Infrared Thermography

We report on all-optical wavelength conversion of a 56 Gb/s differential quadrature phase shift keying signal and a 42.7 Gb/s on-off keying signal. Wavelength conversion is based on four-wave mixing effect in a 1 m-long highly nonlinear GeAsSe chalcogenide fiber. The high nonlinearity of the fiber allows low power penalty operation with a total average power of less than 60 mW. c

Joking aside, purchasing a digital thermometer for your laboratory can be a difficult task. There are numerous choices available, with prices ranging from just a few bucks to thousands of dollars. So, which one of these devices is right for you? How can you keep costs low without compromising quality? What is the difference between an RTD and a PRT, and which one works best? And what the heck is a thermistor, anyway?

Joking aside, purchasing a digital thermometer for your laboratory can be a difficult task. There are numerous choices available, with prices ranging from just a few bucks to thousands of dollars. So, which one of these devices is right for you? How can you keep costs low without compromising quality? What is the difference between an RTD and a PRT, and which one works best? And what the heck is a thermistor, anyway?

Landfills are the classical solution for waste disposal. During the last years there has been a growing concern about the effect of landfills in public health, because leaching water can contaminate nearby aquifers. The conversion of the open dumps characteristic of many cities around the world to controlled and sanitary landfills is a critical step for protecting public health and the environment.Landfill is not just a place where waste is disposed, but it is a technological plant designed, realized and managed to obtain a minimization of negative effects. Sanitary landfilling is a fully engineered disposal option that avoids the harmful effects of uncontrolled dumping by spreading, compacting and covering the waste on land that has been carefully engineered before use.Geophysical surveys are increasingly filling this need, by responding to vertical and lateral variations of the fill material. The non-invasive geophysical methods which measure a different physical properties, speci...

Photovoltaic modules are susceptible to thermal defects such as hotspots, overheating cells, and short circuits, which reduce energy yield and increase safety risks. This paper presents an automated defect-detection framework based on the advanced object detection technique YOLOv11 applied to infrared images of PV modules. By leveraging YOLOv11's architectural advancements, namely C3k2 blocks, Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast, C2PSA attention, and a decoupled detection head, the proposed method achieves high accuracy with real-time inference, making it suitable for UAVbased and on-site inspections. An experimental evaluation was conducted using a thermal infrared dataset comprising 500 images spanning seven defect categories. The proposed model achieved a mean Average Precision of 0.92 at an Intersectionover-Union threshold of 0.5 ([email protected]), while sustaining inference rates above 45 frames per second on mid-tier computational hardware. Compared with a YOLOv8 baseline trained under identical conditions, the proposed approach yields approximately 15% higher MAP while maintaining computational efficiency. This study provides a scalable, noninvasive approach for predictive maintenance for a large solar PV power plant.

This study investigates thermal distribution in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing using a FLIR AX5 thermal camera: (1) calibrating the Bambu Lab P2S NTC thermistor against true nozzle surface temperature, and (2) characterizing how nozzle temperature (190, 210, 230 °C) and bed temperature (50 vs. 65 °C) affect bed thermal non-uniformity and corner warp in PLA parts. Unlike prior simulation-based approaches to nozzle temperature calibration, this study provides direct empirical calibration using a scientific-grade thermal camera on a commercial FDM printer. A 3×2 full factorial DOE was conducted across 18 prints with three replicates per condition. The NTC thermistor was found to overestimate nozzle outer surface temperature by 107-132 °C across the tested range, yielding a linear calibration (T cam = 0.377 T NTC + 11.3, R 2 = 0.999). Bed temperature was confirmed as the dominant parameter for both thermal nonuniformity and corner warp, with a Welch's t-test rejecting the null hypothesis at p < 0.0001. Bed surface temperature standard deviation (σ) predicted corner warp with R 2 = 0.800, directly linking a non-contact in-process thermal measurement to post-process mechanical part quality.

The aim of this study was to test the ability of an infrared (IR) camera to assess temperature changes and distributions in teeth below restorations when quartz‐tungsten‐halogen (QTH) and light‐emitting diode (LED) curing lights were used to photopolymerize the restorative material. Our hypothesis was that the higher power density and broader spectral distribution of the QTH source would cause greater increases in tooth temperature than the LED source, and that these differences would be best demonstrated with the IR camera. Cavities were prepared on human third molars and restored with a resin composite restorative material. The material was light‐cured using three light‐curing sources using several exposure times. The external (outside the tooth) and internal (inside the pulp chamber) temperature changes during polymerization of the composite material were recorded over 360 s with thermocouples and an IR camera. Using thermocouples the maximum increase in external temperature (+17...

