Immigration and Crime

Kurtuluş savaşı sonrası verilen büyük mücadeleler sonrası kurulan Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti, kurulduğu zamanlardan içinden çıkılan büyük savaşlar nedeniyle büyük nüfus
kayıpları yaşamış ve kalan toprakların askeri olarak da savunulabilmesi için insan kaynağına
gereksinim duymuştur. İzlenen nüfus artış politikaları, dönemin güvenlik politikalarının bir
gereği olarak düşünülmektedir. Bu durum Türkiye’nin dış göçlere de kapılarını açmasında etkili
olmuştur. Özellikle bulunulan coğrafyada baskı ve zulümlere maruz kalan Türk ve
Müslümanların Türkiye’ye gelmeleri bu açıdan önemli görülmüştür.
Türkiye’de yapılan ilk nüfus sayımında yaklaşık 13.5 milyon olan nüfus, Türkiye’nin
yüzyıllık tarihinde sürekli artmış olup araştırmamızın yapıldığı 2024 tarihi itibariyle de nüfusu
85 milyonu aşmıştır. Tarihsel süreç içinde nüfusun artışıyla birlikte kentleşme oranının da
sürekli artış gösterdiği bilinmektedir.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumunun verilerine göre Türkiye 1927 yılında % 24.2 olan
kentleşme oranı, 1940 yılında % 24.4, 1950 yılında % 25, 1960 yılında % 26.2, 1970 yılında %
38.5, 1980 yılında 43.9, 1990 yılında %59, 2000 yılında %64.9, 2014 yılında % 91.8 ve 2023
yılında % 93 olmuştur. Bu veriler Türkiye’deki kentleşme oranının sürekli olarak arttığını
göstermektedir. Bu veriler 2014 yılında kentleşme artış hızında diğer dönemlere göre daha hızlı
artış olduğunu göstermektedir. 2014 yılındaki artışta 6360 sayılı kanunun etkileri
görülmektedir. Türkiye’deki kentleşme ile kente göç arasındaki ilişkiyi konu alan çalışmamızda
kentlere göçün kentleşmedeki yeri ve önemi araştırılmıştır.

This article discusses the beginnings of criminology in Argentina at
the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, with the
aim of understanding how it was articulated during the consolidation of the
nation-state. To that end, it reflects on the state project as it unfolded through a criminological lens grounded in the period’s juridical positivism. The country was at the forefront of interest in criminology insofar as certain jurist–intellectuals published numerous articles o n t he s tudy o f c rime i n A rgentina’s first criminology periodical, the journal Criminalogia Moderna, founded in 1898 and directed by the Italian professor, lawyer, and intellectual Pietro Gori. A bibliographical analysis reveals the influence of a European sociological perspective on Argentine criminology. An examination of selected articles published in the journal indicates how criminology, as nurtured in Europe, provided a foundation for Buenos Aires’ intellectual circles. Some authors linked criminology to the social phenomena of a nation that was increasingly industrialized, proletarianized, politicized, and urbanized.

This paper analyzes the gap between rhetoric and evidence on undocumented immigrants and crime in the United States. Although political discourse often portrays them as criminals, research shows their crime rates are lower than those of citizens (Nuño and Herrera). Many immigration violations, such as visa overstays—which make up about 40 percent of the undocumented population—are civil, not criminal (Heslin; Williamson). Yet state-level laws like Arizona’s SB 1070 and Alabama’s HB 56 reinforced the image of criminality while imposing high social costs (Freeman; Mohl). Institutional practices, such as traffic stops and license enforcement, also magnify immigrant criminalization (Armenta; Bacon). Conversely, conservative perspectives emphasize national security, citing visa overstays and terrorism risks (Heslin; The White House). The study concludes that effective reform must combine stronger border and visa enforcement with humane policies such as the bipartisan Dignity Act of 2025 (Salazar et al.), reducing political exaggeration while focusing enforcement on genuine threats.

provided helpful research assistance. The opinions contained in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not commit Banco de la Republica or its Board of Directors. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

This paper investigates the link between violent crime and immigration using data from Colombian municipalities during the recent episode of immigration from Venezuela. The key finding is that, following the closing and then re-opening of the border in 2016, which precipitated a massive immigration wave, homicides in Colombia increased in areas close to the border with Venezuela. Using information on the nationality of the victim, we find that this increase was driven by homicides involving Venezuelan victims, with no evidence of a statistically significant increase in homicides in which Colombians were victimized. Thus, in contrast to xenophobic fears that migrants might victimize natives, it was migrants, rather than natives, who faced risks associated with immigration. Using arrests data, there is no corresponding increase in arrests for homicides in these areas. Taken together, these results suggest that the increase in homicides close to the border documented here are driven by crimes against migrants and have occurred without a corresponding increase in arrests, suggesting that some of these crimes have gone unsolved.

