Hydrology/Hydrography

Flooding in small catchments is often linked to inadequate drainage capacity and increased surface runoff caused by urbanization and intense rainfall. This study evaluates the hydraulic performance of an existing culvert along the Labni Creek, Penaranda, Nueva Ecija using field data and analytical methods. High-resolution topographic data were collected using RTK GNSS to define catchment characteristics such as flow paths, slope, and drainage area. The time of concentration was computed using the Kirpich equation, while rainfall intensity was derived from (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency) PAGASA RIDF data. Peak runoff was estimated using the Rational Method for various return periods to evaluate the response of the catchment under different rainfall conditions. This method calculates the maximum runoff by considering the rainfall intensity corresponding to a selected return period. Results show peak discharges ranging from 4.3809 m³/s to 11.1195 m³/s for the primary catchment and 5.9643 m³/s to 15.1627 m³/s for the secondary catchment. The culvert capacity, computed using Manning’s equation, was 3.814 m³/s and 4.192 m³/s. Comparison indicates that the existing culvert is hydraulically inadequate under most conditions, posing a high risk of overflow. The study highlights the need for drainage improvements and demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating field surveying with standard hydraulic analysis methods.

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards in the Philippines, especially in low-lying areas where heavy rainfall, flat terrain, and poor drainage cause water accumulation. Barangay Calaba in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija frequently experiences flooding during intense rainfall, yet localized assessments of flood-prone areas remain limited. This study aims to assess rainfall-induced flooding in Barangay Calaba using two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation and to examine the possible effects of a conceptual drainage system on flood conditions. A quantitative case study approach was applied using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 2D. Terrain data from the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model (12.5 m resolution) and rainfall data from PAGASA’s Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency analysis were used to simulate flooding under two scenarios: existing conditions without drainage and conditions with a conceptual drainage system. Simulation outputs were analyzed to identify flood-prone areas and estimate flood depth and inundation extent, while results were compared with the available Project NOAH flood dataset for validation. The study provides insights into localized flood behavior and the possible influence of drainage improvements on flood conditions and supporting local flood mitigation planning

Lonar Lake, a rare terrestrial meteorite impact crater formed within the Deccan Trap basalt of central India, represents a unique convergence of geological, hydrological, ecological, and cultural significance. In recent years, the lake has exhibited persistent increases in water level, resulting in periodic inundation affecting culturally significant structures such as the Kamalja Mata Temple within the crater basin. While surface hydrological inputs are often cited as explanatory factors, they may be insufficient to explain the magnitude and persistence of observed lake-level changes. This study presents a hypothesis-driven, interdisciplinary framework to examine potential subsurface controls on the hydrological behaviour of Lonar Lake. Drawing upon established knowledge of impact-modified basaltic geology, fracture-controlled groundwater systems, crater lake hydrology, historical watermanagement practices, long-term irrigation, and modern hydraulic interventions, a set of interlinked hypotheses is proposed suggesting that Lonar Lake may function as a semi-open hydrological system influenced by regional groundwater connectivity. Rather than advancing definitive conclusions, the study outlines conceptual propositions and methodological pathways to guide future geological, hydrogeological, and archaeological investigations. Understanding these processes is essential for advancing crater-lake hydrology and for informing conservation strategies aimed at safeguarding the cultural heritage and ecological integrity of the Lonar crater system.

River network bifurcation ratios converge toward the phi-attractor for branching systems as necessity depth increases, with Pearson r = 0.95 across 24 drainage basins spanning seven stream orders and six continents. Within Fibonacci Causal Loop Theory (FCLT; Davis 2026, P42), each Horton-Strahler stream order represents an additional organizational stage accumulated above the Planck vacuum floor S(0), with the Binet suppression mechanism S(n) = (phi^n - psi^n)/sqrt(5) driving phi-deviation decay: delta(n) = phi^(-n) decreases monotonically as stream order increases. A controlled Galton-Watson computational branching experiment (lambda in [0.1, 1.0]) produces r = -0.72 and a 7.8-fold variance collapse as constraint increases, isolating necessity accumulation as the sole driver of phi convergence independent of geology, water, or physical substrate. Three predictions are registered: P5a (bifurcation ratios at orders 7-8 within delta < 0.05 of the branching-system phi-attractor, gray zone delta = 0.072), P5b (confirmed, computational, delta = 0.041), and P5c (fractal dimension approaching D = 1 + phi^(-1) = 1.618, tech-gap). Protocol V3.1: delta < 0.05 confirms | delta > 0.10 falsifies. FCLT evidence table v27: 33 confirmed / 7 falsified / 68 tech-gap / 2 gray zone.