With the increasing importance given to building rehabilitation comes the need to create simple, fast and non-destructive testing methods (NDT) to identify problems and for anomaly diagnosis. Ceramic tiles are one of the most typical kinds of exterior wall cladding in several countries; the earliest known examples are Egyptian dating from 4000 BC. This type of building facade coating, though being quite often used in due to its aesthetic and architectural characteristics, is one of the most complex that can be applied given the several parts from which it is composed; hence, it is also one of the most difficult to correctly diagnose with expeditious methods. The detachment of ceramic wall tiles is probably the most common and difficult to identify anomaly associated with this kind of cladding and it is also definitely the one that can compromise security the most. Thus, it is necessary to study a process of inspection more efficient and economic than the currently used which often c...

Adherent tiling systems are widely used all over the world as wall cladding because of their aesthetic and technical characteristics. However, anomalous behaviours often occur; compromising the overall behaviour of facades, and possibly raising safety risks. The need to create expeditious, non-destructive and accurate methods of inspection that can encourage these systems' inspection and maintenance fomented a research study on infrared thermography's capacity of early detect anomalous zones in adhesive tiling systems, such as detachments or presence of humidity, in controlled in situ conditions, proving it as a valuable diagnostic tool.

According to caves drawings, male specimens of ice age cave lions lacked a mane. Ethological observations of the recent subspecies showed the significance of the mane of male lions (Panthera leo) in intraspecific social interaction. For the Pleistocene lion, there are two possible implications; the social system was different from the modern subspecies or the cooler climate did not allow the development of manes. Whereas the former can only be discussed, the latter is supported by evidence based on infrared thermography and considerations on thermoregulation. Thermal images of the recent subspecies clearly demonstrate the significance of mane development in terms of functional morphology. Probably, manes in felids can develop in warm climate only. The mane results in considerable insulation from heat loss. In order to compensate, male lions radiate internal heat in proximal areas of the body. Pleistocene lions were probably covered by thick fur, trapping their body heat and thus limiting the biological potential to develop additional insulation such as a mane. Introduction .

Purpose: This study was carried out using a numerical model of a masonry structure to assess the effect of propagating
cracks on stiffness degradation, specifically in relation to dynamic characteristics such as the natural frequency and
mode shapes of the structure.
Methodology: To accomplish this, a numerical model of a masonry building was developed using Abaqus finite element
software. First a dynamic modal analysis was performed to identify the structure's natural frequencies and mode shapes.
The numerical model was then modified to include post-earthquake cracks in various locations as well as varied sizes.
A second modal analysis was conducted after the addition of post-earthquake cracks to evaluate changes in the natural
frequencies and mode shapes, which in turn revealed changes in the structural stiffness.
Findings: The findings of this study indicated a notable decrease in the natural frequency of the building model,
illustrating the degradation in stiffness due to the induced cracks. Importantly, this degradation was observable and
quantifiable through the Abaqus simulations. In addition, the mode shapes changes have been detected numerically.
Originality: This study can be used for the modeling of the masonry buildings with post-earthquake cracks and real
damaged conditions, which can be analyzes for future dynamic loadings.

Male fertility assessment is crucial to reproductive management in livestock and companion animals. Traditional breeding soundness evaluations (BSE), which include semen analysis and reproductive tract examination, sometimes fail to detect reproductive dysfunction in its early stages. Advancements in Infrared Thermography (IRT) and Color Doppler Ultrasonography (CDU) have provided non-invasive, real-time, and objective tools to evaluate testicular function, thermoregulation, and blood flow dynamics. CDU enables the quantification of testicular blood perfusion (TBP) through Doppler indices such as Resistive Index (RI) and Pulsatility Index (PI), which are sensitive indicators of testicular function. Meanwhile, IRT assesses scrotal temperature gradients, which are critical for spermatogenesis and semen quality. The standardization of diagnostic thresholds and their cross-species applicability continue to be unsolved issues despite their increasing clinical significance. Additionally, male fertility is seriously threatened by climate change and heat stress, which calls for additional research on IRT and CDU in thermoregulatory responses. The widespread use of these technologies can increase reproductive success in companion and agricultural animals, decrease financial costs associated with subfertility, and improve breeding efficiency. This review comprehensively analyses these imaging modalities, compares their advantages and limitations, and explores their integration into routine andrological assessments.

