families. Other Food Plants mentioned by the community was 36. Out of the population interviewed around Kaya Tsolokero out of the Food Plants mentioned by the community, total fruit plants mentioned by the community was 46 belonging to 19 different families, total vegetable plants mentioned was 20 which belonged to 13 different families and other Food Plants mentioned by the community was 23. Out of the dwelling tribes around Kaya Kauma, Mkauma emerged as the most popular tribe and Mjibana as the most popular tribe around Kaya Tsolokero. The 18 adjoining villages to Kaya Kauma were interviewed for the survey and 9 adjoining villages were interviewed adjacent to Kaya Tsolokero.

Te objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional, mineral, and phytochemical analyses of some selected wild edible plants from Tach Gaint District, Northwest Ethiopia. Proximate composition parameters (moisture, ash, crude fbre, crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, and energy) were evaluated using the methods of the Association of Ofcial Analytical Chemists, and elemental analysis was performed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Results from the nutritional analysis show that Erucastrum abyssinicum leaves had the highest crude protein content (17.47 ± 0.03 g/100 g), followed by Amaranthus graecizans (14.97 ± 0.03 g/100 g). Te maximum moisture content (40.8 ± 0.00 g/100 g) and ash content (24.70 ± 0.15 g/100 g) were reported in the leaves of Amaranthus graecizans. Te young shoots of Rumex abyssinicus had the highest crude fat content (14.07 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and the highest fbre content (34.70 ± 0.25 g/100 g), while the fruits of Opuntia fcus-indica had the highest amount of utilisable carbohydrate (44.4 ± 0.00 g/100 g) and the estimated energy value (326.4 ± 0.00 Kcal/100 g). Calcium was detected in considerable proportions (754.9 ± 0.23 mg/100 g) followed by iron (31.63 ± 0.03 mg/100 g) in Urtica simensis leaves and zinc content (3.09 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) in young shoots of Rumex abyssinicus. Qualitative phytochemical screening, alkaloids, phenols, favonoids, triterpenes, saponins, and tannins were found in the methanolic extract of the plants. Te results of this study suggest that the consumption of such nutrient-rich wild edible plants could help add a remarkable amount of nutrient and mineral in the human diet.

Wild Edible Plants (WEPs) still play a vital role in the subsistence of many traditional communities, while they are receiving increasing recognition in tackling food security and nutrition at the international level. This paper reviews the use patterns of native WEPs in Chile and discusses their role as future crops and sources of food products. We conducted an extensive literature review by assessing their taxonomic diversity, life forms, consumption and preparation methods, types of use (traditional and modern), and nutritional properties. We found that 330 native species were documented as food plants, which represent 7.8% of the total flora of Chile. These species belong to 196 genera and 84 families. The most diverse families are Asteraceae (34), Cactaceae (21), Fabaceae (21), Solanaceae (20) and Apiaceae (19), and the richest genera in terms of number of species are Solanum (9), Ribes (8), Berberis (7), Hypochaeris (7) and Oxalis (6). Perennial herbs are the predominant life ...

Background Understanding how local communities perceive threats and management options of wild edible plants (WEPs) is essential in developing their conservation strategies and action plans. Due to their multiple use values, including nutrition, medicinal, construction, and cultural as well as biotic and abiotic pressures, WEPs are exposed to overexploitation, especially within arid and semiarid lands, and hence the need to manage and conserve them. We demonstrate how an understanding of indigenous communities' perceptions could be achieved through an integrated participatory approach involving focus group discussions (FGDs) and field plot surveys. Methods We conducted three FGDs between October 2020 and April 2021 within three community units in northwestern Kenya with different socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. We subsequently surveyed 240 field plots of size 1 ha each to assess threats facing WEPs within a 5 km buffer radius in every study community. We compared ranks of threats and management options across community units. Results Rankings of threats and management options differed across the three study communities. We obtained strong positive linear relationships between field and FGD rankings of threats facing WEPs. Climate change, overstocking, overharvesting, and invasive species were the highest-ranked threats. Mitigation of climate change, local knowledge preservation, selection, propagation, processing, and marketing of WEPs ranked high among possible management options irrespective of the socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the community unit. Conclusions Our approach emphasizes the relevance of leveraging indigenous communities' perceptions and conducting field plot surveys to assess threats and management options for WEPs. Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-benefit implications of implementing the highly ranked management options could help determine potentially suitable habitats of the WEPs for conservation and management purposes, especially for priority WEPs.