Landschapsbiografisch, Historisch ecologische verkenning Rindersmeer.  Excursie natuurvereniging KNNV, 28 april 2026. Fytocoenologie, aardkunde, glaciologie, geologie, geomorfologie, glaciologie, forestologie, arbutologie, aquatische ecologie, helologie, hemero-biologie, arbutologie. edafologie, ecomorfologie, crenologie, amnilogie, historische geografie, symmorfologie, geobotanie, mycologie, mycetologie, pteridologie, coniferologie, geohydrologie, ecotopologie, psammologie, synchorologie van de vegetatie.

Starting from the definitions of the terms and establishing the most important theoretical scientific ideas in the field of strategic urban-territorial planning, resilience and the concept of Landscape, we propose a new syntax, namely that of the "Integrated Landscape", in the idea of crossdisciplinary correlation of all its natural and anthropic components (including architectural and urban heritage), but also of its cultural, economic and socio-human components, considering each scale of the landscape, macro-, mezzo-and detail. The two types of protected areas will be able to be approached as two interconnected systems: the cultural route will be linked with the green infrastructure network. Promoting such a landscape has the potential to give birth to a Landscape Brand, which would encourage the involvement of different urban actors, including the authorities. The article aims to achieve a comparative scientific approach to the problem of the "Integrated Landscape", related to the Natural and Anthropic Protected Areas in the european and national context. It will highlight the similar components and typologies, as well as the existing differences, leading to a dangerous legislative "void", that allows the irrecoverable loss, destruction and non-use of this valuable potential and of the particular urbanterritorial character of the Natural Protected Landscapes, Anthropic and / or Cultural, assets in today's urban-territorial development of a territory, region, locality or urban / rural / rurban area. In this process, the urban landscape designer is a potential conflict moderator and a key actor, but also a specialist in adapting the city to climate change.

Hydrological models have become fundamental in groundwater recharge estimation, but they require large amounts of input data that are often lacking in the regions needing these studies the most. Innovative solutions are needed to constrain groundwater flow contribution to streamflow, despite the lack of fundamental hydroclimatic data. In this study, we assess four calibration procedures simulating groundwater contribution to streamflow in the semi-arid, data-deficient Goukou catchment of South Africa. The model realism is tested through a complementary evaluation with stable isotopes. Groundwater contributions were simulated after calibration with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-2 (NSGA2), DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM), Monte Carlo analysis (MCA), and Latin Hypercube (LHC) calibration procedure in the fully distributed, conceptual rainfall-runoff model J2000. DREAM performed best in finding a parameter set with a good balance between a realistic groundwater flow proportion as published for the Table Mountain Group aquifer (~31%), while maintaining fair Nash Sutcliffe efficiencies (~0.38) for streamflow. Isotopic characterisation showed that the catchment is recharged episodically during the most intense rainfall events, with precipitation to groundwater ratios all having negative values. The isotopes corroborated modelled groundwater contribution to streamflow in the upper part of the catchment, but results suggested over-estimation of groundwater contribution to streamflow by J2000 in the middle section of the catchment. Isotopes proved effective in validating model results and detecting shortcomings in the J2000 model due to sparse hydroclimatic data and the catchment's position in a transition zone between winter and summer rainfall. We also provided evidence that the calibration procedure selection should be carefully considered in data-scarce circumstances, as good model efficiency does not necessarily guarantee a realistic representation of hydrological processes. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

RESUMEN: Miguel Archer es reconocido por su pionera labor en la escuela de Náutica y Matemáticas de Bilbao en el siglo XVIII, y la publicación de su obra Lecciones Náuticas. Sin embargo, llevó a cabo otros múltiples servicios para el Consulado de Bilbao ligados al mundo de la técnica y la tecnología. En este caso se aborda su papel en el ámbito de la ingeniería civil avant la lettre, muy interrelacionada con las necesidades de revitalización de infraestructuras que precisaba la villa portuaria. Más concretamente, se pone de relieve su misión al frente de las actividades de mantenimiento de la ría y desembocadura del Nervión, así como las exigentes tareas del proyecto del nuevo camino entre Bilbao y Burgos. En este contexto, Archer muestra un perfil similar al del ingeniero civil hispánico del momento; pero al mismo tiempo, presenta una notoria singularidad, puesto que se ubica fuera del cuerpo de ingenieros militares, quienes centralizaban en exclusiva las obras públicas de la monarquía.

