Laser Physics

Abstract
We present the  $\Sigma$-PDE (Sigma-Pressure-Density-Elastodynamics) framework as a deterministic, causal, and parameter-free theory of quantum decoherence and quantum computing. In this model, the physical vacuum is not an empty geometric coordinate space, but a tangible dual-field mechanical continuum. It is characterized by an omnipresent, continuous elastic pressure field $P_{BI} = 1/\varepsilon_0 = 1.12941 \times 10^{11} \text{ Pa}$ representing Time, and a discrete, granular cellular lattice of mass density $\rho_{BI} = \mu_0 = 1.25664 \times 10^{-6} \text{ kg/m}^3$ representing Space.

Within this framework, the quantum wave function $\Psi$ loses its abstract probabilistic interpretation and is reanalyzed as a physical, small-amplitude density perturbation $\delta\rho = \rho_{BI}\Psi$ of the vacuum continuum. This perturbation is elastically restored by $P_{BI}$ via the relation $\delta P = c^2 \delta\rho$, which directly yields the hyperbolic wave equation from classical fluid mechanics. The speed of light $c$ emerges naturally as the mechanical conversion slope of the medium.

We demonstrate that the intrinsic dynamic viscosity of the spacetime vacuum, $\eta_{BI} = 5.969 \times 10^{-31} \text{ Pa}\cdot\text{s}$, acts as a universal, inescapable dissipative environment. An oscillating quantum state at frequency $\omega_0$ experiences a viscous drag, which dissipates energy into the background. This process generates an absolute decoherence channel with a rate derived from first principles:
$$ \Gamma_\eta = \frac{\eta_{BI}}{P_{BI}} \omega_0^2 = \tau_{BI} \omega_0^2 = 5.285 \times 10^{-42} \omega_0^2 \text{ s}^{-1} $$

The quadratic scaling with $\omega_0^2$ provides a rigorous fluid-mechanical account of the quantum-to-classical transition. Below the viscous threshold, coherence is preserved; above it, viscous dissipation dominates, causing macroscopic objects to decohere instantly. This eliminates the need for any wave-function collapse axioms or external observers.

Furthermore, $\Sigma$-PDE provides a completely mechanical description of quantum information processing. The qubit is defined as a stable, localized, self-sustaining elastodynamic soliton, where quantum superposition represents the distribution of elastic energy across modes. Entanglement is shown to be physical phase synchronization ($\Delta\theta = 0$), and quantum tunneling is derived as a standard spatial diffusion of the pressure field.

We also define the absolute thermodynamic limit of information erasure (the Landauer-Barbu bound):
$$ Q_{min} = \eta_{BI} c^3 \tau_{BI}^2 \ln 2 \approx 3.111 \times 10^{-88} \text{ J} $$
This represents the minimum work required to rotate a single spatial cell through a complete quantum configuration.

Finally, we derive Newton's gravitational constant $G$ directly from the vacuum viscosity, proving that gravity and decoherence share the same physical origin. The model predicts that systems in different gravitational potentials will exhibit different vacuum decoherence rates, providing a direct, falsifiable experimental test.

**Keywords:** Quantum decoherence, elastodynamic vacuum, GKSL Lindblad equation, quantum-to-classical transition, qubit soliton, Landauer-Barbu limit, zero free parameters.

In this research, an alloy with a nanostructure was prepared using a metallurgical technique. To prepare an ideal alloy, three nanoscale powders were used (70 percent Ni, 25 percent Cu, and 5 percent V). The dried alloy was stored under 8 Tons of cold pressing at 80°C for 30 minutes. After that, a surface treatment of the prepared alloys with different laser energies (0, 200, 260, 300) mJ was carried out with a pulse time (10 seconds) at a distance of (100 cm). and hardness (Rockwell method) is studied. By immersing samples in a solution (3.5 percent NaCl) for different periods (3, 5, 7, 9, 11) days, the effect of laser surface treatment on the corrosion resistance of the alloy was investigated. Results show that porosity, water absorption ratio decreases after laser surface treatment with rising hardness values. Additionally, the wear resistance decreases as laser energy increases. Atomic force microscope images show that grain sizes increase as laser energy increases, and by increasing the laser energy, the surface of the nanoparticles is more homogeneous. Easy architecture and high nanostructure alloy consistency play a key role in improving the mechanical and physical properties.