Background Understanding how local communities perceive threats and management options of wild edible plants (WEPs) is essential in developing their conservation strategies and action plans. Due to their multiple use values, including nutrition, medicinal, construction, and cultural as well as biotic and abiotic pressures, WEPs are exposed to overexploitation, especially within arid and semiarid lands, and hence the need to manage and conserve them. We demonstrate how an understanding of indigenous communities' perceptions could be achieved through an integrated participatory approach involving focus group discussions (FGDs) and field plot surveys. Methods We conducted three FGDs between October 2020 and April 2021 within three community units in northwestern Kenya with different socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. We subsequently surveyed 240 field plots of size 1 ha each to assess threats facing WEPs within a 5 km buffer radius in every study community. We compared ranks of threats and management options across community units. Results Rankings of threats and management options differed across the three study communities. We obtained strong positive linear relationships between field and FGD rankings of threats facing WEPs. Climate change, overstocking, overharvesting, and invasive species were the highest-ranked threats. Mitigation of climate change, local knowledge preservation, selection, propagation, processing, and marketing of WEPs ranked high among possible management options irrespective of the socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the community unit. Conclusions Our approach emphasizes the relevance of leveraging indigenous communities' perceptions and conducting field plot surveys to assess threats and management options for WEPs. Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-benefit implications of implementing the highly ranked management options could help determine potentially suitable habitats of the WEPs for conservation and management purposes, especially for priority WEPs.

Background: Ethnic groups throughout the world have developed their own cultures expressed in the form of customs, taboos and traditional healthcare systems. Traditional medicine system is one of the widespread cultures known throughout the world which is very much tied to cultural practices of the community or ethnic group. Medicinal plant treasure found in Gurage and Silti Zones remained poorly characterized and understood. Therefore, this study was conducted in four ethnic groups (viz. Gurage, Qebena, Mareqo and Silti) which have lived in close proximity and contact for many centuries in the two Zones. In the present study unique and shared cultural elements in connection to traditional herbal medicine were examined through investigation of the diversity of medicinal plants. Moreover, attempts have been made to determine similarities among the society in the medicinal plants they have used in general and in medicinal plant species considered culturally most important. Methods: In a study that involved 320 randomly samples informants semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation were used and qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Descriptive statistics, rank order priority (ROP), Jaccard similarity coefficient and clustering were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 244 medicinal plant species and a fungal species used to treat human and/or livestock ailments were documented. The number of plants (80 plants, 33 %) with ROP value greater than 50% is considerably smaller than that of plants with ROP < 50% (164, 67 %). Jaccard similarity index and clustering analysis for all cited plants, among the respective studied districts, indicated that grouping generally followed the existing ethnic origin. On the contrary, clustering based on culturally important medicinal plant species (80 plant species, score ROP ≥ 50%) showed the influence of proximity and geographical orientation rather than ethnic relation. Conclusions: Culturally most important plants (80 spp.) are widely used and best shared with nearby communities and this could imply current (new) knowledge being practiced in the community. This knowledge must be documented and better utilized in a modern way including modernized use of traditional medicinal plants.

Wild edible plants (WEPs) are the natural food source that can help to mitigate food insecurity and improve starvation in low income countries including Ethiopia. Despite the widespread use of WEPs in Ethiopia, studies on the nutritional contents of Ethiopian WEPs are limited. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the nutritional value (proximate, mineral, and vitamin C contents) of the most consumed seven wild edible plants collected from Lasta District, Northeastern Ethiopia. The nutritional parameters including proximate, macro and micronutrients, and also vitamin C contents of the selected seven wild edible plants were evaluated using standard food analysis methods (moisture by dry-oven method, ash by high-temperature incineration in an electric muffle furnace, fat by Soxhlet extraction procedure, protein by Kjeldahl process, minerals by Atomic absorption spectrometer and atomic emission spectrometry and vitamin C by using a spectrophotometer). One-way ANOVA was used...