Miguel Archer is well known because of his ground-breaking work in the Bilbao School of Mathematics and Navigation in early 18th century, and the publication of his work "Lecciones Náuticas". Nevertheless, he also carried out other different services for the Consulate of Bilbao related to technique and technology. This paper deals with his involvement in civil engineering "avant la lettre", particularly connected to the revitalization of infrastructures demanded by the port city. He was mainly engaged in maintenance works of the river estuary and mouth, as well as the inspection and design of the project for the new road connecting Bilbao and Burgos. From this study, it is revealed that Archer shares many features with civil engineers in the Spanish monarchy, but contrarily he shows a very relevant distinctiveness since he did not belong to the Spanish Corp of military engineers, who retained exclusively civil works of the country.

Abstract. The Argentine-German Geodetic Observatory (AGGO) is one of the very few sites in the Southern Hemisphere equipped with comprehensive cutting-edge geodetic instrumentation. The employed observation techniques are used for a wide range of geophysical applications. The data set provides gravity time series and selected gravity models together with the hydrometeorological monitoring data of the observatory. These parameters are of great interest to the scientific community, e.g. for achieving accurate realization of terrestrial and celestial reference frames. Moreover, the availability of the hydrometeorological products is beneficial to inhabitants of the region as they allow for monitoring of environmental changes and natural hazards including extreme events. The hydrological data set is composed of time series of groundwater level, modelled and observed soil moisture content, soil temperature, and physical soil properties and aquifer properties. The meteorological time seri...

Landschapsbiografisch, historisch ecologische verkenning Bergerheide deel 4. Excursie natuurvereniging KNNV 10 februari 2026. Fytocoenologie, aardkunde, geologie, geomorfologie, callunologie, crenologie, coniferologie, forestologie, helologie, paludologie, callunologie, ecotopologie,geobotanie, symmorfologie van de vegetatie, fysiotopologie, helologie, telmalogie, zoölogie, frachtilogie, mycologie, mycetologie, hemerobiologie,

Este artículo busca desentrañar las causas que originaron la desgracia del hundimiento del galeón San José, la nave capitana de la flota de Tierra Firme, en aguas del Caribe colombiano el 8 de junio de 1708. Se recopila información de documentos de archivo e impresos de la época para identificar dos posibles causas: un estallido masivo o una mala reparación del casco. Mediante una revisión sistemática de fuentes y un análisis comparativo, se pondera qué versión es más plausible.
Determinar las causas del hundimiento de este navío es de especial relevancia para entender el contexto histórico de la Batalla de Barú y comprender la configuración actual del área arqueológica sumergida.

U radu je izvršena ocjena ranjivosti vodnih tijela podzemnih voda u podslivu rijeke Bosne, odnosno Spreče, zatim podslivu rijeke Drine (Drinjača), kao i dijelovi neposrednog sliva rijeke Save (čelićko područje - rijeka Gnjica i sliv rijeke Turije) EPIK metodom. Za EPIK metodu uzeta su u obzir vodna tijela podzemnih voda koja su karstno-pukotinske poroznosti,
tako da su vodna tijela intergranularne poroznosti izuzeta iz proračuna i nisu prikazani na karti ranjivosti po EPIK-u. Sva vodna tijela analizirana su sa aspekta dubine podzemnih voda, debljine krovinskih sedimenata, infiltracije, nagiba padine, koeficijenta filtracije i litološkog sastava akvifera. Za ocjenu ranjivosti podzemih voda korištena je formula indeksa zaštite.