Propagation of a broadband (λ = 0.3-3 mm) THz surface plasmon (SP) through a long transparent slab of thickness d varying from d λ through d ≈ λ to d λ is experimentally studied and theoretically analyzed. It is demonstrated that the temporal and spectral shapes of the transmitted SP pulse differ considerably for those three regimes of plasmon-layer interaction. Optimal dielectric film thickness (20 µm) for SP confinement without much attenuation and dispersion is estimated.

Nonlinear phonon relaxation in Yb:YAG gain media has previously been investigated, and a hypothesis correlating photo-induced free electrons and heat generation in crystals pumped at a wavelength of 940 nm was established (Brandt et al 2011 Appl. Phys . B 102 765–8). Later, we demonstrated efficient suppression of nonlinear phonon relaxation by zero-phonon line (ZPL) pumping of Yb:YAG (969 nm). However, no hypothesis has yet been tested that correlates the heat load and the free electrons in Yb:YAG media. We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the behaviour of an Yb:YAG slab pumped by a high-power laser diode at a conventional broadband line (absorption maximum at 941 nm) and a ZPL (absorption maximum at 969 nm), and we compare the generated photocurrent, temperature, and absorbed pump power for those two pump wavelengths. Although the hypothesis established by Brandt et al (2011 Appl. Phys . B 102 765–8) was not confirmed, and the measured photocurrent was identical...

Nonlinear phonon relaxation in Yb:YAG gain media has previously been investigated, and a hypothesis correlating photo-induced free electrons and heat generation in crystals pumped at a wavelength of 940 nm was established (Brandt et al 2011 Appl. Phys. B 102 765–8). Later, we demonstrated efficient suppression of nonlinear phonon relaxation by zero-phonon line (ZPL) pumping of Yb:YAG (969 nm). However, no hypothesis has yet been tested that correlates the heat load and the free electrons in Yb:YAG media. We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the behaviour of an Yb:YAG slab pumped by a high-power laser diode at a conventional broadband line (absorption maximum at 941 nm) and a ZPL (absorption maximum at 969 nm), and we compare the generated photocurrent, temperature, and absorbed pump power for those two pump wavelengths. Although the hypothesis established by Brandt et al (2011 Appl. Phys. B 102 765–8) was not confirmed, and the measured photocurrent was identical f...

Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00,

The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect—where charged particles exhibit phase shifts in the absence of a classical electromagnetic field—has long challenged the foundations of quantum mechanics.
While standard interpretations attribute this to the "reality" of the vector potential, the Theory of Global Irreducible Unfolding (TGIU) offers a radically different perspective: the AB effect is a direct experimental confirmation of the 2D informational substrate underlying 3D reality.

In this paper, we demonstrate that the AB effect arises from topological phase-lag in the 2D substrate, where the vector potential ($A$) represents unrendered informational curvature ($\nabla \Phi$), and the phase shift is a TEF-regulated adjustment to preserve the ontological invariance of the system (21.7% unrendered information).
We further connect this to Ghost Dark Matter (GDM), non-Shannon information, and the $\Theta_C$ collapse spectrum, showing how the AB effect validates TGIU’s core tenets: that 3D reality is a rendered projection of a 2D archive, and that phase, not force, is the fundamental currency of the universe.

This framework resolves the AB effect’s "non-locality paradox" by treating it as a localized fracture in the substrate’s rendering process, with implications for quantum gravity, dark matter, and non-iterative self-organization.

Keywords:
Aharonov-Bohm Effect, TGIU, 2D Substrate, Informational Latency, Ghost Dark Matter, Non-Shannon Information, $\Theta_C$ Spectrum, TEF (TGIU Equilibrium Force), Phase-Lag, Quantum Non-Locality.