I. K entleşm e, çoğu kez sanıldığının tersine, köylerden kentlere nüfus akınlarını anlatan, salt bir nüfus devinimi değildir. K entleşmeyi, toplumsal, ekonom ik ve kültürel boyutları içinde, çok daha geniş bir değişim olarak algılamak uygun olur. B u nedenle, geniş anlamında kentleşmeyi, sanayileşm eye ve ekonomik gelişmeye koşut olarak kent sayısının artm ası ve bugünkü kentlerin büyümesi sonucunu doğuran, toplum yapısında, artan oranda örgütleşm e, işbölüm ü ve uzm anlaşm a yaratan, insanların davranış ve ilişkilerinde kentlere özgü değişikliklere yol açan bir nüfus birikimi süreci olarak tanımlıyoruz. Görüldüğü gibi, kentleşme aynı zamanda bir toplumsal değişme sürecidir. Bir kültür değişm esidir de. Kentlere gelen, kentte yaşayan insanların davranışlarında, değer sistem lerinde, dünya görüşlerinde de, kentleşm eyle birlikte kimi değişiklikler beklenm ektedir. îşte, kentleşmenin bu öğesine, "kentlileşme" diyoruz. Kentlileşme, kentleşm e olgusunun ayrılm az bir öğesi olm akla birlikte, ondan daha dar bir kapsamı vardır. K entin ve çevrenin, bir başka deyişle, yerleşim yerinin, insan davranışları üzerinde etkisi olduğu genellikle benimsenen bir görüştür. Bu etkilerden bir bölümü olumlu nitelik taşım aktadır. Bir Alman atasözü, kent havasının insanları özgür kıldığım an latm ak tad ır (Stadtluft m acht man fr e i). G erçekten, hem batı, hem de doğu dillerinde, kent ve uygarlık söcükleri arasında yakın benzerlikler görülüyor : Cittâ, çite, ciudad, civitas sözcükleri; civilization, yani uygarlık sözcüğü ile ayni kökten geliyorlar. Medina ile medeniyet arasındaki ilişki de herkesçe biliniyor. B unlar bize, a) kentin uygarlıkların kaynağı olarak algılandığını, b) uygarca davranışlara ve ilişkilere kentlerde rastlanması gerektiğini düşündüren gözlemlerdir. K uşkusuz, bunun her zaman ve her yerde böyle olduğunu savunmak olanağı yoktur. B una karşın, Fransızların, kibarlık (civilite) ve g ö rg ü (urbanite) sözcüklerini, yurttaşlık ( citoyennete) sözcüğünden ayırt etmeleri de, yukarıda sözü edilen ilişkinin varlığına inanmalanndandır.

This book addresses commonplace beliefs about international migration that, although often touted in the media and everyday conversations, are incorrect. Immigration is a politicized topic in the United States and other countries. In the headlines, the political right and left alike state with hype that there are record-breaking numbers of migrants seeking entry at the U.S.-Mexico border, despite the fact that globally, the percentage of people who change residency due to war, political or religious persecution, poverty, or lack of opportunity is not at an all-time high and is not unmanageable for receiving countries.
Dialogue about immigration consistently alarms native-born populations,
especially because of certain harmful stereotypes about immigrants of color who migrate from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. They are portrayed as criminals, freeloaders, victims, or geniuses by popular media. These inaccurate generalizations of entire immigrant populations may help accentuate ethnic and racial differences and cause native-born White people to feel threatened. This process breeds distrust and heightens the danger for immigrants of color, who are singled out for their “otherness” in historically majority-White societies and used as scapegoats for social and economic problems. Throughout the following chapters, we reference research that disproves popular but false beliefs about immigration so that the public can critically engage with diverse information and thus better understand the topic.

Like Australia and the United States, Canada is usually considered a "traditional" immigrant receiving country in contrast to many countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa where large scale immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon. This chapter will review past and current Canadian immigration policy. Section one will provide a brief historical overview of Canadian immigration patterns. Section two will outline current immigration policy, including the changes introduced by Canada's new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) which became law in June 2002. Section three will discuss the relationship between immigration policy and the integration of immigrants in Canadian society. 1. Historical patterns of Canadian immigration 1 １)Pre-Confederation Canada: the origins of a settler society Canada, which began as a trading post for British and French colonial powers in the 16 th century, quickly evolved into a national economic unit fueled by mercantilism and resource industries. Crucial to the eighteenth-century political foundation of Canada was the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, who became dominant in Englishspeaking parts of the country. Early immigrants included farmers, traders, administrators of the colonial system, labourers, and religious orders. In addition to the Loyalists, early refugees

This thesis examines the effects of European immigration policies on crime and society, with a focus on the past and present security challenges of shifts of peoples and demographics since 1942 and 1989, which have changed the face of Europe. The first chapter reviews the significance of the issue in the context of the historical and economic developments in which postwar immigration has assumed its familiar dimensions. The second section discusses the effects of immigrant-related crime on the security and prosperity of Germany and the failures of the German policies and German government to integrate the immigrants fully into German society. The third chapter analyzes immigrant-related economic crime and its effects on German economic prosperity. Section IV addresses the effects of German immigration policies on violent crime against immigrants in Germany, as it engenders feeling of attack among immigrants facing what appears to be resurgent German chauvinism. The final chapter offers a summary of German governmental and multilateral actions that address immigrant-related crime and recommendations for future coordination of immigration policies to enhance security in Europe through cooperation of governments and European security institutions. This thesis concludes coordinated cooperative measures can provide the lasting framework for the integration of immigrants. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 123

Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kırsal göç önemli bir sorun olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kırsal bölgelerin ekonomik yapısının temelini oluşturan tarım göçün temel belirleyicisi konumundadır. Bu bölgelerdeki göçün önlenmesi ile tarımsal sorunların çözümü arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır. Bu ilişki Tarım Politikasının amacı, kapsamı ve araçları ile açıklanabilmektedir. Kırsal alandan kente göç üzerine gerek yerli gerek yabancı bir çok kalitatif çalışma ve derlemeler yapılmıştır. Ancak sorunun Tarım Politikası ile ilişkisini direkt (doğrudan) ortaya koyacak özgün bir çalışma yeterince yapılamamıştır. Bu çalışmada; Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde toplumsal dönüşümün temel nedenlerinden birisi olan kırsal göç sorununu genel bir bakış açısı içerisinde değerlendirilmiş ve Tarım Politikası ile arasındaki ilişki; Tarım Politikasının amacı, kapsamı ve araçları ile birlikte değerlendirilerek sorunun çözümünde Tarım Politikası tedbirlerini tartışmanın odağı haline getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

"¿Es posible identificar en la criminología positivista del último cuarto del siglo XIX y el primer cuarto del siglo XX algunos elementos comunes que la caracterizarían como tal, pese a que en su seno se encuentran posiciones diferentes con respecto a preguntas fundamentales como aquella referida a las causas del delito?"