The paper assessed the vulnerability of groundwater bodies in the Bosna River subbasin, i.e. the Spreča River, then the Drina River sub-basin (Drinjača), as well as parts of the immediate Sava River basin (the Čelići area - the Gnjica River and the Turija River basin) using the EPIK method. The EPIK method took into account groundwater bodies with karstfracture
porosity, so that water bodies with intergranular porosity were excluded from the calculation and are not shown on the EPIK vulnerability map. All water bodies were analyzed from the aspect of groundwater depth, thickness of overlying sediments, infiltration, slope slope, filtration coefficient and lithological composition of the aquifer. The protection index formula was used to assess the vulnerability of groundwater.

Am 27./28. Juni 1815, also zehn Tage nach der Schlacht bei Waterloo, trafen am Suffelbach nördlich von Suffelweyersheim die alliierten Streitkräfte unter Führung des württembergischen Kronprinzen Wilhelm und die französischen Truppen unter General Rapp aufeinander. Nach Beendigung der Kämpfe wurde das Dorf Suffelweyersheim von den Alliierten geplündert und gebrandschatzt. Dank einer außergewöhnlichen Überlieferungssituation kann nicht nur das militärische Geschehen, sondern auch dessen Auswirkungen auf die Zivilbevölkerung nachvollzogen werden.

Landschapsbiografisch; Historisch ecologische verkenning Eendenmeer bij Nieuw Bergen. Excursie natuurvereniging KNNV 16 december 2025. Flora, fauna, vegetatie, aardkunde, geologie, geomorfologie, forestologie, amnilogie, callunologie, synchronologie van de vegetatie, symmorfologie van de vegetatie, mycologie, geobotanie, ecotopologie, pteridologie, helologie, geobotamnie, geohydrologie, plantenecologie.

Fără existenţa unui sistem de alimentare cu apă a populaţiei, locuitorii din bazinul superior al râului Bârlad îşi asigură necesarul de apă direct din subteran prin intermediul fântânilor şi/sau puţurilor, localizate majoritatea în cadrul intravilanului, la nivelul lunicilor şi versanţilor (afectaţi frecvent de procese geomorfologice actuale alunecări de teren). În aceste condiţii realizarea unor studii legate de variaţia nivelului hidrostatic în subteran se impune, mai ales că în ultimii ani sub impulsul creşterii activităţilor economice consumatoare de apă (construcţii, agricultură etc.), creşterea cererii pentru apă este foarte mare.Analiza variaţiilor nivelului hidrostatic s-a realizat pe baza măsurătorilor efectuate în peste 100 de puncte (fântâni şi puţuri), majoritatea situate în ariile locuite, în două campanii successive în decursul anului 2011 (aprilie-mai şi ocotmbrie). Evaluarea regimului hidrogeologic a scos în evidenţă o variaţie importantă, mai ales în condiţii de apa...

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of topography are widely used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to derive information for the modeling of hydrologic processes. We present a general method for flow analysis that builds upon the representation of downslope flow using the proportioning of flow among one or multiple downslope grid cells, such as with the D8 or D-infinity models for the representation of downslope flow used in hydrologic terrain analysis, to enable the calculation of a new set of flow-based derivative surfaces. This general method which we refer to as flow algebra, extends flow accumulation approaches commonly available in GIS through the integration of multiple inputs and a broad class of algebraic rules into the calculation of flow related quantities. It is based on first establishing a flow field through DEM grid cells, or more generally model elements of any spatial discretization of the domain, by removing spurious pits and then proportioning the flow from a grid cell among downslope neighbors based on elevation. The flow field is required to be non-circulating, and as such these methods are applicable for flow problems related to the gradient of any potential field. Once a flow field is defined we show how it may be used to evaluate any mathematical function that incorporates dependence on values of the quantity being evaluated at upslope (or downslope) grid cells as well as other input quantities. The definitions of flow algebra functions are thus recursive and allow the evaluation of concepts that extend the concepts captured by recursive calculations of weighted contributing area available in GIS, to a broad class of flow related hydrologic terrain analysis functionality. Flow algebra encompasses single and multi-directional flow fields, various topographic representations, weighted accumulation algorithms, and enables untapped potential for a host of application-specific functions. While flow algebra expressions are recursively defined and most easily implemented using recursive functions, we describe here both recursive and non-recursive approaches to their evaluation. We have used the non-recursive approach to develop implementations for parallel processing architectures thereby enabling the rapid processing of large datasets. We illustrate the potential of flow algebra by presenting examples of new functions enabled by this perspective that are useful for hydrologic and environmental modeling. A new weighted flow distance to stream function averages the "weight" moving through multiple flow paths from each point in the domain to the stream or other downslope reference point. This is an example of a general function which can specifically be used to estimate potential for sediment and nutrient filtering by streamside vegetation, by specifying vegetation cover as the weight. This function can also be used to provide a definition for connectivity in the context of multiple flow paths and identify areas that are connected to streams. Other new functions that examine elevations on upslope and downslope flow paths have been developed determine the average rise to ridge and drop to stream which together determine hillslope position useful for soil depth modeling. A new avalanche runout function determines the zone with downslope gradient greater than a critical angle (alpha) and is useful for mapping avalanche or potential landslide hazards. Software implementing the functions illustrated here is available as part of the TauDEM package: .