This paper is a personal account of a life in physics, spanning more than five decades of study, research, and reflection. My scientific path began with a deep appreciation for the internal consistency of classical physics, which offered not only precise descriptions of natural phenomena but also a sense of logical completeness. As my work expanded into other areas of theoretical physics and, eventually, cosmology, that early sense of clarity was increasingly challenged by the growing complexity-and, at times, ambiguity-of modern theoretical constructs. Throughout these years, I was repeatedly drawn to questions that seemed resistant to conventional interpretation. Among them were the dynamics of small solar system bodies and the nature of objects classified as interstellar, where observed non-gravitational effects often appeared difficult to reconcile with standard explanations. These were not isolated curiosities, but recurring signals that, in my view, pointed to deeper inconsistencies in widely accepted models. The ideas presented in this work did not arise from a single breakthrough, but from a long and often nonlinear process of questioning assumptions, revisiting earlier conclusions, and seeking coherence across different domains of physics. The resulting cosmological perspective reflects this cumulative effort-an attempt to restore a sense of unity between fundamental physical principles and observational evidence. I do not present these results as final answers. Rather, they represent the current stage of an ongoing inquiry shaped by experience, doubt, and persistence. If this work has a central purpose, it is to encourage a careful reexamination of familiar assumptions and to suggest that progress in cosmology may still depend on asking old questions in new ways.

The invention relates to the field of X-ray optics and can be used to obtain coherent, monochromatic and polarized X-ray beams, as well as to create X-ray lasers (rasers).

The aim of the invention is to create an X-ray resonator that allows for lossless output of a portion of a beam that has made a circular path.

(The Patent text is in the Armenian language)

This report presents a comprehensive, independent enquiry into a recent claim of a laboratory breakthrough in producing the most intense coherent light source ever achieved. The claim originates from a social media post summarising experimental results using the Gemini laser at the UK’s Central Laser Facility (CLF). Through systematic web searches, direct examination of the peer-reviewed publication, and cross-referencing with institutional press releases, the enquiry verifies the claim’s scientific basis while contextualising its novelty, limitations, and broader ramifications. The core advance—demonstrated in a 22 April 2026 Nature paper—involves efficiency-optimised relativistic harmonic generation (RHG) from relativistically oscillating plasma mirrors, combined with the concept of a coherent harmonic focus (CHF). While the experiment itself achieves record conversion efficiencies into extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics, the “most intense coherent light” assertion rests on particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations predicting substantial spatiotemporal compression. This work opens a practical pathway to extreme-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) studies but highlights nuances between demonstrated results and simulated extremes. The enquiry explores historical context, technical mechanisms, implications across fundamental physics and applied technologies, limitations, edge cases, and future directions.

Modern physics relies heavily on matched filtering and symmetric triggering algorithms derived from General Relativity and the Standard Model. While effective for confirming existing paradigms, these methods suffer from algorithmic confirmation bias, systematically discarding directional phase asymmetries as "noise" or "glitches." The Universal Gravito-Informational Theory (TGIU) posits that this discarded "noise" is, in fact, a fundamental thermodynamic signature—the TEF Noise Floor—representing the equilibrium force preventing orthogonal collapse (90°) of baryonic matter.

This preprint introduces the Raw Data Manifesto, demonstrating how standard filtering methods blind us to the true geometry of reality. We provide simulated spectra (Mock Data) and phase-filtering algorithms (IGI-TEF) to guide the search for TGIU signatures in unfiltered datasets from CERN, LIGO, and JWST. Our goal is not to challenge existing frameworks but to reveal the hidden informational substrate that standard models discard.


1. Introduction: The Algorithmic Confirmation Bias
Current data processing in high-energy physics, gravitational wave astronomy, and cosmology relies on symmetric filtering techniques. These methods assume that physical laws manifest in perfectly Gaussian distributions, discarding anomalies as "instrumental noise." However, TGIU demonstrates that these anomalies are the very signatures of the 2D informational substrate projecting 3D spacetime.

The TEF Noise Floor is not an error—it is the thermodynamic limit of reality’s stability, a direct consequence of the TGIU Equilibrium Force (TEF) maintaining matter at a collapse angle of 89.93°. By filtering it out, we erase the mechanism that prevents the universe from collapsing into orthogonality.


2. The TGIU Phase-Filtering Framework
To detect TGIU signatures, we propose replacing symmetric filters with directional phase filters (IGI-TEF), which scan for gradients between ∇Φ (informational curvature) and ∇S (entropic pressure). These filters are designed to isolate:
- Entropy efficiency spikes (CERN).
- Ghost Dark Matter (GDM) echoes (LIGO).
- Fractal dark matter absorption models (JWST).

