Gain Enhancement

A rectangular microstrip patch antenna including a rectangular defective ground structure (DGS) is introduced to simultaneously enhance gain, bandwidth, and return loss while reducing antenna dimensions. This small antenna is engineered for 5.8 GHz applications, functioning throughout the frequency spectrum of 5.62 to 5.94 GHz. The design was executed on a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3, utilizing a microstrip line feed. The dimensions of the antenna are 31.75×28 ×1.6 mm³. The design approach utilized computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio simulation software. The antenna attains resonance at 5.8 GHz, providing an initial bandwidth of 270 MHz and a return loss of-26 dB. A rectangular DGS was implemented to boost performance, yielding a 21.89% increase in bandwidth to 323 MHz and substantially enhancing the return loss from-23 dB to-47 dB. The gain increased from 3.95 dBi to 5.10 dBi, indicating a 30% enhancement, while sustaining an efficiency of around 83% at the resonant frequency. The antenna was constructed, and experimental measurements of parameters including gain and return loss closely matched the computer results.

This paper proposes multiband antenna-based Metamaterial (MTM) for beam splitting and gains improvement. Here, the focus is on developing the smart antenna using a Metamaterial Superstrate technique for modern wireless applications. The proposed antenna consists of two patches, the first one has a square shape placed on a Taconic FR-30 substrate, followed by the second patch constructed as a meander ring with two stubs for increasing the generated frequency bands. At the end of the design process, the proposed patch seems U-shaped to ensure the antenna beam is splitting at the desired frequency bands. In addition, the capacitive coupling is used for exciting the second patch, whereas the first patch is excited by conduction with a 50 Ω discrete port. Furthermore, a metasurface layer is designed and mounted on the second patch as a superstrate to increase the antenna gain toward the boresight direction. The results show a maximum gain of 8 dBi at 4.2 GHz with maximum dimensions of 108 × 108 mm2. Moreover, this antenna operates at additional frequency bands (2.6 GHz, 4.2 GHz, and 5.6 GHz), with a minimum reflection coefficient of-16.8 dB,-12.3 dB, and-30.6 dB, respectively. The proposed antenna is designed and analyzed using the CST MWS simulator.

We present a theoretical investigation of the hyperfine structure of the 5s5d 3 D 2 -5s4f 3 F o 2,3 transitions in In ii. Earlier work has failed in determining hyperfine constants for the upper levels of these transitions. We show that this is due to strong off-diagonal hyperfine interaction, which not only changes the position of the individual hyperfine lines, but also introduces large intensity redistributions among the different hyperfine levels. We present hyperfine dependent gf-values and show that off-diagonal hyperfine interaction reduces some of the gf-values by two orders of magnitude, while others are increased by up to more than a factor of 6. We also discuss the influence on the hyperfine structure of an accurate representation of the level-splitting of the 5s4f configuration. We show that the hyperfine interaction in 3 F o 3 and 1 F o 3 is very hard to determine accurately even in a large scale calculation and we derive a semi-empirical method for adjusting our results using an experimentally known, diagonal hyperfine constant for 5s4f 1 F o 3 . The resulting theoretical synthetic spectra reproduces the experimental to high accuracy and facilitate identification of all observed lines.

This paper presents a systematic methodology for enhancing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) performance at 1.3 GHz for Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television broadcasting systems. Through the integration of slot-loaded patch geometries, substrate optimization, and array configurations, the proposed design achieves an 8.1 dBi gain and a 108 MHz bandwidth, representing improvements of 30% and 50% respectively, over conventional designs [1,2]. The approach combines analytical
modeling in MATLAB with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and is validated through precision measurements of fabricated prototypes. Key innovations include the implementation of a U-shaped slot for multi-resonant operation (∆ f = 45 MHz per iteration),
strategic selection of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and a 1 × 4 phased array configuration incorporating a defected ground structure (DGS) [5]. Experimental verification demonstrates 82% radiation efficiency and −22 dB cross-polarization isolation, fulfilling PAL-TV specifications while maintaining compact dimensions (58 × 58 × 1.6 mm) [6,7]. MATLAB and CST simulations analyze the antenna’s performance, including the reflection coefficient (S11) [11,12]. The optimized MPA achieves
a gain of 8 dBi with a bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, aligning with the operational requirements of PAL TV applications [3,13]. Future work will explore adaptive configurations and alternative substrate materials. [14,15].

