Intercommunal Violence

RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at [email protected].

not based on ethnicity alone: the religious divide between the coastal region, which is predominantly muslim, and Nairobi, which is seen as predominantly Christian, further complicates politics in Kenya. Furthermore, with specific reference to the mrC, mombasa was not ruled as part of the british empire, but was part of the sultanate of Zanzibar. 3 these factors contributed to the fact that both religious identity (reflected in al-shabaab) and ethnic identity (reflected in the mrC) threaten the sense of national identity of individuals living in this region.

IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England (No. 877338). The IDS programme on Strengthening Evidence-based Policy works across six key themes. Each theme works with partner institutions to co-construct policy-relevant knowledge and engage in policy-influencing processes. This material has been developed under the Addressing and Mitigating Violence theme. The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies.

This scientific article aims to describe the psychological and relational
dimensions of the sexual experience of military personnel who have
undergone leg amputation at the Abidjan Military Hospital. Using a qualitative
methodology based on semi-structured interviews with 21 military
participants, the study explores the coping processes, adjustment strategies
and resources mobilized by these individuals in the face of the psychological
challenges resulting from amputation. Drawing on post-traumatic stress and
coping theories, the results highlight a complex configuration of the sexual
dimension linked to affective, cognitive and couple dynamics. These results
suggest that the sexual dimension should be taken into account in
psychological rehabilitation, by integrating post-traumatic stress and coping
mechanisms into clinical approaches.

The aim of this study is to show the existence of a link between ritual crimes and the cybercrime that takes place in the territory of Abidjan. It shows the logics of the actors and proposes effective policies to combat this phenomenon. It was carried out in two municipalities of Abidjan, namely: Yopougon (with the largest demographic plan) and Abobo. The survey was conducted with 50 people, including 20 in Yopougon and 30 in Abobo. The survey was conducted on the basis of reasoned choice using data collection techniques such as documentary study, observation, and inquiry. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that there is no particular type of cybercriminals who commit ritual crimes. Everyone does it, but for different purposes. Most of them spell the target in order to annihilate anyone that is resistance and is refusing. For others, mystical rituals help them in their understanding of how to escape the police and justice. They involve oth...

RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at [email protected].

Cet article s'est proposé d'étudier l'insécurité dans l'activité du mobile money. Pour la collecte des données, l'observation directe, l'étude documentaire, le questionnaire et l'entretien ont été nécessaires. L'analyse mixte des données recueillies, conduite auprès de 100 individus, a montré que la criminalité est une réalité malgré les actions des forces de sécurité. Aussi, la crainte et la peur ressentis par les citoyens développent un sentiment d'insécurité. Au regard des possibilités de réduire le chômage, d'accompagner les jeunes dans l'entrepreneuriat que prône le gouvernement et l'inclusion financière que ces services offrent, il est important de lutter efficacement contre ce phénomène.

Cet article vise à identifier les symptômes de la détresse psychologique suivant la typologie des violences sexuelles dégagée à partir des entretiens individuels avec des victimes et leurs proches ainsi que des données de la prise en charge médico-psychologique du centre de santé Alwaleed. L’étude inscrite dans le cadre de théorisation ancrée a utilisé comme sources les dossiers et les récits des victimes de violences sexuelles au centre Alwaleed ainsi que l’entretien individuel réalisé à domicile auprès des victimes et de leurs proches. Il a été observé que quelle que soit la situation-type dans laquelle se situe la victime, celle-ci exprime le traumatisme subi sur le plan aussi bien physique, psychologique que comportemental. Le traumatisme subi par les sujets des situations-types II et III provient des réactions de la famille et de la communauté. Le traumatisme dont souffre une victime affecte de la même manière les membres proches de cette victime.   This article aims to identif...