Title of dissertation: Stakeholder Engagement In Marine Spatial Planning Of Bangladesh. Degree: The main purpose of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the maritime stakeholders in Bangladesh and better understand their engagement process, roles, relationship and conflicts in order to facilitate the government initiative about MSP in Bangladesh. The expected outcome of the study is to discover the existing maritime stakeholders, ways to engage with them early in the MSP process, the competent authority for coordinating them and techniques to resolve existing conflicts. After the boundary delimitation with neighboring countries, Bangladesh is in a process of managing its maritime resources in a sustainable manner to support economic growth. Subsequently, Bangladesh 7 th five-year plan recognized MSP as a tool for managing maritime resources. Therefore, this study serves as a timely research about stakeholders and their conflict in the MSP effort of Bangladesh. This research employs qualitative semi-structured interviews to identify stakeholders and their engagement options as well as their conflicts and ways of resolving those conflicts. Content analysis method was used for understanding the inner meaning of the textual material including government documents, articles, and policies. The concluding chapters examine the result of primary and secondary data and recommend some ways of engaging stakeholders and techniques for resolving conflicts among stakeholders in the MSP process. In addition, this research identifies the potential stakeholders and a competent authority for coordinating them in the MSP process.

The Miandarband plain is one of the most fertile plains of the Kermanshah province, Iran. With the construction of an irrigation/drainage network and the reduced use of groundwater resources, the groundwater table has risen and caused water-logging in recent years. Thus, a study of the water table fluctuations in response to the network construction is necessary. To that avail the MODFLOW groundwater flow model has been employed. Groundwater levels measured in April 2007 are used for the steady-state calibration and are employed then as initial conditions for the transient simulations with head measurements taken between May 2007 and March 2009. For model verification the heads measured in the subsequent month, April 2009 are used. A very good agreement between simulated and observed groundwater heads with R 2 of 0.99 is obtained. In the subsequent step the transient effects of the operation of the irrigation/drainage network on the groundwater table are analyzed, whereby the simulations are started with initial conditions that existed prior to the operation of the irrigation/drainage network. Groundwater levels for times of 1, 5 and 10 years after the start of the network operation are calculated. The results show that after 1 year the groundwater table in the center of the plain rises about 1.8 m, going up to 3.2 and 5.2 m after 5 and 10 years, respectively. Moreover, after 1 year, 6.59% of the plain's area is waterlogged, increasing to 37.91% and 56.28% after 5 and 10 years, respectively. In conclusion, by using a transient groundwater flow model it is possible to control the groundwater levels, and so to prevent the occurrence of detrimental water-logging events in irrigated agricultural areas.

For the correct estimation of minerals washing off rate and quantity of annual dumping to the river or low gradients territory is not yet done in Domiasiat Meghalaya;Uranium mineralized soil bed. So a research were conducted to quantify the value of runoff and washoff using gross beta spectroscopy techniques and sedimentation rate in the radius of 5 Km at the elevation 795 were estimated 19x10 6 tons annually and where natural annual precipitation was 1000cm. The Gross beta activity counted by Liquid scintillation counter was 18.7347 bq/l. And it was found that the estimation of soil loads using 14 C 6 (t 1/2 =5775years) hydrogeochemical properties of radionuclides were quite easier and not much complex process involved like in flood or unit hydrograph runoff estimation methods where a lot of assumption and flow constant rainfall gauging and pedographic character of the basin need to be inquired to generate a flood hydrograph of the basin and than the constant value K of the area is designated and the Runoff R is the multiplicative of Precipitation P. And these obstacle is removed in this nuclear chemical methods a straight forward comparatively high in accuracy based on the hydrogeochemical properties of the water and soil either surface or underground.

