Goat Milk

This study attempts to describe the semi-extensive goat farming sector in Andalusia (south of Spain) and to establish characteristics. Eighty-nine goat farmers were surveyed in three areas of this region. The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. A multivariate analysis (multiple correspondence and cluster) was used to determine the different farm characteristics. Most of the goat farms studied are single-worker or family managed. The farmers lack training and are elderly, so that continuity of the activity is not assured, although newcomers are usually young. All the farms have some area in ownership, although the farms most specialized in dairy goat products are the smallest in both ownership and total area. The roads are generally in good condition, except on farms with little land, situated in areas of the sierra. Machine-milking installations, closely related to the presence of infrastructures and of goats with a dairy tendency, are generally lacking, (this aspect is improving day by day). Artificial nursing is less generalized than machine-milking. Farms specializing in milk production, whose main activity is dairy goat farming, have dairy specialized breed or crossbred (milk and meat) goats. Feeding depends largely on grazing, with little area being cultivated to produce feed for the goats. Little distinction is made for the production level. Olive or acorn tree branches (Quercus ilex spp.) are used as feedstuff, depending on the types of tree predominating in the area. Five farm types were established, the differences depending on 14 variables of socio-economic aspects, level of production, infrastructure and installations, and feeding. Generated information from this study entails an advance into knowledge of goat farming systems in the Mediterranean area (where little information is generated). The relevance of this study is important since Andalusia has 40% of goats in Spain that produce more than half of the total goat milk in the country, which points out the socio-economical importance for most depressed areas in the region. This work supposes previous steps for improving the semi-extensive goat farming sector. From a methodological point of view, the discussion on variable types and utility establishes farm type characteristics.

This study attempts to describe the semi-extensive goat farming sector in Andalusia (south of Spain) and to establish characteristics. Eighty-nine goat farmers were surveyed in three areas of this region. The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. A multivariate analysis (multiple correspondence and cluster) was used to determine the different farm characteristics. Most of the goat farms studied are single-worker or family managed. The farmers lack training and are elderly, so that continuity of the activity is not assured, although newcomers are usually young. All the farms have some area in ownership, although the farms most specialized in dairy goat products are the smallest in both ownership and total area. The roads are generally in good condition, except on farms with little land, situated in areas of the sierra. Machine-milking installations, closely related to the presence of infrastructures and of goats with a dairy tendency, are generally lacking, (this aspect is improving day by day). Artificial nursing is less generalized than machine-milking. Farms specializing in milk production, whose main activity is dairy goat farming, have dairy specialized breed or crossbred (milk and meat) goats. Feeding depends largely on grazing, with little area being cultivated to produce feed for the goats. Little distinction is made for the production level. Olive or acorn tree branches (Quercus ilex spp.) are used as feedstuff, depending on the types of tree predominating in the area. Five farm types were established, the differences depending on 14 variables of socio-economic aspects, level of production, infrastructure and installations, and feeding. Generated information from this study entails an advance into knowledge of goat farming systems in the Mediterranean area (where little information is generated). The relevance of this study is important since Andalusia has 40% of goats in Spain that produce more than half of the total goat milk in the country, which points out the socio-economical importance for most depressed areas in the region. This work supposes previous steps for improving the semi-extensive goat farming sector. From a methodological point of view, the discussion on variable types and utility establishes farm type characteristics.

The aim of this study was the determination of lactoferrin in goat milk using HPLC method. Milk samples were collected at a goat farm in the South Moravia Region, the Czech Republic. It were established bulk tank samples of raw milk (n = 24) and pasteurised milk (n = 27) that were collected during lactation. Lactoferrin contents were analysed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with diode-array detector PDA 2996. Detection was carried out at the wavelength 205 nm. The average concentration of lactoferrin in goat milk was 120 ± 18 µg/ml. The lactoferrin content was increasing within the lactation period in the ranges of 98 ± 170 µg/ml in April to 149 ± 19 µg/ml in November. The heat treatment (pasteurisation at 72°C for 20 s) resulted in no significant effect on the lactoferrin content. No statistically significant differences (P = 0.05) were found between the values of raw and pasteurised goat milk.