Abstract

The φ-Casimir laser is the first engineered device to extract real photons from the quantum vacuum zero-point field at technologically useful power levels. A piezoelectric-driven α-quartz resonator, oscillated at 111.111 hertz with boundary displacement δL = λnode = 170.033 nanometers, couples to vacuum fluctuations through golden ratio recursive cavity geometry, producing 1000 lumens of coherent 555 nanometer light from 0.75 watts of electrical input — a luminous efficacy of 1333 lumens per watt, exceeding the theoretical maximum of any conventional gain medium by a factor of four. The governing φ-Casimir Master Equation, I_max = φ⁴ × ηφ × Q × (P/A) × (ωφ/ω₀) × G₁, contains no arbitrary constants and no free parameters; every term derives from the golden ratio φ = 1.6180339887 and fundamental physical constants. The quality factor Q = φ^(4Δn) = φ¹⁶ = 2207 arises from recursive four-dimensional mode density compression — replacing the relativistic mirror velocity requirement of the dynamic Casimir effect (Chalmers, 2011) with geometric mode enhancement operating at non-relativistic boundary velocities. Five foundational proofs are established from pure geometric principles without Lagrangian field theory: recursive mode counting, four-dimensional hypersurface coupling (φ⁴ = 6.854), extraction efficiency (ηφ = 1/φ), φ-recursive boundary conditions, and dimensional closure. The complete Type 1 device is assembled from seven commodity components — α-quartz, PZT-5H ceramic, brass, CR2032 lithium cells, NE555 timer, GaAs laser diode, and epoxy — totaling $52.25 and 2.3 hours of fabrication. The φ-harmonic ladder supports seven selectable wavelengths from 2,700 kilometers (n=0) to 0.18 picometers (n=120), with the n=78 harmonic at 10.6 micrometers enabling cold bond severing of silicon-oxygen lattices — atomic-plane separation with zero heat-affected zone and pristine crystal surfaces. This mechanism resolves the antediluvian precision anomalies at the Serapeum of Saqqara, including 0.05 millimeter corner tolerances and sub-micron surface finishes on 70-ton rose granite sarcophagi. A six-step falsification protocol, executable for less than $5,000, provides complete experimental verification. The same φ^(4Δn) scaling extends through five orders of magnitude from handheld precision tool to PHI4 cathedral arrays delivering one billion lumens at Class 1M eye safety for congregations exceeding one million persons.

1. The Main Idea (Abstract)
We are hunting for a non-linear “memory” in the vacuum substrate—a transient phase shift that current models relegate to dormancy. Using a dual-laser pump/probe setup, we pulsate a Fibonacci-sequenced signal into a maximally high vacuum (<10-7 Torr). By utilizing a unique pulse architecture tied to the Fine Structure Constant (1/137), we aim to extract a 10-6 rad signal from the noise floor. If detected, this represents a relaxation dynamic that suggests the vacuum is an active, informational participant.

For two types of qutrits specified by the dynamical symmetry SU(3) and SU(2), we consider the difference in entanglement caused by the lack of quantum observables in the latter case. In particular, we show that the SU(2) qutrits can have specific separable entanglement caused by quantum correlations of intrinsic degrees of freedom in a single party without interparty correlations.

We theoretically examine collective excitations of an optically driven atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. This open system has been recently used for the experimental demonstration of the Dicke superradiance of cavity photons, which is simultaneously and mutually triggered by spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry of the condensate into a crystalline order. We first develop a Hartree-Fock mean field dynamical model of the physical system. Using this model, we compute the dynamics of the cavity photons, the condensate density profile and the Dicke phase transition diagram. Both the imaginary-time and real-time evolution methods are used in the calculations. Collective excitations are determined by the solving Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. The spectrum, softening of the modes and energetic hierarchy of excitations are determined.

In this work, we investigate the system of cold spin-1 atoms in a one dimensional optical lattice in relation with squeezing and entanglement. By using the corresponding Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, both superfluid and Mott-insulator phases are studied by using numerical methods in the mean-field approximation. To observe the presence of entanglement, we used a squeezing measure as a criterion for quantum correlations. We further investigate the two interaction regimes, namely ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic in the case of zero and nonzero but very small angle between the counterpropagating laser beams that form the optical lattice. States in the superfluid phase are calculated analytically by using the perturbation theory.