A partir de dicha consigna, se busca describir la matriz conceptual y los principales rasgos distintivos que caracterizan a la criminología positivista de finales del s. XIX y principios del s. XX. Dicha características permiten englobar a la criminología positivista como una misma corriente, más allá de las diferencias que se plantean en su seno.

Materia: Teorías Criminológicas I.
Maestría en Criminología - Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales - Universidad Nacional del Litoral. (Evaluación: 10/10).

In this study the author discusses one of the problems regarding the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in carrying out forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in conducting forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia and to determine and analyze civil servant investigators (PPNS) can make forced searches of perpetrators suspected of committing criminal violations of local regulations. The research method uses normative legal research, so the research approach taken is a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results of this study are the first, the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) according to Indonesian legislation is regulated in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP) Government Regulation No. 43 of 2012 concerning Procedures for Implementing Coordination, Supervision, and Technical Guidance of Special Police, Civil Servant Investigators, and forms of Private Security, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 14 of 2012 concerning Management of Criminal Investigations, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2010 concerning Investigation Management by Civil Servant Investigators. Secondly, the provisions of the above laws and regulations that in the event of a criminal offense in the region, civil servant investigators (PPNS) can search the perpetrator of the offense, but still the PPNS authority must be expressly regulated in the provisions of regional regulations because however PPNS in the regions must be subject to Regional Regulations that regulate their authority.

Enmarcado en la investigación que dio lugar a mi tesis doctoral, en este artículo presento algunos de los enfoques posibles para abordar, tanto en el pasado como en el presente, los procesos de criminalización del migrante en Argentina. Particularmente, destaco trabajos que han adoptado como objeto de estudio los modos en que la criminología positivista conceptualizaba los vínculos entre inmigración y delincuencia; las maneras en que fueron tematizados tales nexos desde la perspectiva
de la institución policial; las relaciones entre inmigración, anarquismo y delincuencia; las miradas del poder judicial acerca del migrante limítrofe como “transgresor” y/o “peligroso”; y las políticas migratorias, en tanto visiones de Estado acerca de la asociación inmigración-delito. Cierra el artículo unas consideraciones finales, donde destaco la importancia de analizar el multifacético proceso de criminalización del migrante a partir del diálogo entre distintas disciplinas y campos de saber.

This study presents the first ever comparative regional portrait of racial inequality and incarceration across the Americas, using census data from Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the United States mainland. While racism is known to pervade criminal justice across the US mainland, Latin American prisons remain understudied, with the entire region often construed as racially harmonious and uniformly "mixed" rather than racially plural or stratified. Our findings reveal consistent underrepresentation of white individuals and overrepresentation of Black individuals in all countries. Mixed-race individuals in Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico experience higher incarceration rates than whites but lower rates than Blacks. These findings challenge the conception that the US mainland is unique in its historically entrenched profile of structural racism, while highlighting varying degrees of racial inequality internationally. Whereas Cuba and the US mainland display relatively higher levels of racial inequality in imprisonment, Puerto Rico and Brazil display relatively lower levels.

Türk dili ve kültüründe "göç" sözcüğü çok değişik anlamlarda kullanılmaktadır. Halk arasında en basit ve yaygın kullanımı, bir barınma yerinden/mekânından başka bir yere gitmek, taşınmaktır. Geleneksel kültürümüzde insan ve toplum yaşamı ve üretim biçimiyle ilgili çok farklı boyutlarda "göç ve konmak" eylemlerinden türetilmiş yeni sözcük ve kavramların yaygınlaştığını görmekteyiz. Bu kullanım alanlarından biri de yaşam biçimleri, ekonomileri hayvancılığa dayanan göçer, yarı göçer yaylacı topluluklarda görülür. Öte yandan, köyden kente göçenlerin barınma sorunlarının çözümünde kullandıkları ve "konmak/yerleşmek" eyleminden türetilen kondu, gecekondu, konuk, konak vb. çok sayıda kavram dilimizde ve toplumsal yaşamımızda yer almıştır. Göç sözcüğünün, bu kullanımlarının dışında birey ve toplum yaşamını çok yakından ilgilendiren ve ekonomik, politik, ekolojik, sosyo/kültürel nedenlerden kaynaklanan çok sayıda kavramsal anlamı, olgusal düzeyi ve etkileri vardır. Bundan dolayı göç olayı ve olgusu çeşitli bilim dallarınca farklı biçimlerde tanımlanıp açıklanmaktadır. Hangi boyutta ve hangi bilimsel yaklaşımla tanımlanırsa tanımlansın, göç, iki mekân arasındaki yer değiştirme, sosyal hareketlilik ve toplumsal değişme sürecidir. Sunumumuzda göç olgusunun/sürecinin kavramsal ve kuramsal yönü, tarihsel ve toplumsal boyutu, neden ve sonuç ilişkisi toplumsal değişme kuramı açısından yorumlanıp değerlendirilecektir.

Gambling is an act that is prohibited in both the Criminal Code and social norms. However, the application of Article 303 and Article 303bis of the Criminal Code and Government Regulations related to controlling gambling only covers gambling crimes that occur within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The application of gambling as a crime can lose the nature of an unlawful act if the gambling gets permission from the authorities so that the gambling becomes legal or legal. In practice, there are still customs or cultures that think that gambling is part of the culture and is difficult to eradicate and even spreads to use technology. This study aims to evaluate the enforcement of gambling laws in the perspective of criminal law policy. This research is a doctrinal research using a conceptual approach and a legal approach. This study was conducted by looking at whether the development of law enforcement and the provisions stipulated in the Criminal Code can reach the crime of gambling and increase public awareness efforts related to gambling. The results show that it is necessary to establish an ideal enforcement model based on the principles of legal certainty, justice and avoid the emergence of a gambling perspective legalized in the name of culture.