The aim of this study was to monitor the impact of heat treatment variables on the freezing point of cow and goat milk. The freezing point (FP) was established in 30 bulk tank samples of goat milk and in 30 bulk tank samples of cow milk which were subject to laboratory heat treatment at temperatures of 72 °C (A), 85 °C (B), 95 °C (C), with the same exposition times of 20 s. Freezing point measurements of raw and heat-treated milk were carried out in compliance with the Standard CTS 57 0538 by a thermistor cryoscope. The FP of raw cow milk increased with heat treatment from the initial values of -0.5252 ± 0.0114 °C (O) by 0.0023 °C (A), 0.0034 °C (B) and 0.0051°C (C). Changes in FP values of goat milk were detected, from its initial value of -0.5530 ± 0.0086 °C there was an increase in the FP depending on the mode of heat treatment due to pasteurization by an average of 0.0028 °C (A), 0.0036 °C (B) and 0.0054 °C (C). The dynamics of the changes were similar both in goat and cow milk. Freezing point values in cow and goat milk differed (P ≤ 0.01) when compared to the freezing point of untreated milk after the individual interventions as well as when compared between each other. An increase in the heat treatment temperature of cow and goat milk causes an increase in the freezing point (a shift towards zero). These results can be used in practice for checking the raw material in dairy industry.

The objective of this study was to determine protein, fat, lactose, total solids, non-fatty solids contents, freezing point, titratable acidity and pH using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). Sixty samples of goat milk were used to calibrate the instrument by the partial least squares (PLS) method. The spectra were measured on the integration sphere in the reflectance mode with the use of a 0.1 mm wide transflectance cell. The following statistical values were obtained: correlation coefficient (R) = 0.920 and standard error of calibration (SEC) = 0.094 for protein, R = 0.951 and SEC = 0.124 for fat, R = 0.997 and SEC = 0.011 for lactose, R = 0.940 and SEC = 0.260 for total solids, R = 0.873 and SEC = 0.159 for non-fatty solids, R = 0.935 and SEC = 0.003 for freezing point, R = 0.952 and SEC = 0.295 for titratable acidity and R = 0.835 and SEC = 0.057 for pH. The calibration models developed were verified by cross validation. The study showed that FT-NIR is a pote...

Esterase activities of indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from goats' milk and cheese were investigated. All of the strains exhibited esterase activity on a-naphthyl derivative of fatty acids of 2-6 carbon atoms. Lactobacillus fermentum ETC1 and L. bulgaricus ETC2 showed the highest specific activity on a-naphthyl acetate; L. rhamnosus ETC14 presented the highest specific activity on a-naphthyl butyrate and caproate. All enterococci strains presented the highest specific activities on a-naphthyl propionate, butyrate and caproate, and the lowest specific activities on a-naphthyl acetate. Pedicoccus pentocaseus ETC5 only had esterase activity on a-naphthyl acetate. The electrophoretic zymogram showed for each strain an individual enzyme profile on a-naphthyl acetate and revealed the presence of more than one esterase. L. plantarum ETC11 and Enterococcus faecium ETC9 showed four and five bands of esterase activity, respectively. The strains evaluated in this work showed different esterase activities, which were species and strain specific.

In France, exceeding the threshold of 50,000 germs per ml in the bulk tank results in penalties for the farmer, with milk price deductions that can exceed 20%. A recent study shows that 12.8% of herds exceed this threshold. In these farms, the degradation is primarily due to an increase in Staphylococci. At the individual level, germ shedding is variable, and the correlation with somatic cell counts (SCC) is weak. The specific goats responsible for exceeding the 50,000-germ threshold in the tank represent only a small fraction of the goats that exceed an individual shedding threshold of 50,000 germs. For farms facing persistent degradation of the total bacterial count (TBC) in the tank, a step-by-step approach is proposed through a case study: Step 1: Verify common origins and rule out the milking machine as a source of contamination (presence and role of biofilms) by circulating sterile UHT milk through the milk line and then analyzing the TBC. Step 2: Identify shedding goats, particularly those contributing most to the tank milk non-compliance. Tools like the Bactoscan (within its measurement limits) or California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify viscous milk are recommended. Culling super-shedders is advised, as therapeutic treatments appear ineffective. Step 3: Conduct a milking session visit to verify risk factors.

This research examined the effects of storage temperature and storage time on the somatic cell count (SCC) of milk from Anatolian buffaloes, which was measured with the DeLaval cell counter (DCC). Storage temperature and time are among the different factors that potentially affect the SCC of Anatolian buffalo milk. In this context, 20 milk samples were collected from Anatolian Buffaloes and analyzed. The milk samples were divided into two groups according to their measured level of SCC. These two groups were the low score (≤3.16 cell/ml) group and the high score (>3.16 cell/ml) group. The mean logSCC values of the low score and the high score groups were determined as 2.27±0.045 and 4.06±0.019 cells/ml, respectively. In this research, the effects of storage temperature (4oC, 21oC) and storage time (fresh milk, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 24 h) on logSCC were determined to be statistically significant (P<0.01). Thus, increases in storage temperature and storage time ...