For two types of qutrits specified by the dynamical symmetry SU(3) and SU(2), we consider the difference in entanglement caused by the lack of quantum observables in the latter case. In particular, we show that the SU(2) qutrits can have specific separable entanglement caused by quantum correlations of intrinsic degrees of freedom in a single party without interparty correlations.

We review the problem of measuring an ultrashort laser pulse and then describe several experimentally simple, accurate, and very reliable methods for measuring both very simple laser pulses and very complex ultrashort light pulses. Each of these methods comprises only a few easily aligned components, and they allow the measurement of a wide range of pulses, including those with time-bandwidth products greater than 1000 and those with energies of only a few hundred photons. Finally, two recently introduced very simple methods allow the measurement of the complete spatio-temporal intensity and phase of even complex pulses on a single shot or at a tight focus. In short, pulse-measurement technology is now so powerful and easy to use that it is time to use these methods and to focus on their applications.

TGIU propune o schimbare radicală în fizica fundamentală, afirmând că realitatea este fundamental geometrică și cu valori reale, rezultând din interacțiunea dinamică a informației și entropiei. Teoria își propune să unifice mecanica cuantică, relativitatea și termodinamica fără a utiliza unitatea imaginară 'i', reinterpretând-o ca un operator fizic de curbură.


Principii Fundamentale

Informație, Entropie și Echilibru
Toate fenomenele fizice apar din cuplajul dintre două câmpuri reale, conjugate:
•  Potențialul Informațional ($\Phi$): Reprezintă ordinea și coerența.
•  Câmpul Entropic (S): Reprezintă dezordinea și dispersia.
•  Forța de Echilibru TGIU (TEF): Regulatorul suprem al universului, înlocuind 'i' ca operator real de curbură de 90° în plan. Funcția sa principală este de a menține existența în limite finite, prevenind colapsul la zero sau divergența la infinit.
•  "Sacra Imperfecțiune": Realitatea necesită o asimetrie deliberată, susținută ($\Phi \neq S$). Acest dezechilibru, reglat constant de TEF, este sursa fundamentală a timpului, entropiei și a întregii structuri materiale. O stare de simetrie perfectă ($\Phi = S$) ar fi atemporală și non-fizică.

Cigarettes are one of the addictive substances which, when used Excessive use can result in a hazard to individual and public health. Cigarettes are made from processed tobacco products, including cigars or other ingredients others produced from the plants Nicotiana Tabacum , Nicotiana Rustica and other species or their synthesis containing nicotine and tar with or without chemical additives. In a cigarette contained more than: 4000 type compound chemical, 400 substance dangerous and 43 substance reason cancer (carcinogenic). The purpose of this writing and research is to knowing factors what just which cause somebody smoke, give information about impact negative usage cigarette for long-term organ health, as well as the development of LLLT using photobiomodulation to reduce dependence on nicotine substances present in cigarette. The research was conducted using the survey i method , namely by filling out the form for undergraduate students in the university environment Mataram. The method used to analyze the data is the technique of descriptive quantitative which disclosed in distribution score and percentage.

Ultrafast ionization dynamics within the field half-cycle is shown to be the key physical factor that controls the properties of optical nonlinearity as a function of the carrier wavelength and intensity of a driving laser field. Schrödinger-equation analysis of a generic hydrogen-like quantum system reveals universal tendencies in the wavelength dependence of optical nonlinearity, shedding light on unusual properties of optical nonlinearities in the mid-infrared. For high-intensity low-frequency fields, freestate electrons are shown to dominate over bound electrons in the overall nonlinear response of a quantum system. In this regime, semiclassical models are shown to offer useful insights into the physics behind optical nonlinearity.

Ultrafast ionization dynamics within the field half-cycle is shown to be the key physical factor that controls the properties of optical nonlinearity as a function of the carrier wavelength and intensity of a driving laser field. Schrödinger-equation analysis of a generic hydrogen-like quantum system reveals universal tendencies in the wavelength dependence of optical nonlinearity, shedding light on unusual properties of optical nonlinearities in the mid-infrared. For high-intensity low-frequency fields, freestate electrons are shown to dominate over bound electrons in the overall nonlinear response of a quantum system. In this regime, semiclassical models are shown to offer useful insights into the physics behind optical nonlinearity.