is a 25-year-old Vietnamese man. He works full-time at Pizza Hut, and lives with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old son in San Diego. Without a high school diploma, Nghi is confined to a minimum-wage job with no benefits. He works six days a week, and is trying to get his life back on track. Nghi was recently released from prison, after serving three years of a six-year sentence for attempted burglary. With a prison record and an 11 th grade education Nghi faces major obstacles. His life until now has been one of hardship and bad choices. After fleeing Vietnam in a boat crammed with refugees, Nghi's family was resettled in San Diego upon arrival in the United States. During those early years, times were tough for the family, which depended on public assistance through state-sponsored refugee programs. After a few years, Nghi's dad landed a job at a large industrial company, making parts for airplanes; he also found companionship and remarried. Although doing better materially, the family still did not act as a cohesive unit, and parent-child bonds frayed. Nghi blames his early troubles on his dad's bad temper and his step mom's chronic nagging. Nghi found solace in a peer group of Vietnamese youths who were just as troubled. Together they got caught up in drugs, stealing, robberies and shootings. He left home at sixteen to escape home life and gain freedom from parental authority. This move, however, signaled a turn for the worse. Less than a year later, Nghi was expelled from school. Out of school and on the streets, Nghi's involvement in delinquent activity increased steadily. At 19, he picked up his first criminal charge for petty theft, for which he paid $500 and was put on probation. Two months later he was pulled over by police for possession of a shotgun. After making up a story, he was let go by the police without being charged. But he was not so lucky on his third encounter with the police. Four years after leaving home, at the age of 20, he was charged with commercial burglary. He confessed to the crime and was given the maximum sentence, of which he served half.

Research examining the immigration and crime connection has proliferated, stimulating a vigorous debate among academics and politicians alike. Researchers are examining this relationship at both individual and aggregate levels. However, studies continue to provide often contradictory results. Using Eurostat data over 2017-2020 on crime rates, GDP per capita, income inequality, unemployment rates, and immigration in 38 European countries, this study examines the link between crime and immigration in the context of socioeconomic variables. The main goal is to identify and analyze possible relationships between immigration, unemployment, and crime in Europe. The statistical evidence appears in general to support the hypothesis that the level of crime in Europe during the time period under study can be explained by the level of immigration in the context of country-wide sociodemographic factors. Results show that the homicide rate is significantly associated negatively with immigration (r = − 0.15), GDP per capita (r = − 0.41), and positively associated with both unemployment (r=0.22) and income inequality (r=0.34). Sexual violence rate is significantly and positively associated with immigation (r=0.20) and GDP per capita (r=0.71), and negatively associated with unemployment (r=-0.36) and income inequality (r=-0.41). Finally theft has the same associations and directions as that of sexual violence for all variables, except GDP per capita. The results are discussed in the context of some criminological theories of strain and relative deprivation to suggest policy implications.

The rise of immigrant stock in the American status system has been a well-recorded phenomenon of our time. Novelists have described it in their fction,l economists and demographers have discussed its contribution to business and industrial change,2 political scientists have noted its effects on governmental and electoral behavior,s and social scientists have studied its consequences for the social systems of several communities of the Nation.a Probably the best known comparative analysis of ethnic group status was conducted in the thirties by Warner and Srole as part of a more comprehensive community study in Yankee City.5 In this small city, the time at which each ethnic group arrived in the community was observed to be the * Paper presented at the annual meeting of the

Kentleşme, sosyal değişme ve ekonomik gelişme arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır. Kentleşme ile birlikte toplumun sosyal yapısında ve ekonomik ilişkilerinde değişiklik meydana gelmektedir. Kentleşme, toplumun ekonomik yapısında ve sosyal ilişkilerinde olumlu yönde değişiklik yapmaktadır. Bu durumu gelişmiş devletlerin kentleşme oranın yüksekliğinde ve toplumsal gelişme düzeyinde görmek mümkündür. Çalışmanın bütünlüğü kapsamında öncelikle kentleşme, sosyal değişme ve ekonomik gelişme kavramları açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra gelişmiş ülkelerde ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kentleşme, sosyal değişme ve ekonomik gelişme ilişkisi açıklanmıştır. Kentleşme, sosyal değişme ve ekonomik gelişme ilişkisi değerlendirildikten sonra çalışma değerlendirme kısmı ile bitirilmiştir.

Contemporary discussions about immigration are heavily based on fearmongering and stereotypes that have conflated immigrant illegality and crime. There is a pervasive misconception that immigration status and nationality are determinants of someone’s propensity for violence and crime. The nearly 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the U.S. are commonly blamed for a whole range of issues, especially violent and petty crime and, to a degree, the underground drug trade. Nonimmigrants believe that immigrant neighborhoods need to be intensely policed because of this false belief, unaware that surveillance worsens living conditions and results in disproportionate incarceration of immigrants and people of color. Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign is best summarized by his now-infamous comments regarding Mexican immigrants: “When they send their people, they aren’t sending their best…They are bringing drugs. They are bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.” The popularity of similar sentiments begs the question—Do immigrants really commit more crimes than U.S.-born people?