This research investigates the application of frequency selective surface
(FSS) reflectors to enhance vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication
performance. A compact antenna measuring 32×24×1.6 mm, derived from
an FSS 10×10×1.6 mm unit cell, was studied. Integration of FSS technology with the antenna resulted in significant performance improvements. The gain increased from 3.9 to 5.4 dB at 5.9 GHz, representing a 1.5-fold enhancement. Additionally, the bandwidth extended to 230.94 MHz. These advancements demonstrate the efficacy of FSS technology for antenna gain enhancement in V2V systems. The compact design, coupled with improved performance, makes this approach particularly suitable for vehicular applications where space is limited. This study not only showcases the potential of FSS technology in antenna design but also suggests its broader applicability in enhancing V2V communication systems, potentially contributing to the development of more efficient and safer transportation networks.

An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

In the recent era of wireless communication, Microstrip antenna (MSA) is hot research topic attracting attentions of many researchers. But MSAs have few foremost drawbacks viz narrow impedance Axial Ratio Bandwidth (A.R.BW), low gain and power handling capability. To overcome these drawbacks, novel hybridization method is proposed. A hybridization method includes array method, parasitic patch on superstrate cover and multi stacking instead of the conventional superstrate cover. To achieve the high efficiency, air is used as dielectric medium between feed patch and ground plane as well as between superstrate and feed patch. Due to low cost, availability and ease of fabrication FR4 material is used as superstrate. Proposed system is implemented using FR4 and the results of simulation clearly indicate parametric variations for the various hybrid methods.

We present a practical implementation of a leakywave thinned phased array in printed circuit board (PCB) technology. In this paper, we demonstrate that a reduction of the grating lobes, and therefore an improved gain in a thinned phased array, with respect to standard solutions, is achieved by virtue of the angular filtering introduced by a leaky-wave cavity in the far field. The presented array is designed in PCB and integrated with an inductive partial reflective surface. A full study of the performances of the 7×7 phased array antenna for several scanning angles and frequencies is presented. This paper shows an improved gain, directivity, grating lobe level, back lobe level, beam efficiency, and active reflection coefficient with respect to a reference solution based on 2 × 2 subarrays. The results are validated via the measurements of a 3 × 3 array prototype.

In this paper, an open ring microstrip resonator used as central resonant element for spectral signature based on chipless RFID tag, is proposed. It has been established a coding through the relation between bits and resonant frequencies, these resonances can be inhibited by changing relative position between ring gap position and excitation port. A 3-bit tag is designed and fabricated using a single open ring resonator on an area of 20x20 mm 2 • Experimental evidences of the prototype behaviour are showing an excellent agreement with the electromagnetic simulated response. Finally, a strategy for the miniaturization of the structure is proposed.

In this paper we have proposed to do comparative study of circular patch antenna (CPA) and elliptical patch antenna (EPA) using Nylon fabric and Quartz substrates at fixed resonating frequency of 5GHz using co-axial probe feed technique. The simulation analysis was done by using Zealand IE3D software. The antenna parameters compared in this paper are (Return Loss), Gain, Antenna Efficiency, 2D radiation pattern, the impedance or percentage bandwidth. The proposed antenna can be used for Wi-Fi application.

Pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan penelitian mengenai peningkatan gain antena mikrostrip lingkaran. Antena ini beroperasi pada frekuensi 2,35 GHz yang merupakan alokasi untuk aplikasi Long Term Evolution (LTE) yang memiliki bandwidth 54 MHz pada return loss (S 11) =-14 dB atau saat VSWR < 1,5 dB. Nilai gain, return loss, dan karakteristik radiasi antena ini akan dibandingkan dengan antena mikrostrip lingkaran konvensional. Total peningkatan gain yang diperoleh sebesar 2 dB, dengan penempatan front-end parasitik subtrat. Jarak antara patch dengan front-parasitik (H 1) dioptimasi untuk memaksimalkan kopling elektromagnetik dan lobe utama antena. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan penambahan end-parasitik, jarak antara ground dan end-parasitik (H 2) dioptimasi untuk meminimalkan back lobe antena. Desain antena ini sangat potensial dipergunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi.

ABSTRACTIn this article, the effect of an irregular‐fractal slot added to a radiating square patch of an ultrawideband (UWB) printed antenna is studied. The fractal complex‐shaped slot was generated randomly by applying the Cellular‐Automata technique. Analysis of both simulated and measured results dealing with the impedance matching, surface currents, gain, and radiation patterns shows three different behaviors: improvement, mismatching, or rejection of one or two bands, depending on the shape and position of the slot. It is found also that the gain of the UWB‐antenna can be enhanced for some particular shaped slots. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2506–2514, 2015