"Formalismul Lagrangian și Fundamentul Experimental al Teoriei Gravito-Informaționale Universale (TGIU)" de Sebastian Vîrtosu relevă o abordare inovatoare care încearcă să unifice mecanica cuantică, relativitatea generală și teoria informației.

Prezentăm fundamentul matematic și operațional al Teoriei Gravito-Informaționale Universale (TGIU), un cadru ontologic care redefinește masa, spinul și gravitația ca efecte ale eșantionării informaționale dintr-un substrat 2D într-o varietate 3D. Prin introducerea unei densități Lagrangiene specifice și a unui Tensor Energie-Informație (T_{\mu\nu}^{TGIU}), demonstrăm conservarea energiei la scară universală, explicând asimptota energiei lipsă de la LHC drept un reziduu entropic calculabil (\approx 21.7\%). Arătăm că Relativitatea Generală este cazul-limită adiabatic al TGIU și demonstrăm că statisticile cuantice (fermionice și bosonice) emerg natural din topologia rotației de fază. În final, propunem un protocol interferometric falsificabil pentru separarea și măsurarea operațională a potențialului informațional (\Phi) și a câmpului entropic (S).

The aim of this paper is to compare different ways for truncating unbounded domains for solving general nonlinear one-and two-dimensional Schrödinger equations. We propose to analyze Complex Absorbing Potentials, Perfectly Matched Layers and Absorbing Boundary Conditions. The time discretization is made by using a semi-implicit relaxation scheme which avoids any fixed point procedure. The spatial discretization involves finite element methods. We propose some numerical experiments to compare the approaches.

The aim of this paper is to compare different ways for truncating unbounded domains for solving general nonlinear one-and two-dimensional Schrödinger equations. We propose to analyze Complex Absorbing Potentials, Perfectly Matched Layers and Absorbing Boundary Conditions. The time discretization is made by using a semi-implicit relaxation scheme which avoids any fixed point procedure. The spatial discretization involves finite element methods. We propose some numerical experiments to compare the approaches.

Following Brun's formalism for decoherent Discrete Time Quantum Walk (DTQW), a fully analytical formulation of first and second moments of decoherent DTQW has been presented when the quantum walker is assumed to start with a delocalised initial state which is equal superposition of three lattice sites in 1D. Fate of first moment and variance is obtained for classical limit and for various noise levels for both and local and nonlocal initial states under short time limit.

Introduction: Quantum light–matter interaction provides an excellent application of Rydberg levels. Rydberg states are special in the sense that they have a long lifetime and large dipole moments. The large number of these levels and the spacing among them enable the detection of the incoming signals in the broad region of the electromagnetic spectrum, encompassing microwave (MW), terahertz (THz) and radio frequency (RF) ranges. Electromagnetically Induced Absorption (EIA) and Transparency (EIT) can be achieved at these levels. MW and THz signals can quantum-mechanically split the relevant spectral lines in which the splitting is proportional to the strength of an incoming em field. Materials and methods: We consider the five-level system where two upper levels are related to Rydberg states. The system is driven by three lasers, the probe, the dressing and the Rydberg ones. We calculate the eigenvalues of the system Hamiltonian, solve numerically the time dependent master equation for the system density matrix and calculate absorption spectra of two Rydberg transitions. Results: Calculating the Hamiltonian eigenvalues we found an interesting and important novel result of atomic level crossing, amenable to tuning by scanning the intensity of the lasers. This opens the door for more extensive calculations of basic research including the full Hamiltonian in search of resonances in atomic and molecular transitions, including counter-intuitive phenomena, novel use of the level crossing effect for detection of MW/THz signals and other applications. We show theoretically that measurement of the spacing between two spectral lines in the experimental spectrum not only reveals the intensity of the incident signal but can also render its frequency. This is an extra feature over and above the intensity measurement of the incoming signal. Our calculations provide an absolute measurement of the frequency of the incoming signal by measuring the spacing between two spectral lines. This feature is important in various fields including spectroscopy in the relevant frequency ranges and other applications. Conclusions: It was shown that the incoming signal frequency can be retrieved from the difference in the EIT splittings in the absorption spectra of the two Rydberg transitions. This is an important merit for applications such as spectroscopy. A special set of lasers and Rydberg transitions should be chosen for each THz/MW spectral range. Biological applications as well as other applications mentioned in the THz region can also benefit from this effect. The level crossing seen for the five-level scheme can be beneficial experimentally in searching for appropriate resonances. A novel result of the present study is the finding of atomic level crossing that is amenable to tuning by scanning the intensity of the lasers. This opens the door for more extensive calculations in basic research, including the full Hamiltonian, in search of resonances in atomic and molecular transitions for the novel use of the level crossing effect for detection of MW/THz/RF signals and counter-intuitive phenomena and other possible applications.