Kent Tanımı: Sözlük anlamı olarak 'nüfusun büyük bölümünün ekonomik faaliyet alanı olarak ticaret, sanayi, yönetim ve hizmetle ilgili işlerle geçimini sağladığı, toplumsal ve kültürel bir örgütlenmenin olduğu yerleşim alanı' şeklinde ifade edilen 'kent teriminin' oldukça çeşitli tanımları vardır. Örneğin, "(....) içinde yaşayanların çoğunluğunun tarım dışı iş-dallarmda çalıştığı, nüfus yoğunluğuna sahip, insanların barınmadan, eğlenmeye tüm ihtiyaçlarının karşılandığı ve sürekli bir toplumsal gelişim gösteren, bütünleşme derecesinin yüksek-olduğu" 1 yerleşim yeri: ya da "(...) fertler arası ilişkilerde geleneksel ilişkilerden çok rasyonel davranışların ağırlıkta olduğu, özellikle sanayi ve benzer alanlardaki işlerin ağırlık kazandığı, günümüze has bir yerleşme biçimi ve topluluk türü" 2 olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Genel olarak 'kent' tanımındaki güçlük, başlangıç noktası olarak coğrafi, fiziksel, ekonomik veya sosyal faktörleri ele almakla ilgilidir. Ancak demografik açıdan, kentin tanımını yapmak bile zorluk doğurmaktadır. Örneğin DPT'ye göre en az kent nüfusu 20.000 kişi olarak kabul edilirken, Köy Kanunu, İmar Kanunu ve Devlet istatistik Enstitüsü bu rakamları ikibin ve onbin kişi olarak belirlemiştir. Sosyolojik açıdan ise kentleri, geleneksel ekonomik faaliyetler dışında yoğunlaşılan, iş dallarında büyük farklılaşmalara bağlı olarak meslekleşmenin arttığı, aşırı bir örgütlenme ve yapılanmanın olduğu ve büyük nüfus birikimlerini barındıran yerleşim alanları olarak tanımlamak daha uygun olmaktadır. Benzer

Urbanization tendency in Turkey, is developed in a inclusive period in this day and age by gaining momentum 1950-1980 period. The rural depopulation phenomenon which emphasizes an important process in Turkey's social upheaval, is ranged between the social phenomenons which Turkish novel deals. With the authors' notice, social and individual reflections of the stratified structures occured by rural-urban migrations are emphasized in novels. Turkis novels witnessing to the speedy urbanization between 1950-1980, provide opportunity for examining this period. In this period the speedy upheaval which occured in social structure, is dealed with distincts aspects by novels which support society narration. Novels which are dealed with urbanization process between 1950-1980 are convenient for comparing the rural and urban life. In period novels the proplems are dealed widely which are occured after the urbanization process. Urban poverty, housing and harbouring problem, hanty houses, environmental pollution, trasnportation problem, deficiency of urban infrastructure and service, uncontrolled urban growt and uphheaval are observed as the urbanization problems. Besides the problems which are occured after the urbanization, authors deal with rural depopulation reasons, upheavals occured in cities by their diffusing areas, rural people efforts for orientation to urban life and new social identities and relations which occured by urbanization process. Authors who are subjected rural-urban migration are focused remerkable extens on the rural-urban migrations reasons. Rural bleakness, urban likeability and the facts which enable the communication betwen rural and urban are widely examined by this period novels. By this way, in this article we will examine how the rural-urban migration is reflected to the novels between 1950-1980 period.

and integration does not work well in depicting what takes place on the ground. Instead, several distinct paths of adaptation have been identified, some of which lead upwards as portrayed by the conventional assimilation model; other paths, however, lead in the opposite direction, compounding the spectacle of poverty, drugs, and gangs in the nation's cities. Segmented assimilation is the concept coined to refer to these realities. This alternative model has both charted the main alternative path of contemporary second generation adaptation and identified the main forces at play in that process (A. Portes and Zhou 1992; Zhou and Bankston 1998; A. Portes and Rumbaut 2006). Specifically, three major factors have been identified: the human capital that immigrant parents bring with them, the social context in which they are received in America, and the composition of the immigrant family. Human capital, operationally identified with formal education and occupational skills, translates into competitiveness in the host labor market and the potential for achieving desirable positions in the American hierarchies of status and wealth. The transformation of this potential into reality depends, however, on the context into which immigrants are incorporated. A receptive or at least neutral reception by government authorities, a sympathetic or at least not hostile reception by the native population, and the existence of social networks with well-established coethnics pave the ground for putting to use whatever credentials and skills have been brought from abroad. Conversely, a hostile reception by authorities and the public and a weak or nonexistent coethnic community handicap immigrants and make it difficult for them to translate their human capital into commensurate occupations or to acquire new occupational skills. The mode of incorporation is the concept used in the literature to refer to these tripartite (government/society/community) differences in the contexts that receive newcomers (A. Portes and Rumbaut 2001, chap. 3; Hirschman 2001). Lastly, the structure of the immigrant family has also proved to be highly significant in determining second generation outcomes. Parents who stay together

Contrary to popular perceptions that immigration increases crime, the research literature demonstrates that immigration generally serves a protective function, reducing crime. This review takes as its starting point the contradiction between the rhetoric and the reality of immigration and crime in the United States. We begin by exploring the conditions under which immigration reduces crime and those under which it has less or no effect, with particular attention to traditional and new destination sites. We then demonstrate how the moral panic about immigration has contributed to unprecedented levels of new legislation and intensified enforcement practices. These new laws and policies, we suggest, are making immigrants and their communities less safe. We consider some of the ways in which immigrants have become more vulnerable and how that vulnerability is patterned and nuanced. We close by examining recent research in other parts of the world, finding some similarities but also diff...

Data are presented Ihat indic.ate that Ihe Souttae~ region of the United Slates has a much higher arrest rate for drunkenness than other regions of the countxy; that the state of KentuCky has a much higher arrest rate for drunkenness and for alcohol offenses in total than even the Southern region; and that Madison County, Kentucky has much highor rates then even the state of Kentucky. Data collected lrom court records in Madison County are then presented to describe the people arrested for alcohol-re&~ed offenses, lhe circumstances of lheir arrests, and the legal pro(~ of their cases. Finally, speculative hypotheses for the higher arrest rates for alcohol-related offenses in the South, in Kentucky, and in Madison County are discussed. A tremendous amount of police work is occasioned by the effects of alcoholic beverages on drivers, pedestrians, disputants, suspects, and victims. In recent years, the detection of drunken drivers has become an obsession for officers on patrol in many jurisdictions, and police handling traffic accidents, especially fatal accidents, frequently encounter intoxicated drivers and passengers (Jacobs, 1989). Police on patrol also typically keep close watch on intoxicated pedestrians, viewing them as potential crime victims, accident victims, or disorderly subjects (Wilson, 1968). Police officers handling calls, whether domestic disputes, fights, crimes, injured persons, or people who have lost their cars, similarly encounter many people "under the influence."