L’objectif de cette étude menée sur trois adolescentes en foyer d’accueil, est de comprendre le processus de résilience à travers des facteurs individuels, chez des victimes d’agressions sexuelles commises par des femmes, à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). L’Hypothèse postule que ces facteurs sont déterminants dans la reconstruction résiliente. La méthode clinique et l’étude de cas ont guidé le choix des instruments de collecte des données, à savoir : le CD-RISC de Connor et Davidson (2003) et l’Exercice de résilience de Strümpfer (2001). La théorie des facteurs de protection de Garmezy (1990) a permis d’interpréter les résultats par le biais de l’analyse qualitative du contenu des réponses. Ces résultats montrent que les facteurs individuels interviennent dans la construction résiliente. Ceux-ci identifient la compétence cognitive, la spiritualité et la confiance en soi comme facteurs de protection de la résilience chez les participantes à l’étude. The objective of the study on three adole...

This study aims to explain the link between the social skills acquired within families and the resilience to the criminal act in young people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Abobo. The research was carried out in Abobo commune and involved 74 participants from different social categories. The collection of information relating to the object of study was based on questionnaire, interview and observation. The information collected was analyzed from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. The results of the study indicate that youth who are resilient to delinquency in the community are of all ages and both sexes. The study shows that the resilience to the criminal act in certain young people living in the precarious neighborhoods of the Abobo commune is explained by the ability to ask for help, self-control, development of a sense of autonomy and a projection into the future.

This study aims to explain the link between the social skills acquired within families and the resilience to the criminal act in young people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Abobo. The research was carried out in Abobo commune and involved 74 participants from different social categories. The collection of information relating to the object of study was based on questionnaire, interview and observation. The information collected was analyzed from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. The results of the study indicate that youth who are resilient to delinquency in the community are of all ages and both sexes. The study shows that the resilience to the criminal act in certain young people living in the precarious neighborhoods of the Abobo commune is explained by the ability to ask for help, self-control, development of a sense of autonomy and a projection into the future.

RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at [email protected].

Unemployment became today an endemic phenomenon in the African countries. It touches the young people particularly leaving the formal systems of formation and constitutes a threat for the social stability and the vitality of economy. Several factors are quoted to explain it, of which the lack track records, the academic and/or professional qualifications, moroseness of economy, personality even of the applicants employment. This article, which registers in the field of differential psychology, proposes to study the bonds which could exist between the parental educational practices, the attributive style and the duration of unemployment at young people Burkinabe and of the Ivory Coast. A sample of 160 subjects of the two sexes was made up. The results obtained do not establish significant statistical bonds between the studied variables. There is a behavioral variability of the subjects according to the medium of life. The discriminating effect of the sex is less.

הקדמה לתיק מסות על אירועי מאי 2021
דניאל מונטרסקו וניצן לונברג
תיאוריה וביקורת גליון 55 (חורף 2021)
https://theory-and-criticism.vanleer.org.il/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F-55-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3-2021/

לגליון המלא
https://bit.ly/3CDYHgL

Tribalism  is  a  social  phenomenon  consisting  of  the  tendency  for individuals  to  value  their  tribe  at  the  expense of  others. Consequently, it can be placed in the conceptual category of  intergroup  discrimination.  To  date,  the psychometric  literature  on  discrimination  does  not  include  an  instrument all owing the  evaluation  of  the  different i al  treatment  of  individuals  on  the  basis of  their  tribal  categorical  affiliations.  In  this  perspective,  the  present  study  sets it self  the  objective  of  constructing  a  scale  for  measuring  tribalism.  This  has four  dimensions  relating  to  pro-ingroup  and  ant i -outgroup  attitudes  and behaviors.  It  has  been  validated  with  890  participants  of  both  sexes,  all students at  the University of  Dschang (Cameroon). Their average age is 23.40 years.  The Exploratory Factorial  and Main Component Analyzes of  the data collected are conclusive.  The alpha index of  the global  scale conforms to the standards required for a measurement method of this nature (N = 890; α ϵ [.85 .86]; α = .859). These metric coordinates validate the scale.
Keywords:  Tribalism, tribal  awareness, intergroup discrimination, pro-ingroup and ant i -outgroup attitude, pro-ingroup and anti -outgroup behavior.

