Immigration Law

This study examines the evidentiary system in the case of premeditated murder using cyanide poison in Indonesia, with a case study of Jessica Kumala Wongso. The purpose of the study is to understand the application of the evidentiary system in Indonesian criminal procedural law and how judges assess evidence in deciding the case. The method used is normative legal research through analysis of laws, court decisions, and literature reviews from legal books and journals. The results of the study indicate that the evidentiary system in Indonesia uses a negative approach in accordance with the law, namely that the judge must have at least two valid pieces of evidence and a belief in the defendant's guilt before issuing a verdict. In the cyanide coffee case, the evidence used included CCTV footage, witness testimony, expert testimony, forensic laboratory results, and trial facts. Based on this evidence, the judge declared the defendant guilty of premeditated murder. However, the use of circumstantial evidence in this case has raised public debate regarding legal certainty and justice in the criminal proof process in Indonesia.

Penelitian ini mengkaji sistem pembuktian dalam perkara pembunuhan berencana dengan menggunakan racun sianida di Indonesia, dengan studi kasus Jessica Kumala Wongso. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memahami penerapan sistem pembuktian dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia serta bagaimana hakim menilai alat bukti dalam memutuskan perkara tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif melalui analisis undang-undang, putusan pengadilan, serta kajian literatur dari buku dan jurnal hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pembuktian di Indonesia menggunakan pendekatan negatif sesuai dengan undang-undang, yakni hakim harus memiliki minimal dua alat bukti yang sah dan keyakinan atas kesalahan terdakwa sebelum menjatuhkan putusan. Dalam kasus kopi sianida, alat bukti yang digunakan mencakup rekaman CCTV, keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium forensik, dan fakta-fakta persidangan. Berdasarkan bukti-bukti tersebut, hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti melakukan pembunuhan berencana. Namun, penggunaan bukti tidak langsung dalam kasus ini menimbulkan perdebatan di masyarakat terkait kepastian hukum dan keadilan dalam proses pembuktian pidana di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Sistem pembuktian 1 , pembunuhan berencana 2 , sianida 3 , alat bukti 4 , hukum acara pidana 5

Between 2014 and 2017, more than 40 law schools and likely well over 1000 law students engaged in learning within immigration family detention centers. The Trump Administration's "zero tolerance" policy and implementation of wide-scale family separation in 2018 led to increased involvement by professors and students in the constantly shifting landscape of immigration detention. As the detention of immigrant families becomes increasingly entrenched, this article hits the pause button and assesses the benefits and challenges of the various approaches to, and proposes some principles for, law student engagement in this crisis lawyering in immigration detention centers, for families, and beyond.

On a black Tuesday of March 24, 2020, at 8.00 pm, The prime minister of India ordered a Nationwide
lockdown as a measure against the COVID-19 Pandemic in India i.e. Corona virus. At that time nobody was
aware that it was the beginning of world’s most flooded labour migration and India’s pathetic migration after
1947. In India the migrant labour population is estimated as 12crore. There are number of causes and reasons
behind the migration of labour but acute reality is labours are compelled to migrate towards their natives. The
lockdown increases and after 2nd lockdown on 3rd may 2020 when the condition of migration is allowed,
volcano blast. Thousand of labours were started travelling from their workplace to native places. All the state
and national highways are silent observer of the historical migration. In the present research paper researcher
has intended to know the fact and realities behind pathetic migration of labour that left Mumbai through
National highway No: 46

O século XX foi testemunha de barbáries e guerras cujo poder de destruição, amparado no contínuo progresso científico e tecnológico a serviço da destruição e da morte, possibilitou níveis inéditos de violência contra indivíduos, grupos étnicos, e mesmo populações inteiras. Como contraponto, num movimento de reação que analistas de extração hegeliana denominariam como "dialético", produziu-se também a idéia de um sistema internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos, a qual foi, a partir da adoção da Declaração Americana dos Direitos e Deveres do Homem (OEA, 1948) e da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (ONU, 1948) gradativamente se materializando sob a forma de diversos instrumentos jurídicos com pretensão de alcance universal. Uma dificuldade inicial que se apresentou para a implementação internacional dos direitos humanos foi, eventualmente, conseqüência da própria multiplicidade de instrumentos jurídicos, os quais vieram a formar um corpus legal de grande complexidade, pois que constituído: i) de regras e normas de diversas origens (Nações Unidas, agências especializadas, organizações regionais); ii) de diferentes âmbitos de aplicação (global e regional); iii) de distinções substantivas concernentes a seus destinatários ou beneficiários; iv) de conteúdo, força e efeitos jurídicos desiguais ou variáveis (alguns sob a forma de Declarações; outros, de Convenções); e, sobretudo, v) com órgãos encarregados de sua execução apresentando diferentes formas de atuação e distintas técnicas de controle e supervisão (e.g., informação, instrução, conciliação). 1 PÁGINA 91