The social nature of sheep makes isolation a major factor affecting not only the welfare of the isolated individual but potentially the entire flock. This study assessed the impact of visual contact with the stressor (wool shearing and hoof trimming) during routine husbandry procedures using infrared thermography (IRT) and behavioural analysis. Sheep were divided into two groups with visual contact during the procedures (VC group) and without visual contact during the procedures (NC group). For each animal, eye temperature and behavioural assessments were conducted before and during the procedure period. The VC group exhibited significantly more active stress-related behaviours, such as increased active time and an absence of lying down, compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the NC group maintained higher levels of inactivity and exhibited some instances of lying down. Infrared thermography measurements revealed a significant increase in right eye temperature in both groups by the end of the procedures compared to pre-procedure levels (P < 0.05). Notably, the VC group demonstrated a more pronounced increase in ocular temperature than the NC group during the finishing phase (P < 0.05), indicating heightened stress responses. These findings suggest that visual contact with conspecifics during husbandry procedures does not mitigate stress but may instead amplify arousal and stress-related responses. This study underscores the importance of considering social factors in animal welfare practices and supports the use of IRT as a reliable, non-invasive tool for stress assessment in sheep.

ABSTRACT An ideal cancer treatment method should not only cause primary tumor suppression but also induce an antitumor immunity, which is essential for control of metastatic tumors. A combination therapy using a laser, a laser-absorbing dye, and an immunoadjuvant guided by temperature measurement probes such as magnetic resonance imaging thermometry (MRT) and infrared thermography (IRT) can be an ideal treatment modality. Temperature distribution inside the target tissue is important in laser treatment. The surface temperature often serves as an indicator of the treatment effect. However, real-time monitoring of surface temperature during laser irradiation poses a great challenge. In this study, we investigated the surface temperature distribution using direct measurement and theoretical simulation. The preliminary results of in vitro and in vivo studies are presented. Gel phantom and chicken breast tissue were irradiated by an 805 nm laser and the surface temperature distribution was obtained using an infrared thermal camera. EMT-6 breast tumors in mice were treated using the 805 nm laser and with different dye and immunoadjuvant combinations, including intratumor injections of indocyanine green (ICG) and glycated chitosan (GC). Monte Carlo simulation for selective photothermal-tissue interaction was also performed for the surface temperature distributions. Our results demonstrated that the tissue temperature can be accurately monitored in real time and can be controlled by appropriate treatment parameters.

Dairy cows' health and welfare are substantially compromised by inflammatory diseases. To visualize real-time, region-specific hyperthermia in cows affected by laminitis, metritis, and mastitis, a study was undertaken to monitor inflammation in dairy cows using infrared thermography (IRT). A total of 48 lactating cows were examined, comprising 12 healthy controls and 12 affected cows of each diseased group. Plasma cortisol levels of each group were quantified by ELISA. In laminitis, significant (p<0.05) surface temperature elevations were localized to the inflamed limb (4.28 °C) and coronary band (3.72 °C). Metritis cases exhibited significant (p<0.05) increases at the vulval tip (2.26 °C) and inner vulval region (1.94 °C), while mastitis was characterized by elevated teat (3.58 °C) and udder (2.92 °C) surface temperatures. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diseased cows, with the greatest elevations (9.21 ± 0.69 ng/ml) in mastitis and the lowest (1.43 ± 0.23 ng/ml) in healthy animals. The IRT findings enabled differentiation of disease-associated thermal signatures: limb regions for laminitis, reproductive areas for metritis, and udder-associated zones for mastitis. Overall, the integration of IRT with cortisol profiling provided clear evidence of systemic inflammatory responses and disease-specific hyperthermia. IRT can be effectively used alone for diagnosing mastitis and laminitis, while metritis requires support from blood and hormonal analyses for accurate detection.

In the field of art conservation there is an increased demand for non destructive and non invasive techniques able to perform remote defect detection for structural evaluation of historical structures and works of art. The techniques must have some basic important characteristics as non destructivity, accuracy, repeatability and desired features as non contact, portability, resolution, broad range of applicability. The simulated infrared thermography (SIRT) and digital holographic speckle pattern interferometry (DHSPI) are systems discussed in detail elsewhere; in this paper have been used in combined testing on art related targets according to the above criteria. Results confirm the effectiveness of both techniques in the conservation field and examples are here in presented. Each system is thus described as individual method highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. The aim is to present the suitability and appropriateness for accurate defect mapping in structural docum...