Floods, especially in urbanised areas, incur enormous economic and social losses. The structural flood management is often limited by urbanization and environmental issues. Following the catastrophic flood events of 1997 and 2010, a relatively large dry polder was constructed in Racibórz Dolny, Poland, with the highest flood retention capacity in Central Europe. During the 2024 flood in Czechia and Poland, the polder was filled to 80%, which significantly reduced the floodwave crest on the Odra River (by 1.65 m), halved the peak discharge, and delayed the floodwave passage by two days according to hydrological calculations. The operation of the polder enables multifunctional use of the river valley-ranging from agriculture and mineral extraction to environmental protection-without the need for permanent water impoundment. Aggregate extraction carried out within the basin contributed to shaping the reservoir, reducing the demand for transport and construction materials, while the overburden was reused for engineering and reclamation purposes. Mining activities between 2007 and 2023 increased the retention capacity of the polder by 13%, providing an example of rational environmental resource management combined with effective flood protection. The findings demonstrate that integrating retention functions with mineral resource management represents an efficient and sustainable approach to mitigating flood impacts in large European river valleys.

This study evaluates how machine learning (ML) models (Random Forest, XGBoost, KNN, and Linear Regression) can replicate and enhance baseflow estimates generated by the Eckhardt filter, a broadly accepted digital separation method. Employing 40 years of daily streamflow records from six rivers (Ogun, Osun, Owena, Yewa, Oba and Ogbese) in southwestern Nigeria, we contrast ML-derived baseflow with conventional techniques, such as the UKIH and BFI approaches, while setting an Eckhardt-filtered benchmark. The outcomes show that ML models produced sustained high efficiency in replicating the Eckhardt filter output with R 2 ranging from 0.988 to 0.995 and lower RMSE across a broad spectrum of hydroclimatic regimes. The feature importance assessment underscored the prevalent importance of lagged discharge, thereby emphasizing the pronounced temporal autocorrelation in baseflow formation. Conventional techniques exhibited inconsistent performance, most conspicuously under highly dynamic flow regimes, whereas ML models generalized satisfactorily across all the catchments. These results highlight the potential of ML techniques for baseflow prediction in tropical, data-limited contexts, where physical in situ observations are limited.

In large-scale regional models, used for the management of underground resources, it is quite common to find that relationships between the regional aquifer and small wetlands are not included. These models do not consider this connection because of the small amount of water involved, but they should consider the potential for significant ecological impacts if the groundwater resources in the ecosystems associated with these wetlands are mismanaged. The main objective of this work is to investigate the possibilities offered by MODFLOW LGR-V2 to represent (at small scale) the Santa Olalla pond, located in the Doñana Natural Park (South of Spain), and its relationship with the Almonte-Marismas regional aquifer. As a secondary objective, we propose to investigate the advantages and disadvantages that DRAIN, RIVER and LAKE MODFLOW packages offer within the MODFLOW LGR-V2 discretizations. The drain boundary condition with a coarse discretization implemented through ModelMuse allows the m...

This paper presents a comparative analysis between rain-gauge storm tracking techniques in order to achieve a better knowledge of the rainfall dynamics over an urbanized area. The temporal and spatial distribution and kinematics of short term rainfall are recognized as one of the most important reasons in error production in rainfall-runoff on urban catchments. The uncertainty due to rainfall variability can greatly affect urban drainage modeling performance and reliability thus reducing the confidence of operators in their results. Modeling representations of urban catchments and drainage systems are commonly adopted for surface flooding forecasting and management and an adequate knowledge of rainfall spatial and temporal variability should be considered as a fundamental step for a robust interpretation of the physical processes that take part in urban areas during intense rainfall events. The starting basis of such studies is usually given by a network of high resolution raingauges disseminated inside and around the examined urban area. One of the raingauge techniques used is based on simulating the storm motion by visualizing the sequence of the rainfall patterns obtained using rain-gauge data and on spatial correlation. The storm speed and direction are obtained using the rain-gauge method by tracking the advance of the maximum rainfall intensity in time and space. A second method is based on the identification, for each gauge, of the time of occurrence of some significant features such the time of onset of a storm or the time of peak. A third method is based on the classical idea of spacetime autocorrelation function; This function describes the way in which the correspondence between the rainfall patterns at two points in space-time reduces as the distance between two points is increased. The analysis has been carried out on the basis given by high resolution rainfall data collected over Palermo urban area (Italy). The urban area has a surface of around 30 km 2 and it is mainly distributed on North West -South East direction. The monitoring network is made of 10 tipping bucket raingauges. Bucket volume is equivalent to 0.1 mm rainfall. Raingauges have been uniformly distributed over the urban areas allocating them mainly over public buildings and school in order to allow for easy access. The network has been put in place in January 2006 and it is still working. Data is monthly collected by the operator that also provide for clock synchronization and ordinary maintenance and cleaning. An accurate analysis of the results of this comparison between the techniques has been carried out and, since the city of Palermo is not covered by any meteorological radar, the analysis of storm dynamics will allow to create a system monitoring hydrometeorological conditions which operates on time basis using the information coming from the raingauge network as forecast triggers.