The genus Thymus is one of the genera in the family Lamiaceae. In Ethiopia, it is represented by two endemic species namely Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi. The aims of this study were to identify the types of species from six geographically distant localities in Ethiopia, assess the ethnobotanical and socioeconomic information of these species in these localities and gather information about the current status and threatening factors of these species in the six localities. The plant specimens from these localities were authenticated by experts in the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University as Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi. The plants were rated by local informants as treatments for ailments like blood pressure (30.7%), general pain syndrome (10%), influenza (10%), abdominal pain (10%), ascariasis (2.9%), and intestinal parasites (2.9%). The informants rated the economic value of these plants as animal forage (71.5%), bee forage (71.5%), condiments (68%), and washing and fumigation (46%). According to the informants, the status of Thymus species is declining from time to time due to overgrazing (80.7%), agricultural expansion (64.2%), overharvesting (48.57%), uprooting during harvesting (14.2%), and lack of recognition (13.6%)

I am very grateful to my supervisors Profs Inger Nordal and Sebsebe Demissew for their consistent and stimulating advice, valuable suggestions, critical reading of the manuscripts and continuous interest throughout the research period. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Inger Nordal for her hospitality, in which I was welcomed to her home several times including my family and for taking me out of Oslo to visit interesting sites. I also wish to extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Sebsebe Demissew for patiently supervising me from the M.Sc. level to the present Ph.D dissertation.

Wild edible plants are vital for the survival and sustainable livelihoods of rural people of Ethiopia. Thus, this study compiled wild edible plants, their use, threats, and management practices in Metema District, northwestern Ethiopia. Eight sample kebeles were selected purposively based on vegetation coverage and key informants availability. A total of 128 informants were selected using purposive and random sampling techniques. Data were collected using individual interviews, guided field walks, focus group discussion, and market surveys through semistructured questionnaires. Ethnobotanical data collected from the informants were summarized by descriptive statistics, and further verified by using informant consensus, preference, and direct matrix ranking. Knowledge difference among age and sex groups was evaluated by independent sample t-test. A total of 44 wild edible plant species distributed in 34 genera and 25 families were documented. Most (88.64%) of these plant species were...

This paper features the composition of wild fruits, their exploitation and their potential contribution to improved food and nutritional security in three districts of the Amhara region of Ethiopia. Data were gathered through structured, semi-structured and key-informant interviews which were administered to the heads of 92 randomly chosen households. Focus group discussions and direct field explorations by the researchers were also undertaken. The results revealed that altogether 44 wild fruit species are available for use in the study areas. The fruits are rich in valuable nutrients and are accessible year-round with significant overlap at times of acute food and nutrient scarcity. Nevertheless, owing to the peoples' cereal-based dietary habits, cultural perceptions and attitudes, the current state of fruit utilization is very low. Consequently, the potential nutritional contribution of wild fruits to the people's diets remains largely unexploited. In order to remedy this situation, a wider and sustained acceptance of wild fruits as important dietary components must be fostered.

The study was conducted at Anbessa forest in Western Ethiopia with the objectives to make an assessment of plant diversity and plant community. A systematic sampling technique was used and a total of 30 sample plots each with 20 x 20 m were laid along the altitudinal gradient. A total of 118 plant species were identified which belong to 93 genera in 46 families. Out of which 14.41 % were Fabaceae (17 species), followed by Asteraceae 11.86 % (14 species), Poaceae 8.47 % (10 species) and Lamiaceae 5.93 % (seven species). Out of the 118 identified plant species, 33.05 % were trees, 11.86 % shrubs, 11.86 % climbers and the rest 43.22 % were herbs. The present study reported nine endemic plant species are present in Anbessa forest. Moreover, 29 plant species were recorded as new records for Wellega floristic region from Anbessa forest. Four plant communities were identified. In Anbessa forest Combretum collinum-Dombeya quinqueseta-Securidaca longepedunculata community was the most diverse community, whereas Oxytenanthera abyssinica-Combretum molle-Syzygium guineense subsp. macrocarpum community was the lease diverse with H′ 0.16. The result showed that, Anbessa forest can play a significant role in biodiversity conservation.