Lameness in cattle is a complex condition with huge impacts on welfare, and its detection is challenging for the dairy industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between foot skin temperature (FST) measured using infrared thermography (IRT) and locomotion scoring (LS) in dairy cattle kept at pasture. Data were collected from a 940-cow dairy farm in New Zealand. Cows were observed at two consecutive afternoon milkings where LS was undertaken at the first milking (4-point scale (0-3), DairyNZ). The next day, cows were thermally imaged from the plantar aspect of the hind feet using a handheld T650sc forward-looking infrared camera (IRT). The association between FST and locomotion score was analysed using a generalised linear model with an identity link function and robust estimators. ROC curves were performed to determine optimal threshold temperature cut-off values by maximising sensitivity and specificity for detecting locomotion score ≥ 2. There was a linear assoc...

Locomotion scoring requires skilled, trained observers to accurately detect lameness. Many studies have thus evaluated infrared thermography as an alternative lameness detection method as it does not require a skilled observer. However, there are few reports of the use of infrared thermography in cattle in tropical environments like Tanzania. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether using an infrared camera to measure the foot skin temperature of hind limbs could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Three study farms were visited twice each during the afternoon milking on consecutive days. Locomotion scoring using a 4-point scale (0-3) was conducted on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked. On the following day, the hind limbs of the cows were thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a forward-looking infrared camera. Mean foot skin temperature increase was associated with an increase in locomotion score; for example, the mean temperature was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2. Therefore, the present study confirmed that measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera has the potential to be employed for detecting lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, improvements in accuracy and reductions in infrared camera costs are needed.

Lameness detection is a signi cant challenge. Locomotion scoring (LS), the most widely used system for detecting lameness, has several limitations, including its subjective nature and the existence of multiple systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether foot skin temperature (FST) of hind limbs, as measured using infrared thermography (IRT), could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Each of the three study farms were visited twice during the afternoon milking on consecutive days. DairyNZ LS (4-point scale (0-3) was undertaken on the rst day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked, while on the following day, the plantar aspect of the hind limbs of the cows was thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a handheld T650sc forward-looking infrared camera. Mean FST was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 1 than those with a score of 0, higher for cows with a locomotion score of 2 than those with a score of 1, and higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2, with each one-unit locomotion score increase being associated with a 0.57°C increase in mean temperature across all zones. The optimal cut-off point of 38.0°C for mean temperature across all zones was identi ed using a receiver operator characteristic curve. This cut-off point had a sensitivity of 73.2% and a speci city of 86.0% for distinguishing cows with a locomotion score ≥ 2 (clinical lameness). The prevalence of clinical lameness across all three farms was 33%, which meant that only 72% of cows with a mean FST across all zones ≥ 38.0°C had been identi ed as clinically lame using LS. This study con rmed that IRT has the potential to be used to detect lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, before it can be widely used, improvements in accuracy, especially speci city, are needed, as are reductions in equipment (IR camera) costs.

Locomotion scoring requires skilled, trained observers to accurately detect lameness. Many studies have thus evaluated infrared thermography as an alternative lameness detection method as it does not require a skilled observer. However, there are few reports of the use of infrared thermography in cattle in tropical environments like Tanzania. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether using an infrared camera to measure the foot skin temperature of hind limbs could potentially be used as an alternative on Tanzanian dairy farms. Three study farms were visited twice each during the afternoon milking on consecutive days. Locomotion scoring using a 4-point scale (0-3) was conducted on the first day as the cows exited the milking parlour after being milked. On the following day, the hind limbs of the cows were thermally imaged while they were standing in the milking parlour, using a forward-looking infrared camera. Mean foot skin temperature increase was associated with an increase in locomotion score; for example, the mean temperature was higher for cows with a locomotion score of 3 than those with a score of 2. Therefore, the present study confirmed that measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera has the potential to be employed for detecting lameness on Tanzanian dairy farms. However, improvements in accuracy and reductions in infrared camera costs are needed.