Researches that contribute to a better technological use of the goat milk are still necessary. In this context, the present work had as objective the sensory evaluation of three formulations of Doce de Leite as well the influence of these formulations in processing time. The employed formulations contained cow milk (A), cow milk and goat milk in same proportions (B) and goat milk (C). The samples were submitted to an acceptance test and it was verified significant difference (P < 0.05) among the formulations. A Tukey test (P < 0.05) indicated that formulation B presented better acceptance in relation to formulation A. Statistically, the formulation C was not different to formulation B neither formulation A. It was also verified that formulation C presented smaller processing time, having a linear relationship between the soluble solids content and the processing time for the three formulations. © 2005 Altaga. All rights reserved.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a model to decide with precision the breed identity of individual goat by using its image. For image-based multi-class classification tasks, CNNs have been found to be the best tool. But selecting the most efficient CNN model for a particular classification scenario is a very difficult job. To find an optimal CNN model for goat breed prediction, we have compared two of the most popular pretrained deep-learning-based CNN models (VGG-16 & Inception-v3) based on their performance. Both the models have been fine-tuned using transfer learning on the goat breed database. This goat breed database has been created from goat images of six different breeds, which have been captured from different organized registered goat farms in India and almost two thousand digital images of individual goat have been captured without imposing stress to animals. It has been observed that Inception-v3 has outperformed VGG-16 with higher accuracy and lower training time. To measure the prediction performance of this finetuned Inception-v3 model, it has been applied to a test set of pure breed goat images and standardized classification performance evaluation metrics have been used to evaluate the prediction results. From the results, it is established that the proposed method used in this paper is able to accurately classify (recognize) goat breeds with high accuracy. Finally, comparison has been made with prediction accuracies of different technologies used for identification of domestic animals.

Objective: Garlic has a protective effect against hyperlipidemia and ghee in diet is considered as a risk factor for hyperlipidemia. We examined the effects of fresh garlic administration on body weight, lipid profiles and plaque formation in the male rats fed with a high ghee diet. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8. The control group consumed an ordinary diet, Group 2 received the 31% ghee pellets (high ghee diet) and group 3 received the 8% garlic+31% ghee pellets. After 9 mo, serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and atherosclerotic index (AI) were examined. Changes in body weight, daily food intake and plaque formation also were assayed in this survey. Results : The high ghee diet induced the significant increase (P<0.05) in serum concentrations of TC, TG and HDL-C, and a decrease in LDL-C concentration (group 2). While f...

Background Mastitis in sheep caused by Staphylococcus spp. is a serious concern for dairy farming. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the intramammary infection (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus spp. on the lon g-chain fatty acid profile and composition of ewe's milk. Methods The experiment was conducted in a herd of Zoslachtena Valaska sheep. Half-udder milk samples were collected from 20 weight-matched sheep at the peak of their first or second lactation. The basic physicochemical composition of milk, somatic cell count (SCC), Staphylococcus spp. infection, and total bacterial contamination (TBC) were determined. The fatty acid profile of the milk fat was determined using gas chromatography. Results The SCC in milk infected with Staphylococcus spp. was 3.25 times higher (P<0.01) than that in the uninfected milk samples. The content of lauric acid (С12:0) was higher (P<0.05) in the milk fat of infected ewes. A significant increase (P<0.05) in t...

SUMMARY - Variations in volatile organic compound (VOC) composition of herbage grazed by goats, in two seasons, were investigated. Fifteen non-supplemented lactating goats grazed for 8 hours/day an area of 1.2 ha, from March to middle spring and from middle spring to early June. Artificial diets were formed on the basis of grazing behaviours estimated on five areas of 2x2 m, randomly distributed in the pasture. The contribution of each species to the diet was estimated by the ratio between the number of plants grazed for single species, and the number of plants, for the same species, present in the delimited area before grazing. VOC composition was analysed by HRGC-MS. Evaluation of VOC content in herbage showed maximum concentrations in spring, when the grazed herbage was composed especially by dicotyledons and by apical leaves, flower bud and flowers. Alcohols and ketones were the most abundant compounds both in winter and in spring. In winter, the monoterpenes were higher than se...

