Incarceration Rates

This discussion examines the structural and social obstacles faced by people with felony convictions when attempting to clear their records or access second-chance opportunities. It synthesizes national recidivism data, explains how collateral consequences (licensing, employment, housing, voting) produce long-term exclusion, and shows how policy and cultural norms interact to keep formerly incarcerated people “institutionalized” or trapped in cycles that often end in re-incarceration. The paper highlights evidence-based programs (e.g., Center for Employment Opportunities, The Fortune Society, Clean Slate laws, Second Chance Act-funded services) that reduce recidivism and improve outcomes, and it ends with practical, actionable steps individuals and advocates can take now to pursue record relief and rebuild careers and lives.

The objectives of this study were to describe demographic factors and selfreported
sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates, as well as to explore to what extent social
factors were associated with self-reported STIs among formerly incarcerated Latino men
(FILM) in New York City. FILM ages 18 to 49 years old (N = 259) who had been incarcerated
within the past 5 years completed a closed-ended, self-administered survey. Bivariate and
multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association among
social network factors (i.e., friends, spouses, relatives, parents) and self-reported STIs in the
prior 12 months. More than one third (35.1%) of the sample reported at least one STI in the
prior 12 months. Friendship networks were protective against STI risk. In our bivariate and
multivariate models, having an STI in the prior 12 months for FILM was associated with: low
quality of spousal relationship and high drug connectedness with relatives. STI risk reduction
initiatives for FILM should consider: (1) the effect that drug use has on close kinship networks
to increase STI risk during reentry, and (2) the potential of targeting friendship and kinship
networks (i.e., spouses, family, relatives) to address drug dependence through peer and group
counseling.
KEYWORDS. Social network determinants, sexually transmitted infections, formerly incarcerated
men, Latino/Hispanic, cross-sectional survey

“Effective management of Mental Illness without widening recidivism
in contemporary correctional setting” is an analysis of interactionism
and structuralism in contextual understanding of human behavior
(Criminogenic) in social system and justice concept towards
trapping the rate of Recidivism in the deployment of full mental
illness treatment programming within correctional Institutions.
It is a review of judicial disposition, deepening into how and where
such verdicts regress the main concept of corrections. The book
accentuates the compelling changes and setting re-modification
within Illinois Department of Corrections as a result of “Rasho vs
Baldwin” ruling. These transfixing adjustments to practice and
procedures herald the perspiration in the text regarding the likely
impact of considerable deviation from correctional fundamentals
with soaring concern for recidivism. The book equally highlights
areas of challenges in program implementation.
Its review on historical concept of criminal justice delves into the
epochs of social theories and philosophical postulations with a
view to juxtapose changes to modern correctional practices
and the underlying reflections on present-day societies. The Book
equally pushes for a reform-potent recommendation called
“Deinstitutionalization of imprisonment and/or offenders’ treatment”

and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

The criminal justice system creates particular challenges for persons with HIV and Hepatitis C, many of whom have a history of injection drug use. The case of Scott Ortiz, taken from public trial and sentencing transcripts, reveals the manner in which incarceration may delay learning of important health problems such as Hepatitis C infection. In addition, the case of Mr. Ortiz suggests the bias in sentencing that a former injection drug user may face. Collaboration between the Montefiore Medical Center residency in Social Medicine and a Bronx legal services agency, Bronx Defenders, yielded the discovery that a decade after diagnosis with HIV and after long term incarceration, Mr. Ortiz was infected with Hepatitis C. Mr. Ortiz only became aware of his advanced Hepatitis C and liver damage during his trial. The second important aspect of this case centers on the justification for lengthy sentence for a burglary conviction. The presiding Judge in Mr. Ortiz's case acknowledged that ...

Explaining Variation in Incarceration Rates

by Leanna Miller, University of North Carolina at Asheville, 2011


Abstract:

Incarceration rates vary greatly from one industrialized democracy to another. This paper explores the external factors that best explain increases in incarceration rates using two approaches to incarceration -- correctional theories and social control theories -- and tests several hypotheses about the relationships between crime, marginalization, and incarceration rates. Two sets of data, crime rates and measures of marginalization, are compared with the incarceration rates of industrialized democracies to determine which theory is able to explain more of the variation in incarceration rates. The data indicate weak relationships between crime rates and incarceration rates, and strong relationships among measures of marginalization and incarceration rates. Incarceration rates are most strongly related to economic inequality, poverty, and immigrant population. Of particular importance is the lack of strong evidence that economic and social minorities commit more crimes. The paper then investigates whether effective governments can prevent the use of incarceration to oppress subgroups. The data indicate stronger relationships between crime and incarceration in countries with more effective government than in countries with less effective governments, but strong positive relationships between marginalization and incarceration persist in all countries.