This article reviews the design and analysis of various antenna structures providing high gain and efficiency in different frequency bands according to the required area of application. The wideband microstrip antenna (MSA) is used in most of the structure obtained by using the principle of stacking i.e. multilayer structure. By using the parasitic patches the gain and efficiency of the MSA are increased. The antenna with 5 X 5 array of square parasitic patches provides a gain of 18.0 dB with 92% efficiency, SLL of-18.4 dB, and front to back lobe ratio of more than 20dB in 5.725-5.875 GHz frequency band. The similar another structure with some modifications provides a gain of 22.7 dB with 92% efficiency, SLL of-22.3 dB and front to back lobe ratio of more than 20 dB in the similar frequency band. The antenna providing 17.8dB gain with gain variation of <1.5 dB over 5.725-5.875GHz is also studied. The antenna structure also provides more than 80% efficiency, SLL <-18 dB and front to back lobe ratio > 22 dB. In the frequency range of 5.725-6.4GHz an antenna structure providing an antenna efficiency of 76.93% and gain of 16.54dBi is analyzed.

This article reviews the design and analysis of various antenna structures providing high gain and efficiency in different frequency bands according to the required area of application. The wideband microstrip antenna (MSA) is used in most of the structure obtained by using the principle of stacking i.e. multilayer structure. By using the parasitic patches the gain and efficiency of the MSA are increased. The antenna with 5 X 5 array of square parasitic patches provides a gain of 18.0 dB with 92% efficiency, SLL of -18.4 dB, and front to back lobe ratio of more than 20dB in 5.725–5.875 GHz frequency band. The similar another structure with some modifications provides a gain of 22.7 dB with 92% efficiency, SLL of -22.3 dB and front to back lobe ratio of more than 20 dB in the similar frequency band. The antenna providing 17.8dB gain with gain variation of &lt;1.5 dB over 5.725-5.875GHz is also studied. The antenna structure also provides more than 80% efficiency, SLL &lt; -18 dB and ...

Antena merupakan perangkat telekomunikasi yang sangat penting dalam proses penerimaan dan pengiriman sinyal informasi. Operator telekomunikasi di Indonesia telah meluncurkan teknologi telekomunikasi 5G yang dapat melayani berbagai kebutuhan masyarakat. Untuk memenuhi semua kebutuhan layanan tersebut, diperlukan antena multiple input multiple output (MIMO) conformal yang memiliki bandwidth lebar dan gain yang tinggi. Akan tetapi, sebuah antena MIMO konvensional memiliki bandwidth yang sempit dan gain yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja broadband antena dengan menggunakan material artifisial dielektrik dan defected ground structure. Antena dirancang pada frekuensi 26 GHz dengan bandwidth di atas 500 MHz dan gain lebih tinggi dari 5 dBi. Penggunaan material dielektrik artifisial dilakukan dengan cara menyisipkan strip konduktor pada substrat antena, sedangkan penggunaan defected ground structure yaitu sebuah metoda pencacatan ground yang dapat memberikan dampak bandwidth yang lebih lebar. Berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan aplikasi CST Microwave didapatkan hasil parameter antena MIMO dengan artifisial dielektrik dan defected ground structure berupa gain sebesar 5,59 dBi, bandwidth sebesar 5,12 GHz, dan return loss pada frekuensi tengah sebesar 39,81 dB.

We report extensive relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations of oscillator strengths and hyperfine structures for a large number of electric dipole transitions in In II. Results for the 5s 2 1 S 0-5s5p 3 P o 0 hyperfine induced transition are also presented. Core polarization is accounted for by means of explicit CI. To describe spin-polarization effects configuration state functions obtained by single excitations from all core-shells are included in the expansions. The computed oscillator strength for the 5s 2 1 S 0-5s5p 3 P o 1 intercombination transition is in good agreement with laser spectroscopy measurements of In + ions in a radio-frequency trap. The calculated magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction constants agree very well with experimental constants derived from Fourier transform spectra. The problem with offdiagonal interactions affecting the hyperfine structures in closely spaced finestructure levels is discussed.

In this paper, a novel dual-polarized embroidered textile antenna array with an omnidirectional radiation pattern is proposed for both on-and off-body wearable applications. The flexible antenna is composed of a group of circularly oriented dual-polarized patch antennas excited with uniform amplitude and phase. The antenna array can be wrapped around a cylinder, such as an arm or a leg, for realizing a quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuthal plane, which is highly desirable in both on-body and off-body wearable applications. The operating principles and design consideration for how to achieve the omni-directional radiation and how to avoid radiation nulls are investigated in detail. Moreover, these analytical studies are verified through experimental results. In addition, a dual orthogonal polarization capability is employed to improve the link reliability. Due to the high front-to-back ratio (FBR) exhibited by each patch antenna element, the proposed omni-directional antenna array also features a low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and high efficiency, which are extremely important for wearable applications. As a proof-of-concept, an antenna array prototype operating at 5.8 GHz is designed, fabricated, and tested. Measured results agree reasonably well with the simulations in terms of S-parameters, polarization isolation, and radiation patterns, demonstrating that the proposed antenna array is ideally suited for potential wearable applications.

Pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan penelitian mengenai peningkatan gain antena mikrostrip lingkaran. Antena ini beroperasi pada frekuensi 2,35 GHz yang merupakan alokasi untuk aplikasi Long Term Evolution (LTE) yang memiliki bandwidth 54 MHz pada return loss (S 11) =-14 dB atau saat VSWR < 1,5 dB. Nilai gain, return loss, dan karakteristik radiasi antena ini akan dibandingkan dengan antena mikrostrip lingkaran konvensional. Total peningkatan gain yang diperoleh sebesar 2 dB, dengan penempatan front-end parasitik subtrat. Jarak antara patch dengan front-parasitik (H 1) dioptimasi untuk memaksimalkan kopling elektromagnetik dan lobe utama antena. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan penambahan end-parasitik, jarak antara ground dan end-parasitik (H 2) dioptimasi untuk meminimalkan back lobe antena. Desain antena ini sangat potensial dipergunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi.

In this paper, a high gain, low side lobe level Fabry Perot Cavity antenna with feed patch array is proposed. The antenna structure consists of a microstrip antenna array, which is parasitically coupled with an array of square parasitic patches fabricated on a FR4 superstrate. The patches are fabricated at the bottom of superstrate and suspended in air with the help of dielectric rods at 0.5λ 0 height. Constant high gain is obtained by resonating parasitic patches at near close frequencies in 5.725-5.875 GHz ISM band. The structure with 9 × 9 square parasitic patches with 1.125λ 0 spacing between feed elements is fabricated on 5λ 0 × 5λ 0 square ground. The fabricated structure provides gain of 21.5 dBi associated with side lobe level less than −25 dB, cross polarization less than −26 dB and front to back lobe ratio of more than 26 dB. The measured gain variation is less than 1 dB and VSWR is less than 2 over 5.725-5.875 GHz ISM band. The proposed structures are good candidates for base station cellular systems, satellite systems, and point-to-point links.

In this article, the effect of an irregular-fractal slot added to a radiating square patch of an ultrawideband (UWB) printed antenna is studied. The fractal complex-shaped slot was generated randomly by applying the Cellular-Automata technique. Analysis of both simulated and measured results dealing with the impedance matching, surface currents, gain, and radiation patterns shows three different behaviors: improvement, mismatching, or rejection of one or two bands, depending on the shape and position of the slot. It is found also that the gain of the UWB-antenna can be enhanced for some particular shaped slots.

The development of fifth-generation cellular technology, commonly referred to as &quot;5G&quot; networks, is believed to be able to maximize data speed access needs. In order to maximize the utilization of the existing 5G network in Indonesia, Telkomsel providers are using a frequency of 2.3 GHz with a bandwidth of 50 MHz. So we need an antenna amplifier that is easy to fabricate and place anywhere to maximize the signal capture range. A microstrip antenna is a suitable antenna for this amplifier. The advantage of this antenna is that it has a light mass and is easy to fabricate. while the drawbacks come in the form of narrow bandwidth and small gains. Therefore, an antenna design with an artificial substrate and array technique was made to overcome this. The design of this microstrip antenna was made in the CST Studio Suite 2019. The design was carried out by entering the antenna dimension values to be simulated and seeing the parameters; if they are not suitable, then they need to...

Pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan penelitian mengenai peningkatan gain antena mikrostrip lingkaran. Antena ini beroperasi pada frekuensi 2,35 GHz yang merupakan alokasi untuk aplikasi Long Term Evolution (LTE) yang memiliki bandwidth 54 MHz pada return loss (S 11) =-14 dB atau saat VSWR < 1,5 dB. Nilai gain, return loss, dan karakteristik radiasi antena ini akan dibandingkan dengan antena mikrostrip lingkaran konvensional. Total peningkatan gain yang diperoleh sebesar 2 dB, dengan penempatan front-end parasitik subtrat. Jarak antara patch dengan front-parasitik (H 1) dioptimasi untuk memaksimalkan kopling elektromagnetik dan lobe utama antena. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan penambahan end-parasitik, jarak antara ground dan end-parasitik (H 2) dioptimasi untuk meminimalkan back lobe antena. Desain antena ini sangat potensial dipergunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi.