Pasar modal merupakan salah satu instrumen penting dalam sistem perekonomian modern yang berfungsi sebagai sarana penghimpunan dana bagi perusahaan sekaligus sebagai wadah investasi bagi masyarakat. Keberadaan pasar modal yang sehat, transparan, dan efisien menjadi faktor penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan pengaturan pasar modal di Indonesia dan Jepang serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perkembangan pasar modal melalui pendekatan PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, dan Legal). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Jepang memiliki sistem pasar modal yang lebih matang dibandingkan Indonesia, ditinjau dari aspek stabilitas politik, kekuatan ekonomi, tingkat literasi keuangan masyarakat, pemanfaatan teknologi, penerapan prinsip keberlanjutan, serta efektivitas penegakan hukum. Sementara itu, Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar untuk berkembang melalui jumlah penduduk yang besar, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang positif, serta meningkatnya minat masyarakat terhadap investasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya berkelanjutan dalam meningkatkan literasi keuangan, memperkuat penegakan hukum, mengembangkan teknologi pasar modal, serta mendorong penerapan prinsip investasi berkelanjutan guna meningkatkan daya saing pasar modal Indonesia.

Drug-related crimes constitute a highly dangerous category of crime that not only infringes upon the State's management regime over narcotic substances but also negatively affects social order and safety, public health, and the stability of families, schools, and residential communities. Based on firstinstance criminal trial statistics in Thai Nguyen Province from 2021 to June 2025 and an analysis of 100 first-instance criminal judgments involving 144 defendants, this article evaluates the situation, causes, and preventive measures for drug-related crimes in Thai Nguyen Province. The findings indicate that during the study period, Thai Nguyen recorded 3,043 cases and 3,648 defendants tried at first instance for drug-related offenses. These crimes accounted for a significant proportion of the overall crime structure in the locality. Although the number of cases and defendants showed a downward trend, the nature of these crimes remained complex, reflected in the high proportion of particularly serious offenses, the widespread occurrence of illegal possession, trafficking, transportation, and organization of illicit drug use, as well as the simultaneous presence of heroin and various synthetic drugs. In addition to criminal sanctions, the prevention and control of drug-related crimes require integrated measures, including local management, social prevention, legal education, addiction treatment, and support for offenders' social reintegration. On this basis, the article proposes a comprehensive prevention-oriented solution system suitable to the socioeconomic characteristics and crime situation of Thai Nguyen Province.

Historiography has come of age in Pakistan. I find the writings of Ilyas Chattha, Ali Qasmi's Qaum, Mulk, Sultanat: Citizenship and National Belonging in Pakistan (2023), and Tahir Kamran's Chequered Past, Uncertain Future: The History of Pakistan (2024) refreshing, stimulating, strongly interpretive, and inviting of critical thinking in the broader context of Pakistan Studies. More importantly, these historians are raising issues of fundamental importance: who is a citizen? Are our citizens aware of their rights and responsibilities? What happens when the state-citizen relationship is broken? What are the state's obligations to its citizens, and how may a narrative on national identity be constructed? These are complex issues with deep historical, cultural, ethnic, and religious overlaps and demand deliberation, dialogue, and serious reflection among scholars, policymakers, and proponents of civil society across

Current state of COVID 19 in migrants detention centers……………… 14 Actions to Solve the Problem …………………………………………..……………… 25 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 References …………………………………………………………………………………..… 32 Rojas 37 I want to thank everyone who made my time in Oaxaca the beautiful, unforgettable experience that it was. Thank you to Omar, Bill, Florence, Nancy, Argelia, and Lety for extending patience and kindness to me throughout my learning process. Thank you to my fellow students for all the lovely memories we made. Specifically, I thank Julie and Stephanie for constantly supporting me through daily FaceTime calls and memes. I also thank my family for always being there for me and showing me compassion. Thank you to everyone who is currently organizing around liberating people from prisons. Most importantly, my heart goes out to all the people who have fled their countries, their families, and cultures to find a better life for themselves and their loved ones.