Early detection accompanied by effective treatment is vital to minimise the negative impacts of lameness in dairy cows. Locomotion scoring is commonly used for detecting lameness but can be challenging to implement effectively in cows at pasture-based systems. One potential alternative detection is measuring foot skin temperature using an infrared camera. Data were collected from a 940-cow dairy farm in New Zealand with cows observed at two consecutive afternoon milkings. Locomotion scoring was undertaken at the first milking and thermal imaging of the hind feet at the second milking. As the locomotion score increased, mean foot skin temperature increased, showing that measuring temperature could be a useful alternative to locomotion scoring. However, the process needs to be speeded up and automated if it is to be used widely.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs were frozen to -4 and -11 C and kept frozen for up to 12 days. After dow thawing, a 2.5-cm square from a bulb scale was trferred to 25 ml deionized H20. After shaking for standard times, measurements were made on the effusate and on the effsed cells. The results obtained were as follows. Even when the scale tisse was completely inSltrated, and when up to 85% of the ions had diffused out, all of the cels were still alve, as revealed by cytoplasmic sa and abiliy to psmolyze. The os- motic concentration of the cell sap, as measred pamoyically, de- creased in parallel to the rise in condedivity of the effuate. The K+ content of the effusate, plus its ased counterion, accounted for only 20% of the total solutes, but for 100% of the cpnductvity. A brge part of the nonelectrolytes in the remaning 80% of the solutes was gars. The increased cell injury and infiltration in the -11 C treatment, relative to the -4 C and control (unfozen) treatments, were paralleled by increases in conducdvity, K+ content, supr content, and pH of the effuste. In spite of the 100% ifltrtion of the tissue and the lage increase in conductivity of the effusate following freezing, no increase in

The response of woody plants to freezing temperatures is complex. Species vary greatly in their ability to survive freezing temperatures and the resulting dehydrative and mechanical stresses that occur as a result from the presence of ice. Initially, this is presented by the ability to inhibit the formation of ice (ice nucleation) by supercooling. Significant questions exist about the role of internal and external ice nucleating

Summary The response of woody plants to freezing temperatures is complex. Species vary greatly in their ability to survive freezing temperatures and the resulting dehydrative and mechanical stresses that occur as a result from the presence of ice. Initially, this is presented by the ability to inhibit the formation of ice (ice nucleation) by supercooling. Significant questions exist about the role of internal and external ice nucleating agents in determining the extent to which any particular plant can supercool. Additionally, little is known about how plant structure can affect ice nucleation and propagation. In this review, the ability of high-resolution infrared thermography to reveal significant details about the freezing process is demonstrated. In general, the presence of effective, intrinsic nucleators appear to be common in woody plants. The nucleators appear to be as effective as external ice nucleators and induce stems to freeze at warm, subzero temperatures. Barriers appe...

The response of woody plants to freezing temperatures is complex. Species vary greatly in their ability to survive freezing temperatures and the resulting dehydrative and mechanical stresses that occur as a result from the presence of ice. Initially, this is presented by the ability to inhibit the formation of ice (ice nucleation) by supercooling. Significant questions exist about the role of internal and external ice nucleating

Breast cancer, the most common invasive cancer, causes deaths of thousands of women in the world every year. Early detection of the same is a remedy to lessen the death rate. Hence, screening of breast cancer in its early stage is utmost required. However, in the developing nations not many can afford the screening and detection procedures owing to its cost. Hence, an effective and less expensive way of detecting breast cancer is performed using thermography which, unlike other methods, can be used on women of various ages. To this end, we propose a computer aided breast cancer detection system that accepts thermal breast images to detect the same. Here, we use the pre-trained DenseNet121 model as a feature extractor to build a classifier for the said purpose. Before extracting features, we work on the original thermal breast images to get outputs using two edge detectors - Prewitt and Roberts. These two edge-maps along with the original image make the input to the DenseNet121 model...

ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures ACI 228.2R-98

This study aims to better characterize the heat transfer and flow structure in the fully developed nucleate flow boiling regime in a semi-annular duct. Experiments with a refrigerant HFE70 0 0 were performed in the range of Reynolds numbers from 13 0 0 0 to 40 50 0, subcoolings close to 15 • C, for constant heating power, constant wall temperature and constant heating rates (linear increase of the wall temperature). With constant heating power, the wall heat flux is well predicted by a Chen-type correlation based on a contribution due to the forced convection and a contribution due to nucleate boiling, including the effect of the liquid subcooling. A thin layer of bubbles sliding along the wall is observed. The characteristic diameter of the bubbles increases with the heat flux and decreases with the liquid velocity and its subcooling. The bubble diameters can be well predicted versus 3 dimensionless numbers: the Reynolds number of the flow, the Jakob number based on the liquid subcooling and the Boiling number. A drag coefficient of the bubbles sliding on the wall is estimated from the measurements of the bubble relative velocities and is in good agreement with the recent numerical simulation of Shi et al. for a spherical bubble moving close to a wall in a shear flow. In the experiments with a constant set temperature, a non-homogeneity of the surface temperatures is observed as well as high fluctuations of temperatures and heat fluxes. The heat transfer is strongly degraded ( 60%) by comparison with heating with a set power. Finally a transient nucleate boiling regime with a constant temperature increase dT / dt is investigated. For dT / dt < 50 • C.s -1 , the results are similar to those of Auracher and Marquardt and a correlation for the prediction of the wall heat flux versus the wall temperature in the transient nucleate boiling regime is provided.