This work reviews literature on ethnobotanical knowledge of wild edible plants and their potential role in combating food insecurity in Ethiopia. Information on a total of 413 wild edible plants belonging to 224 genera and 77 families was compiled in this review. Shrubs represented 31% of species followed by trees (30%), herbs (29°/o) and climbers (9%). Families Fabaceae (35 species), Tiliaceae (20) and Capparidaceae (19) were found to be represented by the highest number of edible species. About 56% (233) of species have edibility reports from more than one community in Ethiopia. Fruits were reported as the commonly utilized edible part in 51% of species. It was found that studies on wild edible plants of Ethiopia cover only about 5% of the country's districts which indicates the need for more ethnobotanical research addressing all districts. Although there have been some attempts to conduct nutritional analyses of wild edible plants, available results were found to be insignificant when compared to the wild edible plant wealth of the country. Results also show that wild edible plants of Ethiopia are used as supplementary, seasonal or survival food sources in many cultural groups, and hence play a role in combating food insecurity. The presence of anthropogenic and environmental factors affecting the wild plant wealth of the country calls for immediate action so as to effectively document, produce a development plan and utilize the plants.

Wild edible plants are used as food and energy sources. However, their uses are not as the potential inherent in the resources. Balanites aegyptiaca is a multipurpose species in semiarid areas including Ethiopia. Hence, quantitative nutrition study in specific habitat is essential for sustainable use of the species. Composite fruits sample of B. aegyptiaca was collected from six areas of east Shewa, Ethiopia for nutrient analysis following standard laboratory procedure. The results reveal that the fruits are rich in P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Mg and Mn. The nutritional content varied (P<0.05) across land uses. Mean calculated energy value of lipids ranged from 0.09-027 kcal 4.2-7.68 for B. aegyptiaca and the total energy from carbohydrate was 342.2-354.24 kcal. Therefore, the fruit of B. aegyptiaca is promising in terms of nutrient content to human's diet diversification. It is a valuable species particularly during dry season for coping and adapting to climate variability/change. In spite of the promising potential, the nutritional contribution of this species to the people's diet remained underutilized. Therefore, the utilization of B. aegyptiaca is justified to be considered for integration in dryland agrobiodiversity systems and nutrition research to enhance the contribution to the diet of people and enhance its sustainable utilization.

Nutritional analyses of food have mainly focused on determining the nutritional composition. Few concentrate on their nutritional value. This study provisionally classified ten wild edible fruits (WEF) growing in the Teso sub region in eastern Uganda by their nutritional value. Fruit pulps of Carissa spinarum, Saba comorensis, Sclerocarya birrea. Flacourtia indica, Vitex doniana, Strychnos spinosa Ximenia americana, Vangueria infausta, Vitellaria paradoxa and Physalis minima were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition, and their recommended dietary allowance (RDA) per 100g calculated. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HLA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were used to classify the fruits based on their nutrient compositions. Nutrient density profiling was used to evaluate the nutritional value using the Nutrient Food Index (NFI). The HLA returned two and three clusters at linkage distances of <25 and 15 respectively, showing that these clusters were nutritionally distinct from each other. The PCA returned five components which accounted for 86.27% of the variability in the nutritional composition. The variability in Principle Component I was explained primarily by differences in moisture, total energy and total carbohydrates and that in Principle Component 2 mainly by dissimilarities in amounts of Zn and Fe. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) generated three Canonical Discriminant Functions (CDF), the first of which explained 99.2% of the total variation of the clusters with total carbohydrate and potassium content as the major contributors (Wilks' lambda: Λ = 0.173 and 0.041 for carbohydrates and potassium respectively). The nutrient density profiles had F. indica and P. minima as the top-ranked with their overall nutritional values largely contributed by protein, potassium and dietary fibre. These results suggest that classification of WEF based on nutritional composition is possible, and these could be used in their promotion among communities in public health and nutrition education.