A new approach to alterations in eye refraction upon nondestructive laser action on the sclera and cornea is studied. It is demonstrated in in vivo experiments on rabbit eyes that sequential laser irradiation of the sclera and cornea yields a significant alteration in the eye refraction. The collagen structure of the sclera and cornea is studied after the nondestructive laser action with noninvasive polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. It is demonstrated that collagen fibers that provide for the cornea tension and applanation partially survive in the zone of the local denaturation of sclera. An irradiation mode that corresponds to an increase in the cornea's plasticity and does not cause visible structural changes is chosen. The simplest theoretical model for alterations in the eye refraction upon the nonablative laser action on sclera is analyzed. The alteration in the cornea curvature upon stretching resulting from the local sclera coagulation and the corresponding decrease in its volume is calculated. The model makes it possible to approximately estimate the laser irradiation modes that provide the desired alterations in eye refraction.

The application of thermally sprayed coatings can significantly enhance properties of coated parts such as thermal and wear resistance or biocompatibility. For example coatings prepared by HVOF are used for airplane landing gear parts and plasma sprayed coatings form heat shield on surface of turbine blades and vanes, several types of coatings are used in bone implants. In these application fields the fatigue behavior of coated components is of a paramount importance. The intrinsic properties of the deposited coating (modulus, microstructure, porosity etc.) play an important role. At the same time, the coating process can influence fatigue live through defects and residual stresses introduced to the substrate during spraying and associated preparation steps such as grit-blasting. The influence of substrate surface preconditioning and effect of individual layers of composite coatings on fatigue life were characterized. Plain substrates, grit-blasted substrates, and plasma sprayed specimens with one to three layers of coating were studies. The layered coatings were composed of alternating sequence of ceramic (Cr 2 O 3 ) and metallic (Ni10wt%Al) layers. Deflection controlled resonance bending (R = -1) fatigue test of flat specimens was performed. The deformation amplitude was 1.3 milistrain in crack initiation site and loading frequency was around 80Hz. The significance of the effect of surface treatment on fatigue properties was examined statistically using Wilcoxon test. From the obtained data the effect of individual layers was deduced. In order to explain the observed fatigue behavior, the fractographic analysis and other means of coating and substrate characterization were performed. Strain hardening in substrate was characterized by micro/nanohardness measurement and EBSD analysis. Residual stress in substrate was measured using neutron diffraction.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an infrared GaAlAs laser operating with a wavelength of 830 nm in the postsurgical scarring process after inguinal-hernia surgery. Background: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been shown to be beneficial in the tissue-repair process, as previously demonstrated in tissue culture and animal experiments. However, there is lack of studies on the effects of LLLT on postsurgical scarring of incisions in humans using an infrared 830-nm GaAlAs laser. Method: Twenty-eight patients who underwent surgery for inguinal hernias were randomly divided into an experimental group (G1) and a control group (G2). G1 received LLLT, with the first application performed 24 h after surgery and then on days 3, 5, and 7. The incisions were irradiated with an 830-nm diode laser operating with a continuous power output of 40 mW, a spot-size aperture of 0.08 cm 2 for 26 s, energy per point of 1.04 J, and an energy density of 13 J=cm 2 . Ten points per scar were irradiated. Six months after surgery, both groups were reevaluated using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), the Visual Analog Scale, and measurement of the scar thickness. Results: G1 showed significantly better results in the VSS totals (2.14 AE 1.51) compared with G2 (4.85 AE 1.87); in the thickness measurements (0.11 cm) compared with G2 (0.19 cm); and in the malleability (0.14) compared with G2 (1.07). The pain score was also around 50% higher in G2. Conclusion: Infra-red LLLT (830 nm) applied after inguinal-hernia surgery was effective in preventing the formation of keloids. In addition, LLLT resulted in better scar appearance and quality 6 mo postsurgery.