In the present paper, the thermo-mechanical characterization of a holed glass sample under cyclic loading is carried out. Due to the low thermoelastic response obtained for such a material, the thermal movie has been preliminary filtered. The experimental stress field obtained from the Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) is well correlated to the finite element model. It validates both the use of this experimental technique to study the thermoelastic response of brittle materials and the filtering methodology. Finally, the corresponding calorimetric response has been determined by using a simplified formulation of the heat diffusion equation. This permits to quantify heat sources and to carry out energy balances.

This paper proposes a noise suppression methodology to improve the spatio-temporal resolution of infrared images. The methodology is divided in two steps. The first one consists in removing the noise from the temporal signal at each pixel. In the second step, the residual offset is identified by considering thermal images for which no mechanical loading is applied. In this case, the temperature variation field is homogeneous and the value of temperature variation at each pixel is theoretically equal to zero. The method is first tested on numerical images. The results demonstrate that this approach permits to keep the spatial resolution of infrared images equal to 1 pixel. The methodology is then applied to characterize thermal activity of a defect at the surface of inorganic glass submitted to cyclic mechanical loading.

Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) and quantitative calorimetry are full-field non-contact techniques widely used to study the thermo-mechanical behavior of materials. The first one linearly relates the sum of the principal stresses to the temperature variation and the second one can be used to measure the mechanical dissipation. However, brittle materials such as glass are a priori bad candidates for these techniques. Indeed, their low temperature variations under loading lead to very noisy infrared images and their brittle mechanical behavior does not allow to deform them significantly. In the present paper, the thermo-mechanical characterization of a holed glass sample under cyclic loading is performed. A preliminary new filtering methodology has been applied to the thermal movie to remove the noise. The stress field obtained from the TSA is well correlated to the finite element model showing that this technique is adapted to study the thermoelastic response of brittle materials. Finally, the corresponding calorimetric response has been determined by using a simplified formulation of the heat diffusion equation. This permits to quantify heat sources and to carry out energy balances.

The great technological development in recent years in the field of architectural survey has made possible increasingly expeditious and less invasive investigations with the aim of acquiring a series of data related to the asset and fundamental for the protection of cultural heritage. In addition, the synergy between the various techniques represents an added value able, not only, to fill possible gaps and lacks arising from application limits of the instruments, but also to enhance the peculiarities of the same. This paper presents an integrated survey activity (range-based, image-based and IR thermography techniques) aimed at applying the combination and collaboration of multiple sensors for the analysis and study of historical buildings as well as for the generation of digital repository to support current and future investigations. In particular, the attention has been on the Chiesa dell'Annunziata located in the municipality of Sessa Aurunca in the province of Caserta (Italy). By carrying out a systematic process of survey, colorimetric-material analysis and thermographic investigations, the work has allowed to identify the main forms of degradation that characterize the structure and the causes that generate it. The work conducted through the combination of multiple technologies demonstrates, once again, the importance of synergy and integrations between several instrumentations useful for the documentation of the built heritage, characterized by complex analyses and investigations based on increasingly interdisciplinary approaches.

The research focuses on the application of infrared thermography as a noninvasive method to evaluate potential risks on workers of the tire manufacturing industry in Venezuela to suffer from muscular - skeletal injuries. In this regard, the research is of the exploratory type, cross-sectional, in which infrared thermography was applied parallel to the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) methodology. In a working place in the tire assembly area, it was found that the activities studied had an average risk of suffering from muscular - skeletal injuries, being arms, neck and trunk the most involved parts of the body, coinciding with thermographic

This study investigates the stress distribution in beam-like structures composed of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) fabricated through additive manufacturing. Two topologies, Schwarz Primitive and Gyroid, were analyzed using a hybrid numerical-experimental approach combining Finite Element (FE) simulation and Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA). Those methods were used to examine flexural behavior under static and dynamic loading conditions respectively. FE simulations revealed distinct stress distributions: the Gyroid structure exhibited localized regions with higher stress, while the Schwarz Primitive displayed a more uniform stress distribution. TSA, a non-contact, full-field technique sensitive to dynamic loading, confirmed these patterns, showing good agreement with the FE predictions. A three-point bending test was also conducted to provide further validation of mechanical performance. The results highlight the influence of TPMS geometry on stress distribution and show that integrating FE and TSA provides a reliable investigation of architected materials. This is, to the authors' best knowledge, the first attempt to apply TSA to TPMS lattices, enabling full-field experimental validation of numerically predicted stress distributions. This framework offers promising potential for the design and validation of functionally graded and mechanically efficient components in structural, biomedical, and aerospace applications.