Kent Tanımı: Sözlük anlamı olarak 'nüfusun büyük bölümünün ekonomik faaliyet alanı olarak ticaret, sanayi, yönetim ve hizmetle ilgili işlerle geçimini sağladığı, toplumsal ve kültürel bir örgütlenmenin olduğu yerleşim alanı' şeklinde ifade edilen 'kent teriminin' oldukça çeşitli tanımları vardır. Örneğin, "(....) içinde yaşayanların çoğunluğunun tarım dışı iş-dallarmda çalıştığı, nüfus yoğunluğuna sahip, insanların barınmadan, eğlenmeye tüm ihtiyaçlarının karşılandığı ve sürekli bir toplumsal gelişim gösteren, bütünleşme derecesinin yüksek-olduğu" 1 yerleşim yeri: ya da "(...) fertler arası ilişkilerde geleneksel ilişkilerden çok rasyonel davranışların ağırlıkta olduğu, özellikle sanayi ve benzer alanlardaki işlerin ağırlık kazandığı, günümüze has bir yerleşme biçimi ve topluluk türü" 2 olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Genel olarak 'kent' tanımındaki güçlük, başlangıç noktası olarak coğrafi, fiziksel, ekonomik veya sosyal faktörleri ele almakla ilgilidir. Ancak demografik açıdan, kentin tanımını yapmak bile zorluk doğurmaktadır. Örneğin DPT'ye göre en az kent nüfusu 20.000 kişi olarak kabul edilirken, Köy Kanunu, İmar Kanunu ve Devlet istatistik Enstitüsü bu rakamları ikibin ve onbin kişi olarak belirlemiştir. Sosyolojik açıdan ise kentleri, geleneksel ekonomik faaliyetler dışında yoğunlaşılan, iş dallarında büyük farklılaşmalara bağlı olarak meslekleşmenin arttığı, aşırı bir örgütlenme ve yapılanmanın olduğu ve büyük nüfus birikimlerini barındıran yerleşim alanları olarak tanımlamak daha uygun olmaktadır. Benzer

The present study is based on a secondary-data analysis of a subsample of Cuban immigrants residing in the United States. While there are no significant differences in arrest rates between U.S. natives of Cuban descent and their foreign-born counterparts, life transitions have a differential impact on behavioral outcomes when young men and women of Cuban ancestry are compared. Job instability increases the risk of arrest for men, while being a single parent increases the risk of arrest for women. Growing up in a two-parent family and marriage have crime protective effects for men, while religiosity decreases the probability of arrest for women. In both subsamples, having a family member arrested was the strongest predictor of one's arrest status in early adulthood.

Kır/köy ve kent sadece mekânsal veya demografik ayrışmanın ismi olarak değil, daha fazlasıyla zihniyet ve yaşam tarzında gerçekleşen ayrışmanın ismi olarak anlam kazanmaktadır. Kırsalın gerektirdiği zihniyet ve yaşam tarzı ile kentin gerektirdiği arasında önemli farklılıklar vardır. Bu farklılıklar bilhassa sosyal bilimcilerin yoğun ilgi gösterdikleri önemli konu başlıklarından birisidir. En çok ilgi gösterilen husus ise, kırsaldaki küçük yerleşim birimlerinden (çoğunlukla köyden) kente göç edenlerin değişim ve dönüşüm süreçleridir; yani kentlileşme süreçleridir. Kentlileşme, Türkiye için çok önemli bir olgudur. Zira Türkiye, 1990'lara kadar, nüfusunun çok önemli kısmı kırsalda yaşayan bir ülkeydi. Bu nüfusun çok büyük bir kısmı, 20-30 yıl gibi oldukça kısa sayılabilecek bir zaman diliminde kırsaldan kentlere göç etti. Bu durum kentlileşme açısından özel bir önem ifade etmektedir. Burada kentli olma durumunun seyri ve oranı kırsaldan/köyden kente göç bağlamında ele alınıp incelenecektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Sivas kent merkezi oluşturmaktadır. Veriler anket tekniği ile toplanmış ve SPSS programı ile analiz edilmiştir.

Kent, kentleşme, kentlileşme ve göç kavramlarının tanımları yapılırken birçok değişkenin göz önüne alınması gerekmektedir. Çünkü bu kavramlara etki eden faktörler oldukça fazladır. Tanımlamalarda değişkenler göz önüne alındığında kentleşme ve göçün nedenleri de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu kavramlar, suç ile ilişkili olup, suça zemin hazırlayan ve suçun işlenmesini hızlandıran etkiler meydana getirebilmektedir. Çünkü kentte göç sonucu geride bırakılan yaşam alanının kuralları geçerli değildir. Kent, kendine özgü nitelikleriyle bireylere yalnızca yeni bir yaşam alanı sunmamaktadır. Kente göç etmek, kültürde de değişmeye neden olmaktadır. Bu değişimi hızlı ve sağlıksız geçiren birey, suça yönelebilecektir. Tabi ki kentleşme ve göç, tek başına suç işlemenin nedeni değildir. Bu çalışmada göçün kentteki suç olgusuna etkisi irdelenerek açıklanacaktır.