Sewer systems affect urban soil characteristics and subsoil water flow. The direct connection observed between baseflow in sewer systems under drainage infiltrations and piezometric levels influences the hydrological behavior of urban catchments, and must consequently be considered in the hydrologic modeling of urban areas. This research studies the groundwater contribution to sewer networks by first characterizing the phenomenon using experimental data recorded on a small urban catchment in Nantes (France). Then, the model MODFLOW was used to simulate the infiltration of groundwater into a sewer network and model dry weather flows at an urban catchment scale. This application of MODFLOW requires representing, in a simplified way, the interactions between the soil and the sewer trench, which acts as a drain. Observed average groundwater levels were satisfactorily simulated by the model while the baseflow dynamics is well reproduced. Nonetheless, soil parameters resulted to be very sensitive, and achieving good results for joint groundwater levels and baseflow was not possible.

Two of the most important values of the relative humidity (water vapor pressure and saturation deficit) are listed below using data recorded at the meteorological station from Huedin during 1970 -2008. The values of these quatities vary by convective and advective motions, turbulent movements and phase changes of wather. The amount of water vapor depends on the origin of air masses, physical-geographic conditions, soil surface condition, precipitation, etc. The highest quantities of water vapor from the sample area come from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. In smaller proportion at the increase humidity of air contribute water evaporation from the soil, rivers surfaces,lakes, wet surfaces and from the plant transpiration.

De Romeinse veldheer JULIUS CAESAR, die twee millennia geleden ons land manu militari veroverde, beschreef een vallei en rivier waar een veldslag doorging die hij bijna verloor. Waar die veldslag plaats vond, is een belangrijk thema waarover al sinds de middeleeuwen felle discussies doorgaan. Ondanks de details in het verhaal van JULIUS CAESAR blijft deze locatie al meer dan duizend jaar onvindbaar. In 2006 beweerde HANS R. in een publicatie dat hij dit slagveld gevonden had dicht bij La Louvière. Ik kocht het boekje en ging aan de hand ervan op zoek naar de rivier ‘Sabis’.
Mijn zoektocht leest u in de volgende bladzijden. Mijn verslag oogt misschien wat technisch doordat ik me grondig documenteerde over de geografie en hydrografie van het landschap. Dit is intussen, door de vroege negentiende-eeuwse industrialisatie, grondig veranderde van groen bucolisch in een rommelige opeenvolging van gesloten fabrieken, terrils met groen begroeide afval van steenkoolmijnen, roestige treinsporen èn romantische kanalen. Deze laatste vervoerden indertijd de industriële producten welke van ons land de tweede economische macht ter wereld maakte.
Hieronder volgt een nieuwe tekstversie die verregaande identiek is aan een vorige uit 2008. Deze laatste is niet meer op het Internet te vinden. De toenmalige discussie is misschien achterhaald maar de les uit het verhaal is dat men bepaalde veelbelovende aannames moet wantrouwen. Bovendien kunt u dit werk als een toeristische gids naar deze boeiende en gastvrije regio gebruiken. Beste lezer, sla de details niet over. De kennis ervan zal u tijdens het lezen van mijn rapport veel plezier bezorgen.
ARMAND SERMON