Fenomena pengiriman Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) ilegal ke Kamboja pada tahun 2024
dianalisis dalam penelitian ini melalui perspektif kriminologi hukum dengan fokus pada
praktik tindak pidana perdagangan orang serta efektivitas perlindungan hukum bagi korbannya.
Kajian dilakukan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang memadukan pendekatan
perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Pengumpulan data
dilaksanakan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dokumentasi terhadap berbagai sumber, meliputi
peraturan perundang-undangan, laporan pemerintah, jurnal ilmiah, serta publikasi lembaga
internasional yang berkaitan dengan perdagangan orang dan perlindungan PMI. Temuan
penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perubahan pola perdagangan orang terhadap PMI ilegal
yang kini memanfaatkan media digital sebagai instrumen perekrutan sekaligus sarana
eksploitasi melalui praktik online scam. Peningkatan migrasi nonprosedural dipengaruhi oleh
sejumlah faktor dominan, antara lain tekanan ekonomi, rendahnya literasi hukum masyarakat,
serta lemahnya pengawasan di ruang digital. Selain itu, pelaksanaan regulasi mengenai
perlindungan PMI dan pemberantasan tindak pidana perdagangan orang dinilai belum optimal,
terutama pada aspek pengawasan perekrutan berbasis digital dan penguatan kerja sama
antarnegara. Kajian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan studi kriminologi
hukum mengenai perdagangan orang berbasis digital sekaligus menawarkan rekomendasi
berupa penguatan pengawasan siber dan peningkatan perlindungan hukum bagi PMI.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors.

Internet fraud, including romance scams and investment scams, is an increasingly complex cyber threat in the era of global digitalization. These fraudulent schemes utilize digital communication platforms such as online dating apps, text messages, and phone calls to build emotional bonds that are then exploited financially. Incidents of this type of fraud have significantly escalated since the COVID-19 pandemic, as the intensity of digital interactions among global communities has increased. Although financial losses due to internet fraud have been widely documented, the psychological impacts on victims, including depression, anxiety, shame, and prolonged emotional distress, remain understudied. This study aims to analyze recent findings on internet fraud through a review of academic literature and media reports, and compare them with case studies of the mental health impacts of investment fraud victims in Australia. The study also discusses the potential of artificial intelligence (AI)-based digital mental health services as an intervention tool capable of increasing accessibility to psychological support, reducing social stigma, and mitigating long-term trauma in victims. The significant reduction in fraud losses in Australia as early as 2025 confirms the effectiveness of an integrated intervention strategy that includes public education, technology-based detection, and structured psychological support and can serve as a reference model for other countries.

Penyalahgunaan narkoba di kalangan remaja saat ini telah bergeser menjadi ancaman yang mengkhawatirkan dan membutuhkan penanganan lintas sektoral. Berdasarkan makalah yang melibatkan mahasiswa di Kota Padang, sindikat peredaran narkotika kini menggunakan strategi yang semakin manipulatif. Barang terlarang tersebut kerap disamarkan dalam bentuk yang dekat dengan keseharian pelajar, seperti permen, cairan rokok elektrik (liquid vape), hingga penyalahgunaan obat-obatan yang mudah diakses. Keterlibatan remaja dalam pusaran narkoba tidak terjadi secara tiba-tiba. Terdapat dua faktor pemicu utama yang saling berkaitan:

Penyalahgunaan narkoba di kalangan remaja saat ini telah bergeser menjadi ancaman yang mengkhawatirkan dan membutuhkan penanganan lintas sektoral. Berdasarkan makalah yang melibatkan mahasiswa di Kota Padang, sindikat peredaran narkotika kini menggunakan strategi yang semakin manipulatif. Barang terlarang tersebut kerap disamarkan dalam bentuk yang dekat dengan keseharian pelajar, seperti permen, cairan rokok elektrik (liquid vape), hingga penyalahgunaan obat-obatan yang mudah diakses. Keterlibatan remaja dalam pusaran narkoba tidak terjadi secara tiba-tiba. Terdapat dua faktor pemicu utama yang saling berkaitan:

The purpose of this study was to explore the socio-cultural and economic determinants of female criminality in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of (N= 32) convicted women imprisoned in thirteen jails of the Punjab were selected for this study. Semi-structured interview guide was used to collect the data through purposive sampling technique. After organizing the data, key notes were taken; codes, themes and attitude & behavior were explored. The results of the study reflected that females were involved in the serious nature of crimes i.e. murder, attempt murder, drug trafficking, theft, kidnapping and child trafficking. The results further demonstrated that unhealthy environment of family, domestic violence and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) were found as key determinants of female crime. Besides the above, forced marriages, early age marriages, extramarital affairs of husband and wife, family criminal history, refusal of inheritance property rights, influence of peers and preference to take revenge, poverty, unemployment and lust for money were also explored major factors behind the crime committed by convicted women. The study concluded that overall crime is social evil and spreading speedily day by day. Female are forced to adopt criminal behavior because of socio-cultural factors. The study recommended that it is dire need to recognize female criminality as an important issue which is becoming challenge for the both state and society. The relevant stakeholders i.e. government, nongovernment organizations & civil society must take corrective measures to minimize female criminality. The corrective measures include education, awareness raising programs, strengthening the criminal justice system, proper execution of laws related to gender base & domestic and inheritance property rights.