Çok yönlü bir boyuta sahip olan göç hareketi için araştırmacılar tarafındanbirçok farklı tanım yapılmıştır. Bir yer değiştirme hareketi olan göç, anlık değildir ve bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Tarım topraklarının bölünmesi, tarımda makineleşme, kentlerdeki eğitim ve sosyo-kültürel olanakların kırsal alanlara gore daha iyi olması, bireylerin kan davalarından kurtulmak istemesi, yaşanılan yerde meydana gelen terör olaylarından dolayı duyulan endişe gibi birçok neden, Türkiye'deki iç göçün sebepleri arasında gösterilmektedir. Toplumsal değişme kavramı ise toplumların kültürel yapılarında meydana gelen bir değişimi ifade etmektedir. Göç hareketi iletoplumsal ya da kültürel değişmeler arasında birilişki söz konusudur. Bu ilişki, Türk romanı içerisinde kendine önemli bir yeredinmiştir. Romanlarda göçün nedenleri, göç eden bireylerin kentlileşmesüreçleri ve yaşadıkları toplumsal değişmeler konu edinilmiştir. Çalışmada yararlanılmak üzere Kente İndi İdris, Toprak Kovgunları, Sevgili Arsız Ölüm, Aykırı Ölümler ve Köygöçüren romanları olmak üzere toplam beş adet Türk romanı seçilmiştir ve iç göç hareketinin neden olduğu toplumsal değişmelerin seçilen romanlara hangi yönlerden yansıdığı ele alınmaktadır.

Tax law is part of administrative law which has a coercive nature, so that law enforcement is accompanied by criminal sanctions. However, the main purpose of tax law is to obtain tax revenue, so that punishment in the form of confinement or imprisonment is not the main goal. Criminal sanctions are the last resort that becomes the ultimate weapon or ultimum remedium, so that administrative sanctions take precedence in the settlement of tax law. In Law Number 6 of 1983 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures as Amended Multiple times, the most recent by Law Number 11 of 2020 (UU KUP), the principle of ultimum remedium is applied to the offense of negligence, where the threat of fines and imprisonment is alternative. However, for intentional offenses, the threat of fines and imprisonment is cumulative, so it can be categorized as primum remedium. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the stages or conditions of how the ultimum remedium can be applied in tax law.

and integration does not work well in depicting what takes place on the ground. Instead, several distinct paths of adaptation have been identified, some of which lead upwards as portrayed by the conventional assimilation model; other paths, however, lead in the opposite direction, compounding the spectacle of poverty, drugs, and gangs in the nation's cities. Segmented assimilation is the concept coined to refer to these realities. This alternative model has both charted the main alternative path of contemporary second generation adaptation and identified the main forces at play in that process (A. Portes and Zhou 1992; Zhou and Bankston 1998; A. Portes and Rumbaut 2006). Specifically, three major factors have been identified: the human capital that immigrant parents bring with them, the social context in which they are received in America, and the composition of the immigrant family. Human capital, operationally identified with formal education and occupational skills, translates into competitiveness in the host labor market and the potential for achieving desirable positions in the American hierarchies of status and wealth. The transformation of this potential into reality depends, however, on the context into which immigrants are incorporated. A receptive or at least neutral reception by government authorities, a sympathetic or at least not hostile reception by the native population, and the existence of social networks with well-established coethnics pave the ground for putting to use whatever credentials and skills have been brought from abroad. Conversely, a hostile reception by authorities and the public and a weak or nonexistent coethnic community handicap immigrants and make it difficult for them to translate their human capital into commensurate occupations or to acquire new occupational skills. The mode of incorporation is the concept used in the literature to refer to these tripartite (government/society/community) differences in the contexts that receive newcomers (A. Portes and Rumbaut 2001, chap. 3; Hirschman 2001). Lastly, the structure of the immigrant family has also proved to be highly significant in determining second generation outcomes. Parents who stay together

Çalışmamızın birinci konusu olan eğitim durumumuz, günümüz sorunlarının temel ögelerinden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak, toplumumuzun eğitim seviyesi, günümüze ait değil geçmişten taşıdığımız bir sorundur. Yani, geçmişte çok aydındık, çok okuryazardık da şimdi bu konuda gerilemedik. Dolayısıyla, özellikle son yıllarda toplumumuzda gözlemlenen çalkalanmayı, çatışmaları, gel-gitleri açıklayacak başka bir faktöre daha ihtiyacımız bulunmaktadır. Bu faktörün adı “göç”tür.

This research seeks to examine the circulation and reception of the ideas of Cesare Lombroso in Chile, who helped define a new image of "criminal man" marked by a biological determinism which explained its danger and appearance within the urban setting of the turn of the century. Turning away from the views attributing the crime to free will and the destruction of social life, criminal anthropology, helped reinforce "scientifically" many prejudices that stigmatize the popular sectors according to their physical features, skin color and customs, building a sort of "common enemy" to which should be preventive and defensive measures. The review of the writings of time and the press, show that this new criminological knowledge was well received by authorities and professionals study period.

The explanations to date of the remarkable decrease in crime that has been reported over the last two decades in a number of western countries have been less than convincing. In light of these limitations this article explores the impact that the recent increase of immigration into the uk may have had on recorded crime levels. Drawing on a range of international research the paper includes some empirical evidence from England and Wales that suggests that in contrast to the popular opinion that increased immigration is associated with an increase in crime, that not only are the recent waves of immigration not linked to rising crime, but also our findings lend qualified support to the contention that recent waves of immigration have contributed to the crime drop that has taken place in the uk and other countries over the last two decades.