A high security chipless RFID tag designed using E shaped resonator is presented in this paper. The tag identity is encoded using Frequency Shift Coding technique. 144 different code words are possible in 2.78 to 3.85 GHz band using two E shaped resonators. The tag identity can be decoded from either amplitude or group delay information. The resonators are designed and fabricated on substrate C-MET LK4.3 of dielectric constant 4.3 and loss tangent 0.0018. Different tag combinations are designed and tested using bistatic measurement setup. Measurement results on realized prototypes are provided to ensure the reliability of the proposed design.

4G LTE Technology is the fourth-generation standard of mobile communication technology. One of the mobile communication technologies that support 4G LTE technology is the microstrip antenna. This final project aims to design a Circular patch microstrip antenna that covers band 1, 3, and 40 of 4G LTE Frequency (1710 MHz-2400 MHz). The antenna has a weakness, which is narrowband. The application of a partial ground plane technique on the antenna is proposed to overcome the narrowband. The partial ground plane technique is one of the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) applications by reducing the dimension of the ground plane. The substrate used in this design is the type FR4 Epoxy with the dielectric constant 4.4 and a thickness of 1.67 mm. The Antena is designed and simulated by using HFSS 13.0. The antenna has a dimension of 66 mm x 120 mm x 1.67 mm. The simulation results at the center frequency of 2055 MHz shows the return loss of-14.3796 dB, VSWR of 1.4723, and gain of 1.5529 dBi. The bandwidth achieves 1260 MHz on the frequency range of 1630-2890 MHz, where covers frequency bands 1, 3 and 40 4G LTE. The application of the partial ground plane technique increases the antenna bandwidth.

Pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan penelitian mengenai peningkatan gain antena mikrostrip lingkaran. Antena ini beroperasi pada frekuensi 2,35 GHz yang merupakan alokasi untuk aplikasi Long Term Evolution (LTE) yang memiliki bandwidth 54 MHz pada return loss (S 11) =-14 dB atau saat VSWR < 1,5 dB. Nilai gain, return loss, dan karakteristik radiasi antena ini akan dibandingkan dengan antena mikrostrip lingkaran konvensional. Total peningkatan gain yang diperoleh sebesar 2 dB, dengan penempatan front-end parasitik subtrat. Jarak antara patch dengan front-parasitik (H 1) dioptimasi untuk memaksimalkan kopling elektromagnetik dan lobe utama antena. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan penambahan end-parasitik, jarak antara ground dan end-parasitik (H 2) dioptimasi untuk meminimalkan back lobe antena. Desain antena ini sangat potensial dipergunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi.

In this article, the effect of an irregular-fractal slot added to a radiating square patch of an ultrawideband (UWB) printed antenna is studied. The fractal complex-shaped slot was generated randomly by applying the Cellular-Automata technique. Analysis of both simulated and measured results dealing with the impedance matching, surface currents, gain, and radiation patterns shows three different behaviors: improvement, mismatching, or rejection of one or two bands, depending on the shape and position of the slot. It is found also that the gain of the UWB-antenna can be enhanced for some particular shaped slots.

This paper proposes a new analysis of the transmission coefficient at normal incidence for 2-D periodic crystals (also called Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures), which are finite in the direction of wave-propagation and are composed of metallic wires. The crystal is considered as a set of parallel Partially Reflecting Surfaces (PRSs), whose transmission and reflection characteristics are obtained rigorously using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The transmission coefficient of the EBG structure is then obtained by using a plane-wave cascading approach considering single mode interactions between PRSs. The accuracy of the results given by the hybrid method is assessed compared to those obtained directly by the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The minima and maxima envelops and the resonance frequencies of the transmission coefficient are studied, with analytical expressions, for both, excitation from outside and excitation from inside. A discussion is also presented concerning the strength of the coefficient greater than one obtained when the plane-wave source is inside the EBG structure. In addition, by using a transmission line model, a normalized version for this coefficient is proposed, which considers the available power by the source.

A multi-functional microstrip compact antenna capable of steering the main beam to eight different directions in the elevation plane is conferred in this study. The compact antenna consists of a driven patch of to bring in the resonance to , for achieving enormous application in european radar service under Wi-MAX band. The conductive layer on the superstrate deflect the beam with an angle corresponding to the position of superstrate on parasitic layer, without considering complex phase shifters and associated circuits. Proper alignment of superstrate results maximum scanning angle ofwithof deflection angle. The directivity of the antenna is enhanced by manipulating the parameters of the superstrate. The gain of the antenna was improved up to  and the efficiency is improved up to  using engineered superstrate. The full-wave simulation as well as analytical study was done using the IE3D EM simulator.