This research starts from the observation that despite the implementation of numerous prevention interventions at the point of the student population of the Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, sexual risk behaviors persist. Thus, we asked ourselves about the causes of this persistence in a population supposed to be more receptive to awareness messages given their level of education. According to the research hypothesis, the persistence of risky sexual behavior among university students of the Félix Houphouet-Boigny University depends on the combination of certain socio-cultural and economic factors. So, a cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected through a questionnaire, a semi-directive interview guide and an observation grid. Identified key factors are the magical-religious beliefs, aggressive propaganda images, sensual and pornographic scenes and difficult socioeconomic conditions of live. Résumé Ce travail de recherche part du constat que malgré la mise en oeuvre de nombreuses interventions de prévention à l'endroit des étudiants de l'Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), les comportements sexuels à risque persistent. Aussi, nous sommes nous interrogés sur les causes de cette persistance dans une population censée être plus réceptive aux messages de sensibilisation vu son niveau d'instruction. Selon l'hypothèse de recherche la persistance des comportements sexuels à risque chez les étudiants de l'UFHB est fonction de la conjugaison de certains facteurs socio-culturels et

This paper focuses on examining the factors associated with the reluctance to vaccination against poliomyelitis in mothers living in the city of Abobo in Abidjan. It was carried out on the basis of a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with thirty (30) mothers in care of one child aged of 0 to 5 in Samaké district of the same city. The analysis of the results showed the association of several factors in the reluctance to vaccination against polio. The incriminated factors include poor understanding and knowledge of the disease and vaccination, ignorance, concern about vaccine safety, lack of information, and sources of influence from relatives or friends. Strategies for increased awareness of the population concerning this disease refer to all the factorsthat contribute to the acceptance of vaccination and the eradication of polio in Côte d’Ivoire.

This study focuses on analyzing inter-community violence that occurred in the urban district of Abobo (Ivory Coast) in connection with social cohesion factors. On the basis of the actionist theory, the working hypothesis states that the inter-community violence in the urban district of Abobo, is the consequence of a negative ethnocentric identity developed by some citizens against other groups of people. This behavior has been stimulated by the context of the crisis the country has gone through and by a set of sociocultural factors. One hundred and fifty (150) persons were sampled to participate in this study. The tools used for the investigation consists of documentary research, questionnaire, and observation. The qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the data processing. The results of the study show that the appearance of inter-community violence, in the urban district of Abobo, arose out of the social, political and military crisis, as well as from an atmosphere of discrimination, stigmatization, and impunity. Actually, good relations were maintained among the different communities of the district of Abobo. This relation was formerly based on mutual tolerance, forgiveness, acceptance of mutual differences and, most especially, respect for human dignity. But these relations have totally worsened and have unfortunately led to inter-community violence. Also, this violence has negatively impacted the social values that united them. This situation has broken the existing social cohesion between the people living in that urban district. Résumé L'étude a pour objectif d'analyser les violences intercommunautaires dans la commune d'Abobo (Côte d'Ivoire) en les articulant à des problématiques de la cohésion sociale. Sur la base de la théorie actionniste,

This paper lists various types of knowledge and relates them to a repertory of civil society peace-building strategies. Taking the East Bank of Equatoria in Sudan as a case of a complex political emergency, the need for a well-informed, finely-tuned, multi-actor, multi-level approach to conflict is argued. In this concrete case, civil society peace action is shown to link such phenomena as lobbying in the capitals of superpowers, demonstrations for corporate responsibility at the HQs of extractive industries, mediation between warlords, capacity building workshops for grassroots women peace activists, expert meetings on the restoration of the rule of law, the establishment of grassroots conflict-prevention networks, participatory land-use-planning meetings of traditional elders, and facilitation of peace marches by religious leaders. These diverse interventions are shown to be linked by civil society peace action into a single whole aimed at strengthening the forces for peace and weakening the forces of conflict.

Kenya is a large multi-ethnic country, with over 40 different ethnic groups and many overlapping conflicts. It has high levels of sexual and gender-based violence and of intercommunal violence; low levels of persistent violence; cycles of election-related violence; and increasing numbers of terrorist attacks. The incidence, gravity and intensity of violence have all increased in recent years.