Понятие «социальное право» включает право социального обеспечения и социальную помощь. Социальное право существует во всех европейских государствах уже десятилетия. Социальным обеспечением охватываются следующие социальные риски: болезнь, материнство, старость, инвалидность, профессиональные заболевания и несчастные случаи на производстве, безработица, семейные выплаты независимо от того, финансируются они из бюджета или страховых взносов и управляются частными или публично-правовыми учреждениями. Социальное право отражает социальную модель Европейского союза, которая закрепилась с осени 1989 г., -свободный рынок, основанный на конкуренции с развитым социальным обеспечением и социальной профилактикой. За десятилетия эта социальная модель подверглась основательной трансформации -экономической, публичной и правовой. Понятие «Европа» многозначно. Оно может употребляться для целого континента или для отдельных организационных единиц европейской интеграции. В первом смысле Европа -географическое понятие, в последнем -объединение правовое, культурное, ценностное, социальное, экономическое 1 . Европейская интеграция выражена в двух организациях -Совете Европы и Европейском союзе. Они признают основой европейской интеграции права и свободы человека. Совет Европы гарантирует их в Социальной хартии прав человека, Европейский союз -в Договорах о Союзе и Европейском сообществе (далее -ЕС), и обосновывает свободами передвижения товаров, услуг, капитала и лиц. Обе организации защищают права человека различным образом. В рамках Совета Европы гарантиями свободы являются охрана личности от превышения власти национальными государствами. В рамках Европейского союза гарантируется экономическая торговля без границ. Это так называемое транснациональное расширение и распространение рыночных свобод. Целью Европейского союза является создание транснационального экономического и социального порядка. Данные организации принимают нормы, которые влияют на правовое регулирование социального обеспечения государств-членов. Эти нормы имеют различную эффективность и юридическую силу. Совет Европы основывает свое влияние на международном праве. Следовательно, Совет не может непосредственно устанавливать нормы для государствчленов. Его нормы требуют имплементации в национальное право, а это уже полномочия национальных законодательных органов. Европейский союз, напротив, может путем издания постановлений (регламентов) и директив непосредственно влиять на национальное право. Вопрос о содержании европейского социального права нуждается в пояснении о том, как организации по европейской интеграции влияют на национальное социальное право государств-членов.

The United States is a liberal democracy. It is not simply a democracy, the rule of the majority. It is a liberal one in that the majority is constrained from violating the rights of the individual. Central to liberalism is the protection of individual rights from the tyranny of government, even a democratic one. Democracy answers the question, "Who rules?" Liberalism addresses the limits to the power of those who rule. This is the purpose of the Constitution of a liberal democracy. These liberal rights are enumerated in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of a liberal democracy. Thus, a liberal democracy is also, if not better, labeled as a constitutional democracy. And it is the primary task of the Supreme Court of a liberal democracy to protect those rights.

This extensive research paper investigates the application of queueing theory and process flow analytics in humanitarian logistics care networks. Using the Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) program dataset spanning January 2023 to December 2025 as a primary case study, we demonstrate how modeling administrative pathways as dynamic service queues can isolate operational delays and identify systemic bottlenecks. By tracking daily apprehensions, custody active loads, and discharges, we establish a quantitative pipeline model consisting of the Transfer Efficiency Ratio (TER), the Discharge Effectiveness Index (DEI), and the Pipeline Throughput Rate (PTR). Our empirical results reveal that the system's primary congestion driver is not transient intake surges, but rather the structural inelasticity of the final sponsor vetting and discharge phase. The findings indicate that physical shelter capacity expansion is a reactive, insufficient intervention that increases active cases without improving reunification velocity. Finally, the system is synthesized into an interactive Streamlit-based decision support system (DSS) dashboard that provides stakeholders with flow metrics, outcome stability diagnostics, and threshold alerting. Ultimately, this research provides a scalable blueprint for modernizing public service pipelines using process analytics.

Buku Tantangan Penegakan Hukum di Era Globalisasi membahas dinamika penegakan hukum dalam konteks perubahan global yang semakin kompleks. Globalisasi telah membawa pengaruh signifikan terhadap sistem hukum nasional, baik melalui perkembangan hukum internasional, integrasi ekonomi global, maupun kemajuan teknologi digital. Kondisi ini menuntut pemahaman yang komprehensif mengenai bagaimana hukum bekerja, berubah, dan dihadapkan pada berbagai tantangan normatif maupun empiris.