Surface temperature drives many ecological processes and infrared thermography is widely used by ecologists to measure the thermal heterogeneity of different species&#39; habitats. However, the potential bias in temperature readings caused by distance between the surface to be measured and the camera is still poorly acknowledged. We examined the effect of distance from 0.3 to 80m on a variety of thermal metrics (mean temperature, standard deviation, patch richness and aggregation) under various weather conditions and for different structural complexity of the studied surface types (various surfaces with vegetation). We found that distance is a key modifier of the temperature measured by a thermal infrared camera. A non-linear relationship between distance and mean temperature, standard deviation and patch richness led to a rapid under-estimation of the thermal metrics within the first 20m and then only a slight decrease between 20 and 80m from the object. Solar radiation also enhanc...

The introduction of mathematical modelling concepts to assess sensor performance is a necessary part of the graduate curriculum in remote sensing science. In this way, the concepts of sensor design and performance assessment under various imaging conditions can be best understood. In this paper, a graduate class project is described in which a static performance model was used to predict the minimum detectable temperature performance, the minimum resolvable temperature performance and the recognition performance of scanning and staring focal plane array (FPA) infrared imaging sensors with three different detector materials. Different seasonal, atmospheric, cold shield angle, target-to-background temperature contrast, bandpass and noise parameters were considered. Such studies are highly labour-intensive and (as in this case) may involve several hundred modelling runs. However, such projects provide a ‘real world’ experience for those who will design, use and analyse the data from im...

The article presents designing of gearboxes using Inventor Professional 2017 and the ability to implement these projected models to the Simulation Mechanical 2017. For comparison there were design purposes transmission gears as: spur gear with straight teeth and worm gear. The results of calculations and parameters of the transmission gears are presented in tabular form. Shown dynamic analysis-nonlinear allowing to examine the transmission gears for endurance.

A thermal conductivity map constitutes an important basis with regards to the design and performance of geothermal heat pump installations. Although the execution of a Thermal Response Test means an ideal solution as it provides the average value of the thermal conductivity over the length of the borehole drilled for the BHE, in small projects it is not possible to carry out these tests because they involve a vailable online 7 September 2016

Non-destructive investigation using Ground Penetrating Radar is becoming more popular during the inspection of civil structures. Currently, traditional 2D imaging is also used as a preliminary tool to find possible areas of interest for more detailed inspection, which can be accomplished by 3D image reconstruction or tomography techniques. In this paper, a general overview of the work done at University of Minho regarding these techniques is presented. Data acquisition was performed on two masonry walls and on one large concrete specimen. In case of masonry specimens traditional 2D imaging was supplemented by the use of transmission tomography. Data acquisition on the concrete specimen was done in reflection mode and results were further processed using 3D reconstruction software. Results from these specimens are very promising. Radar tomography and 3D image reconstruction techniques provided much more detailed information about structural integrity and shapes and location of the voids placed inside the tested specimens relatively to 2D imaging originally used for potential target identification.

The airtightness of the building envelope was studied in field measurements in recently constructed experimental small test buildings. Two types of research studies were carried out: the effect of special air tight sealing and the experimental determination of air exchange rate (h -1 ) under real operating conditions. In very small buildings with many joints between materials and construction the role of the air tight sealing is very important; the experiments show changes in measured air tightness. Another parameter – air exchange rate has been studied in different test buildings using tracer gas equipment. Results obtained from this research show the real amount of exchanged air and it is very important to evaluate ventilation heat losses for low energy buildings.

The design of a versatile dual-telescope thermal-infrared radiometer spanning the spectral wavelength range 8 to 200 µm, in five spectral pass bands, for outer planet fly-by missions is described. The dual-telescope design switches between a narrow-field-of-view and a wide-field-of-view to provide optimal spatial resolution images within a range of spacecraft encounters to the target. The switchable dual-field-of-view system uses an optical configuration based on the axial rotation of a source-select mirror along the optical axis. The optical design, spectral performance, radiometric accuracy, and retrieval estimates of the instrument are discussed. This is followed by an assessment of the surface coverage performance at various spatial resolutions by using the planned NASA Europa Mission 13-F7 fly-by trajectories as a case study.