Settlement Patterns and the Development of Irrigation Systems During the Sasanian Period. A Case Study of the Diyala river valley The Diyala river valley in eastern Iraq is a natural corridor between the Mesopotamian alluvial plain and the Iranian Plateau. Due to its strategic position, it has served as a cultural and commercial route between the southern lowlands of Mesopotamia and the highlands of Zagros mountains. The area has been settled at least since the sixth millennium BC, making it the topic of many studies following the initial surveys and excavations by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in the 1930s. The pioneering research on settlement systems by Adams (1965, 69) concluded that the Sassanian empire (224-651 AD) developed a complex and unprecedented irrigation system in the Diyala region. Taking R.M. Adams study as a starting point, this paper focuses on the origin of the Diyala irrigation system prior to the Sassanian period by reviewing the settlement patterns of the first and second millennium BC. In our approach, we combine data from archaeological surveys with information on paleo-channels gained through remote sensing and the study of historic maps. By means of geographic information systems and network analysis, we aim at providing new insights into the development of the Sassanian irrigation system. We argue for the Sassanians' partial reuse of existing hydraulic infrastructures and re-activation of relic channels, at times dating back to the early 2 nd millennium BC.

This paper revisits the settlement geography of the Mesopotamian alluvial plain during the 3rd millennium BCE in the light of new models for hydrographic transportation networks developed by the SNSF Sinergia project «Hydrography of Mesopotamia» (https://hymes.ch). Given the overall demand for access to fresh water in an arid climate and the well-documented river transport of goods in administrative cuneiform records of the 3rd millennium BCE, we propose that waterways and the transport principle, as defined by W. Christaller, dominated the spatial distribution of settlements and settlement hierarchies in southern Mesopotamia. Our hypothesis is tested against diachronic data on settlement occupation and size provided by regional surveys from the 1950s to the 1970s and more recent fieldwork in the alluvial plain, complemented by historical information on governmental, administrative, and religious centers. To calculate the centrality of settlements and identify gateway communities within the hydrographic transportation network, we use spatial and formal network analysis, e.g., least cost path (LCP), traveling salesman problem (TSP), and network centrality measures. By comparing chronologically sequenced models, we argue for a reciprocal effect of shifting river courses and settlement systems and an increasing anthropisation of the landscape towards the end of the 3rd millennium BCE.

This study aims to simulate the watershed of the Mindanao River Basin (MRB) to enhance water resource management for potential hydropower applications to meet the power demand in Mindanao with an average growth of 3.8% annually. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used with inputs for geospatial datasets and weather records at four meteorological stations from DOST-PAGASA. To overcome the lack of precipitation data in the MRB, the precipitation records were investigated by comparing the records with the global gridded precipitation datasets from the NCDC-CPC and the GPCC. Then, the SWAT simulated discharges with the three precipitation data were calibrated with river discharge records at three stations in the Nituan, Libungan and Pulangi rivers. Due to limited records for the river discharges, the model results were, then, validated using the proxy basin principle along the same rivers in the Nituan, Libungan, and Pulangi areas. The R 2 values from the validation are 0.61, 0.50 and 0.33, respectively, with the DOST-PAGASA precipitation; 0.64, 0.46 and 0.40, respectively, with the NCDC-CPC precipitation; and 0.57, 0.48 and 0.21, respectively, with the GPCC precipitation. The relatively low model performances in Libungan and Pulangi rivers are mainly due to the lack of datasets on the dam and water withdrawal in the MRB. Therefore, this study also addresses the issue of data quality for precipitation and data scarcity for river discharge, dam, and water withdrawal for water resource management in the MRB and show how to overcome the data quality and scarcity.

All countries have specific rules for flood management and river protection. This study aimed to provide an appropriate solution for defining applicable hydraulic area and flood hazard to determine the floodway and flood fringe of Gamasiab River in Iran using HEC-RAS. The results showed that the floodway limit was corresponding to the old terraces in the reach 1. In the reaches 3 and 4, the floodway has expanded to more than 1200 m on average and most of the rural and urban settlements in Bistoon area have been located in the floodway. Therefore, the water level was changed from 38 cm to 1 m in the reaches 3 and 4. Finally, it is not possible to use a fixed water height for different rivers even in different reaches. Also the designated height was different based on the status of residential areas and topography of floodplains and riverside lands.