A sensory profile of Oaxaca cheese was developed. To represent both industrial and artisanal Oaxaca cheese, 3 types of cheese were manufactured under controlled conditions: 2 with pasteurized milk using a mesophilic lactic acid bacteria culture (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris) and a thermophilic lactic acid bacteria culture (Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus), and a third with naturally acidified raw milk. The cheeses were evaluated by a panel of 11 trained judges. Additionally, chemical composition and instrumental color parameters were determined, an instrumental texture profile analysis was performed, and volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The sensory profile developed includes 43 descriptors, of which 13 are discriminant among these 3 cheese types. Descriptors include visual attribute waxy; tactile (manual) attributes moist and oily; orthonasal aroma attributes ...

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions on total bacterial count (TBC) determinations made in goat bulk tank milk using an automated flow cytometry method. The storage conditions tested were storage temperature (refrigeration at 4 and 10 degrees C or freezing at -20 degrees C), the use of a preservative (no preservative, NP; azidiol, AZ; or bronopol, BR), and the age of the milk samples for each analytical condition (storage times at 4 degrees C: from 0 h to 5 d for NP; and from 0 h to 22 d for AZ and BR; storage times at 10 degrees C: from 24 h to 2 d for NP and from 24 h to 22 for AZ and BR; storage times at -20 degrees C: from 24 h to 22 d for NP, AZ, and BR). Significant effects on individual bacterial count (IBC) variation were shown by the bulk tank milk sample, preservative, storage temperature, interaction preservative x storage temperature, and milk age within the interaction preservative x storage temperature. In preserved samples, t...

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using birth weight of kids for weaning on growth and milk yield characteristics of Saanen and Alpine goats. A total of 24 does and their 40 kids were assigned to weaning groups when the kids reached three (X3) or four times (X4) their individual birth weights. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial design with two weaning stages (X3 vs. X4) and two breeds (S: Saanen; A: Alpine). The averages of weaning age of the SX3, AX3, SX4, and AX4 kids were determined as 42. 75, 42.21, 53.15, and 65.81 days, respectively. The weaning groups and the interaction between weaning and breed had effects (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) on weaning age of the kids. The average daily weight gain before weaning was different in weaning groups (P < 0.001). On the contrary, the growth performances of the kids until breeding age were not different between groups. The milk yield characteristics of dams in groups were not different. The results indicated that weaning at a predetermined weight based on birth weight can be done successfully in dairy goats under intensive conditions.

The composition of goat milks originating from three animais homozygous for as! casein, variant A, and from three others, homozygous 0, was compared monthly over a lactation. Mean fat value was higher by 4.7 g kg:" in A milk, the difference between A and 0 reaching 9.8 g kg! in the early lactation. Total nitrogen matter was higher by 6.8 g kg-I in A milk on the whole lactation. Total casein levels in A and 0 milks were respectively 21.2 and 17.8 g kg :'. Caseins (CN) other than a sl were at similar levels in the two groups of milks, aslCN was >-5.2 g kg-I in A milk and -0.0 g kg " in 0 milk. Mineral contents showed a high individual variability. Rennet coagulation tests led to higher firming rates and higher firmness in A milks, while coagulation time was not different between A and 0 milks. Total fatty acid proportions in milks were different: more short and medium length saturated fatty acids in A milk, balanced by a lower C 16 level. Lipolysis was by far lower in A milk and the relative proportion of fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction was different in A and 0 milks, meaning a difference in lipase level and/or in lipase specificity due to the enzyme itself or to its environment. In contrast, proteolysis of the plasmin type was higher in A milks. © InralElsevier, Paris. goat milk / casein/Lj, variant / chemicaI composition / coagulation Résumé -Composition et caractéristiques physico-chimiques des laits de chèvre contenant des caséines a sl du variant A ou O. Les laits de trois chèvres homozygotes pour la caséine a sl (aslCN), variant A, ayant une teneur en aslCN de -5,2 g kg! ont été comparés aux laits de trois chèvres 0, dépourvus de caséine a sl ' L'analyse des laits durant la lactation a montré que les laits A étaient plus riches en matière grasse (MG) et en matière azotée totale (MAT). Les teneurs moyennes en MG étaient respectivement de 32,7 et 26,3 g kg-I pour les laits A et 0, avec une dif-* Correspondence and reprints