Conflict dynamics highlighted in the literature as having a particularly important impact on conflict in Kenya include the following:
◾Social fragmentation, politicised ethnicity and partisan politics: political entrepreneurs use ethnic affiliation and manipulate ethnic grievances as the basis for political mobilisation to gain power and control over resources.
◾Corruption and impunity: corruption has severely compromised the security sector, while impunity and lack of justice legitimise violence and lead to revenge attacks.
◾Land and development projects: inequity in land ownership and access cause widespread grievances, as do development projects that are not delivered in a conflict-sensitive manner.
◾Discrimination and marginalisation: certain groups and areas have faced long-term discrimination and marginalisation, which has been exploited by violent extremists.
◾Al-Shabaab’s exploitation of local politics: recently Al-Shabaab’s violence has interwoven with local Kenyan violence, as Al-Shabaab has used social and economic grievances to deepen political divides and further its own cause.
◾The government’s response: the politicisation of the counterterrorism response and the scapegoating of certain ethnic and religious groups have also played into Al-Shabaab’s hands.
◾The proliferation of small arms: this provides more opportunities for violence and wider insecurity.

Recommendations from the literature include measures to strengthen Kenya’s security, combat the threat of Al-Shabaab and radicalisation, and address pastoral violence in the drylands of Kenya. They include a focus on: i) addressing inequalities and socioeconomic marginalisation; ii) reforming the security sector and tackling corruption;  iii) improving the relationship between the state and Muslim communities; iv) refraining from hate speech and ‘collective punishment’; and v) engaging in conflict-sensitive development.

Η αδυναμία των υφιστάμενων τουρκοκυπριακών ένοπλων οργανώσεων να αποτελέσουν σημαντικό αντίβαρο στην ΕοΚΑ, ο φόβος ότι η ελληνοκυπριακή κοινότητα θα κατόρθωνε εν τέλει να επιτύχει την Ένωση και η προσπάθεια για εξασφάλιση της ενεργότερης στρατιωτικής εμπλοκής της Τουρκίας προς ενίσχυση των τουρκοκυπριακών πολιτικών επιδιώξεων συνέβαλαν τα μέγιστα προς την ανάληψη της πρωτοβουλίας για την ίδρυση της Turk Mukavemet Teskilati (TMT-Τουρκική Αντιστασιακή οργάνωση) τον νοέμβριο του 1957. ο τρόπος ενεργείας της ΤΜΤ περιλάμβανε την υποδαύλιση ανθελληνικού μένους μέσω προβοκατόρικων ενεργειών, τη χρήση έντονα επιθετικής ρητορικής εναντίον της Βρετανίας αλλά και του ελληνικού στοιχείου στην Κύπρο, τη διοργάνωση βίαιων διαδηλώσεων με συνθήματα υπέρ της Διχοτόμησης, την υιοθέτηση μεθόδων παθητικής αντίστασης εναντίον των Ελλήνων του νησιού για επιβολή του διαχωρισμού, την τρομοκράτηση όσων Τουρκοκυπρίων αρνούνταν να αποδεχθούν την πρωτοκαθεδρία της οργάνωσης και κυρίως την περίφημη Taksim Offensive (Επίθεση για τη Διχοτόμηση). Η τελευταία αφορούσε την προσπάθεια για de facto εφαρμογής της Διχοτόμησης, μέσω ενός παρατεταμένου, βίαιου και αιματηρού κύματος επιθέσεων εναντίον των Ελληνοκυπρίων και των περιουσιών τους. Τα γεγονότα αυτά διήρκεσαν περίπου δύο μήνες (αρχές ιουνίου-αρχές Αυγούστου 1958) και διαδραματίστηκαν υπό το απαθές βλέμμα των Βρετανών (η ΤΜΤ κηρύχθηκε παράνομη μόλις στις 23 ιουλίου). Ξέσπασαν μετά τη σκηνοθετημένη έκρηξη στις 7 ιουνίου 1958 στο Γραφείο Τύπου του Τουρκικού Προξενείου στη Λευκωσία.