Background: Wild edible plants are valuable resources for improving food and nutritional security. Besides, they may provide important health benefits since the health-promoting components of plant-based foods usually exist at higher levels in wild plants. As a result, they are being sought as under-exploited potential sources of a health-promoting diet or a possible strategy to develop novel foods. In such exploration, ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal data offer a fundamental step. The present study provides ethnomedicinal data on Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf (Capparidaceae). Methods: The ethnomedicinal data was collected from the Kunama ethnics of northern Ethiopia via focus group discussion and oral interview. Supporting ethnobotanical data from relevant literature was also compiled and systematically reviewed. Results: The results show that M. subcordata tuber is used by the Kunamas to manage malaria, malaria symptoms (fever, pain, gastrointestinal disorders), and seasonal cough while leaves are used for wound healing. In east Africa, its triple potential use as water purifying agent, food item, and herbal medicine was specified. As a herbal medicine, the tuber is used to manage a wide range of disorders including pain, infections, wounds, diabetes, blood pressure, and loss of appetite. Its use as laxative and abortifacient was also indicated. Leaves are used to treat wounds and ophthalmic and respiratory problems. As a food item, fruits are eaten during times of both food scarcity and food abundance while the tuber is used as a famine food. Conclusion: In East Africa, M. subcordata represents a wild food and medicinal plant, which may be developed into a functional food.

SAŽETAK. Današnja suvremena tehnologija omogućava integraciju različitih mjernih uređaja u jedinstveni sustav čime se nastoje dobiti točne i pouzdane informacije o ekonomičnoj cijeni. Korištenjem današnjih tehnika mjerenja dobivaju se vrlo obuhvatne količine numeričkih podataka o prostoru koje se trebaju naknadno obraditi i interpretirati. U ovom radu dan je prikaz mogućnosti današnje tehnologije, metodologija izmjere, obrade i interpretacije podataka na iskopu šljunka jezera Cirkovljan. Naglasak je na kvaliteti izračuna volumena izvađenog materijala, što je krajnji cilj izmjere.

Wild edible fruit tree and shrub species refer to species that are neither cultivated nor domesticated, but are available from their wild natural habitat and used as sources of food. The study was conducted to identify and document wild edible fruit tree and shrub species and to record indigenous knowledge and skill of rural communities regarding the management and utilization of wild edible fruit tree/shrub species in Adola Rede and Odo Shakiso Midland Districts of Guji Zone, in Southern Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical data was collected using key informant interview, semi-structured interviews and guided field observations. A total of 60 respondents were selected from the two study Districts by means of simple random sampling methods. A total of 36 wild edible fruit tree and shrub species were identified and documented. Out of them 72.2% of the species were tree species and the remaining 27.8% were shrub species. These species were distributed in 26 different families. Moraceae family contained the highest number of species with 4 species, Anacardiacea and Rutaceae families have 3 species followed by Flacourtiaceae, Rubiaceae and Astracea families represented by 2 species each. The other remaining 20 families were represented by one species each. Carissa spinarum, Syzygium guineense, Flacourtia indica, Rosa abbysinica, Cordia africana, Rytigynia neglecta and Ficus sur were found to be the most preferred wild edible fruit tree and shrub species of the study area respectively. Wild edible fruit tree and shrub species of the study Districts were mainly harvested year round, in dry and wet seasons and the most frequent gatherers were children and youngsters. The identified Wild edible fruit tree/shrub species of the study Districts often developed naturally in the wild and local communities of the area were used in situ management practice. Some of the Wild edible fruit tree and shrub species of the study area such as Syzygium guineense, Flacourtia indica, Physalis peruviana, Haplocoelum foliolosum and Myrica salicifolia were sold in the local markets of the study Districts to support household incomes. The present study found that Wild edible fruit tree/shrub species in the study area were threatened by anthropogenic factors including agricultural expansions, cutting for construction, un controlled fire setting, cutting for fuel wood and timber production. The output of a direct matrix ranking exercise showed that, Flacourtia indica, Cordia africana, Syzygium guineense, Ficus thonningii, Carissa spinarum and Rytigynia neglecta were the most threated Wild edible fruit tree/shrub species. Therefore, along with sustainable utilization and conservation of the existing wild edible fruit tree/ shrub species of the study area, priority should be given on urgent collection, domestication, propagation and cultivation of the most threatened wild edible fruit tree and shrub species of the study Districts.