While recent scholarship has documented the long history of African American disenfranchisement leading up to mass incarceration, it has evaded a comprehensive investigation of Latino encounters with the U.S. criminal justice system by relying on a false dichotomy between black and Latino carceral experiences. The historical roots of Latino criminalization and punishment in the United States, dating back to the 1845 annexation of Texas, merit a study that both particularizes Latino experiences and problematizes essentialized racial categories. Thus, this dissertation charts the trajectories of Latino racial constructions as shaped by incarceration, revealing how prisons have defined and destabilized the boundaries of Latinidad. Furthermore, this project finds that these racializations have served as decisive factors in determining the incarcerability of Latinos, with mass incarceration and deportation acting as intertwined, complementary systems of control. Utilizing a wide range of sources including prison records, personal memoirs, political discourses, local newspapers, survey data, and imagery from street and prison culture, this study also highlights the conflict between the concept of race as a social construct and efforts to quantify racial disparities in U.S. institutions. iv The first chapter identifies the ways in which Latinos were perceived and recorded as racial others in registers from the nation's flagship prisons between 1850 and 1950. The personal histories of Latinos in this early era and later in the twentieth century also capture the normalization of interactions with law enforcement and the routine of jailtime. To address the systemic complexities that have dictated Latino racial developments, in the next chapters, I introduce an analytical framework based on three different racial paradigms. Chapter Two deconstructs understandings of Latinos as perpetual foreigners paired with the notion of immigrants as criminals. Chapter Three explores Latino experiences with criminalized blackness due to African ancestry and shared socioeconomic disadvantage. Chapter Four examines Latino disenfranchisement founded on Amerindian heritage and the reappropriation of Indianism as a tool of resistance in response. Finally, the last chapter analyzes longitudinal survey data, finding nuances within the racial disparities typically cited in criminal justice reports, while unpacking the role of incarceration in Latino racial formations over time. v Table of Contents List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………....vii List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………….viii Introduction-Criminal Justice Shapings of Latinidad ……………………………………………………….1

Despite media coverage of isolated incidents of violent crime perpetuated by undocumented immigrants in cities with sanctuary policies, there is scant systematic research on the relationships between the adoption of sanctuary policies, unauthorized immigration, and crime. We compile city-level data from official sources and use fixed-effects negative binomial regression to examine whether the adoption of city-level sanctuary policies and the concentration of unauthorized Mexican immigrants are associated with homicide and robbery incidents in 107 U.S. cities, across three decades. We find evidence that the adoption of sanctuary policies is associated with a reduction in robberies but not homicide. In contrast, an increase in the relative size of a city's unauthorized Mexican immigrant population corresponds with a reduction in homicide; however, only in sanctuary cities. Lastly, shifts in violence during our study period are consistently related to social structural characteristics of cities, which are findings consistent with social disorganization theory.

Kent, kentleşme, kentlileşme ve göç kavramlarının tanımları yapılırken birçok değişkenin göz önüne alınması gerekmektedir. Çünkü bu kavramlara etki eden faktörler oldukça fazladır. Tanımlamalarda değişkenler göz önüne alındığında kentleşme ve göçün nedenleri de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu kavramlar, suç ile ilişkili olup, suça zemin hazırlayan ve suçun işlenmesini hızlandıran etkiler meydana getirebilmektedir. Çünkü kentte göç sonucu geride bırakılan yaşam alanının kuralları geçerli değildir. Kent, kendine özgü nitelikleriyle bireylere yalnızca yeni bir yaşam alanı sunmamaktadır. Kente göç etmek, kültürde de değişmeye neden olmaktadır. Bu değişimi hızlı ve sağlıksız geçiren birey, suça yönelebilecektir. Tabi ki kentleşme ve göç, tek başına suç işlemenin nedeni değildir. Bu çalışmada göçün kentteki suç olgusuna etkisi irdelenerek açıklanacaktır.

Research addressing the purported relationship between immigration and crime remains popular, but some gaps remain under-explored. One important gap involves disentangling differences in crime and punishment by immigrant status, as measured across different definitions of immigration status and in relation to U.S. natives, at the individual level. Using data from Texas, results show that native-born U.S. citizens are incarcerated for homicide at higher rates than almost all immigrant groups. While the incarceration rate for undocumented immigrants was 24% greater than the rate for all foreign-citizens, this rate was significantly less than that for U.S. citizens. Among the immigrant status classifications available in this study, all were associated with lower incarceration rates for homicide than that of U.S. citizens.

The aim of this article is to present the results of research on the history and dynamics of the development of the EU migration policy, as well as to analyse the challenges that have emerged in recent years. Therefore, the research questions are: (1) What changes took place in the migration policy of the European Union in the 21st century compared to the 20th century? (2) What are the main challenges of the EU migration policy today? The research methods include: institutional and legal analysis, historical and comparative methods. The study will help draw conclusions about the important aspects of migration policy and understand today's challenges

Spain is one of the European countries where the immigrant population has grown the most during the first years of this century. However, crime rates have remained constant in this period, even have decreased slightly, so the evolution of both phenomena does not allow to establish a positive relationship between them. Nevertheless, empirical evidence has shown that the immigration experiences differ according to local host conditions. In this way, the context would facilitate the involvement of immigrants in criminal activities. Empirical studies that address the family and social circumstances of immigrants at the local level and from a criminological perspective have not been carried out in Spain. To fill this gap, 173 immigrants were interviewed between 2017 and 2018, in order to study the relationship between local host conditions and self-reported crime, victimisation, and the perception about social control. Findings indicate that a troubled neighbourhood explains the crime co...

Global population mobility has an impact on legal aspects, especially in the case of immigration matters. Increased mobility of migration flows also has various impacts, not only positive but also negative impacts, for example changing the pattern of crime from domestic crime to transnational crime, from individual crime to group crime, from unorganized crime to organized (organized crime). Various administrative and criminal sanctions are applied to many immigration offenders. This paper examines in depth the application of the principle of ultimum remidium in criminal law for criminal acts of immigration in Indonesia. This study aims to find out and understand how the ultimum remedium principle is applied in Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. In addition, this study also aims to find out and understand the factors that cause Immigration Officers to use Administrative Sanction Acts or Criminal sanctions in Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, as well as to know an...

Her hakkı saklıdır. Yazarından ve yayınevinden yazılı izin alınmaksızın bu kitabın fotokopi veya diğer yollarla kısmen veya tamamen çoğaltılması, basılması ve yayınlanması yasaktır. Aksine davranış, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu gereğince, 5 yıla kadar hapis ve adli para cezaları ile fotokopi ve basım aletlerine el konulmasını gerektirir.