Apstrakt Energetska kriza u prošlom veku i svest o destruktivnom antropogenom učinku na životno okruženje doprineli su da primena i razvoj pasivnih mera u arhitektonskoj praksi ponovo budu primat u postulatima projektovanja novih zgrada, ali i svim oblicima rekonstrukcije, revitalizacije i sanacije zgrada. Balkoni i lođe su najzastupljeniji tip privatnih otvorenih prostora u višeporodičnim zgradama, a njihovo zastakljenje kao pasivna mera u energetskoj revitalizaciji zgrada je osnov istraživanja u radu. Kao jedan vid arhitektonske modifikacije postojećih zgrada, planiranje ove mere u cilju maksimalnog iskorišćenja njenog potencijala za smanjenje potrebne energije za grejanje, zahteva poznavanje mehanizama mere. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima, posebno u našoj praksi, ova mera nije dovoljno sagledana. Cilj rada je da se, kroz analizu relevantne literature, prikažu mehanizmi i koristi primene zastakljenja balkona i lođa u energetskoj revitalizaciji stambenih zgrada.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) seen from the Industrie 4.0 paradigm are key enablers to give smart capabilities to production machines. However, close loop control strategies based on raw process data need large amounts of computing power, which is expensive and difficult to manage in small electronic devices. Complex production processes, like laser surface heat treatment, are data intensive, therefore, the CPS development for these type of processes is challenging. As a result, the work described in this paper uses machine learning techniques like naïve Bayes classifiers and feature selection optimization, in order to evaluate its performance during surface roughness detection. Additionally, the feature selection techniques will define optimal measuring zones to reduce generated data. The models are the first step towards its future embedding into a laser process machine CPS and bring self-predict capabilities to it.

Hypoxia is well known to reduce metabolism and body temperature in many vertebrates , especially small mammals . This metabolic suppression is accompanied by the behavioural selection of lower environmental temperatures and an increase in behaviours that appear to facilitate heat loss (e.g. reduced huddling response in neonatal mammals, and adoption of postures conducive to heat loss; . Auto-regulatory responses such as these appear to be geared toward promoting a balance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand. When oxygen supply is limited, autonomic regulatory processes act to lower oxygen demand to match the restricted supply (i.e. decreased metabolism, slower heart rate and lowered body temperature, T b). The lowered metabolism and body temperature seen in hypoxia (i.e. hypoxia-induced hypothermia; are believed to reflect a regulated lowering of body temperature set-point, affecting all thermoeffectors in a coordinated manner. The alternative hypothesis that Tb merely falls as a passive consequence of oxygen lack has been suggested as a possibility , but there is little supportive evidence for this. The role of heat loss and peripheral blood flow regulation during hypoxia, however, has not received much attention in this context. In order for an endotherm to lower body temperature, body heat must be lost from the core. This requires that perfusion to the peripheral tissues be maintained or increased, to deliver core heat to the periphery and thus more rapidly facilitate conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer. This effector arm for body temperature regulation will produce temporal changes in surface temperature (T s), depending on the deviation of Tb from the regulated set-point. The Ts of a mammal, however, depends on the interactions between ambient temperature (Ta), metabolic heat production, insulation and cutaneous blood flow . Although fur forms an insulative barrier to heat exchange, changes in blood flow through the cutaneous arterio-venous anastamoses and the capillary beds are still instrumental in regulating body temperature and heat loss , particularly within the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). For the most part, the body surfaces that play the most significant role in regulating heat loss in mammals (i.e. feet, ears and nose) are covered in relatively short fur

SUMMARY The hypoxic metabolic response of mammals involves a reversible metabolic suppression, possibly brought about by a reduction in the body temperature set-point. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that this is accompanied by a transient increase in heat loss that facilitates the decline in body temperature and metabolic rate. Peripheral heat distribution was assessed using infrared thermography to measure the surface temperatures of the golden-mantled ground squirrel at three different ambient temperatures (10, 22 and 30°C). During early hypoxic exposure, surface temperatures increased dramatically in the feet, ears and nose, and this increase was more dramatic and prolonged at 22°C than at the other two temperatures. These increases were associated with a fall in metabolic rate. Following this initial increase, surface temperatures decreased back to control values, and at 10°C, the surface temperatures of the eyes and body decreased below normoxic levels. Subsequen...

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The Aging of Infrastructure is a world wide problem of increasing importance, with the specifics varying from region to region depending on the age and nature of critical structures. It is clear that the NDE and SHM tools being developed by the QNDE community can play an important role in addressing the Aging Infrastructure problem, and the special evening session is designed to provide perspective to the developers of that technology through an overview of the international needs. A panel of speakers with experience with the unique situations in different regions of the world will first make a series of short presentations. This will be followed by a general discussion period.