The present study was conducted to identify and document WEPs of the study area and the associated ethnobotanical knowledge of local communities of Liben and Wadera Districts of Guji Zone, in Southern Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical data were collected using key informant interview, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, guided field observations and local market surveys. A total of 60 respondents were selected for semi-structured interviews by means of simple random sampling methods. A total of 54 wild edible plant species belonging to 45 genera and 32 families were identified and documented. The growth habits of the identified WEPs of the study area were trees (57.4%), shrubs (29.6%), herbaceous (9.3%) and climbers (3.7%). The frequently WEPs parts used of the study Districts were found to be fruits (87%), tubers (9%), roots (2%) and root barks (2%) respectively. In terms of indigenous knowledge on WEPs with respect to the age of the respondents, the older have high indigenous knowledge on the WEPs names, uses and plant parts used but the youngest have very little indigenous knowledge on WEPs. Based on the findings of this study, the species preference is difference among the two study Districts. Therefore, Syzygium guineense, Pappea capensis, Carissa spinarum, Cordia africana and Rytigynia neglecta were the preferred WEPs of Wadera District. While, Mimusops kummel, Carissa spinarum, Rhus natalensis, Pappea capensis and Grewia bicolor were the preferred WEPs of the Liben District. WEPs of the study Districts are mainly harvested and consumed during dry season, wet season and year round and the most frequent gatherers are children and youngsters. Based on the market surveys conducted in the two study Districts, fruits of four WEPs such as Mimusops kummel, Syzygium guineense, Ficus sur and Flacourtia indica were reported to be sold and can provide additional income to the local communities. The present study found that WEPs in the study area were threatened by anthropogenic factors including expansions of agricultural land, fuel wood collection, un controlled fire setting, timber production, cutting for construction and over grazing. Therefore, along with sustainable utilization and conservation of the existing WEPs of the study area, priority should be given on urgent collection, domestication and cultivation of the most threatened WEPs such as Cordia africana, Mimusops kummel, Syzygium guineense, Carissa spinarum and Pappea capensis.

An ethnobotanical study was carried out in the sacred forests of Kaya Kauma in Kilifi county and Kaya Tsolokero in Junju location in Kenya between 21st January 2015 to 22nd February 2016. Ethnobotanical data on the knowledge of useful Indigenous Food Plants among the dwelling population in the villages around Kaya Kauma and Kaya Tsolokero were obtained from the using semi-structured questionnaire and interviews of the population in the homesteads around both the forests. The Food Plants included vegetables, fruit or any sort of food if they yield to the society. Results based on a questionnaire survey in 18 villages around Kaya Kauma and 9 villages around Kaya Tsolokero are presented by different stratum of Gender, Age, Tribes, Education level, Relationship to the village, Marital status. Usage of plant as food out of the population interviewed around Kaya Kauma and the total fruit plants mentioned by the villagers dwelling around the forest was 18 belonging to 9 different families. The total vegetable plants which were mentioned by the population around Kaya Kauma were 23 belonging to 12 different families. Other Food Plants mentioned by the community was 36. Out of the population interviewed around Kaya Tsolokero out of the Food Plants mentioned by the community, total fruit plants mentioned by the community was 46 belonging to 19 different families, total vegetable plants mentioned was 20 which belonged to 13 different families and other Food Plants mentioned by the community was 23. Out of the dwelling tribes around Kaya Kauma, Mkauma emerged as the most popular tribe and Mjibana as the most popular tribe around Kaya Tsolokero. The 18 adjoining villages to Kaya Kauma were interviewed for the survey and 9 adjoining villages were interviewed adjacent to Kaya Tsolokero.