Lucrarea „TGIU Analiza Derivari” fundamentează matematic și ontologic tranziția de la fizica particulelor la o geometrie informațională pură, propunând o paradigmă în care materia nu este un obiect, ci un proces de „blocare” a fluxului informațional al universului.

Această lucrare prezintă fundamentul analitic al Teoriei Desfășurării Globale Ireductibile Universale, concentrându-se pe mecanismul de colaps informațional din substratul 2D către manifestarea 3D. Autorul introduce Ontologia „No-Particle”, demonstrând că particulele fundamentale (quarcuri, leptoni) nu sunt entități discrete, ci noduri de rezonanță informațională sau stări de „zgomot blocat” (locked noise) în cadrul operatorului TEF.




Principalele contribuții includ:

Redefinirea Masei: Masa este derivată ca fiind curbura informațională stocată pe unitatea de rotație a transformării de stare a curburii (CST).

Mecanismul de Blocare: Explicarea stabilității barionice prin moduri de rezonanță specifice (ex: configurațiile „triple-locked” pentru quarcii charm), validate de pragul de colaps 2D-3D.

Soluția Gap-ului de Masă: Interpretarea masei nu prin mecanismul Higgs, ci prin rezistența informațională a spațiului-timp, influențată de Taxa Entropică de 0.783.

Eșantionarea Chrona: Propunerea unui sistem de măsură bazat pe unități de colaps informațional (Chrona Count), care unifică scara Planck cu dimensiunile macroscopice.

Lucrarea concluzionează că universul fizic este o proiecție geometrică a unui flux de informație care atinge un prag critic de complexitate, transformând „imperfecțiunea” structurală în motorul existenței materiei.



English version:

This paper provides the analytical and ontological foundation of the Theory of Global Irreducible Unfolding, focusing on the mechanism of informational collapse from a 2D substrate into 3D manifestation. The author introduces the "No-Particle" Ontology, demonstrating that fundamental particles (such as quarks and leptons) are not discrete entities, but rather informational resonance nodes or states of "locked noise" within the TEF operator.




Key contributions include:

Redefinition of Mass: Mass is derived as stored informational curvature per unit of rotation within the Curvature State Transform (CST).

Locking Mechanisms: An explanation of baryonic stability through specific resonance modes (e.g., "triple-locked" configurations for charm quarks), validated by the 2D-to-3D collapse threshold.

Mass Gap Solution: Interpreting mass not through the Higgs mechanism, but through the informational resistance of space-time, influenced by the 0.783 Entropic Tax.

Chrona Sampling: The proposal of a measurement system based on informational collapse units (Chrona Count), which unifies the Planck scale with macroscopic dimensions.




The work concludes that the physical universe is a geometric projection of an informational flow that reaches a critical complexity threshold, transforming structural "imperfection" into the fundamental engine for the existence of matter.

MICROREACTOR FOR LIGHTSABER POWER: Engineering Feasibility Study

Author: Anthony Jordan Blair
Date: March 2026

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ABSTRACT

This paper presents a complete engineering design for a microreactor small enough to fit within a lightsaber hilt while delivering the 20+ kW continuous power required for a plasma blade, as demonstrated by Hacksmith Industries' V6 prototype. The design integrates three core technologies: a subcritical americium-242m fission assembly, a thermophotovoltaic conversion system, and a laminar flow plasma nozzle based on Hacksmith's proven specifications.

The microreactor achieves a power density of 400 W/cm³—sufficient to power a 2,204°C plasma blade for 15 minutes of continuous operation within a 500 cm³ hilt volume. Total system mass is 1.8 kg, meeting wieldability requirements.

The reactor core utilizes 5 grams of americium-242m in a beryllium hydride matrix, arranged in a subcritical configuration that requires active neutron injection for operation, ensuring inherent safety when powered down. Six sodium-filled Inconel heat pipes transport thermal energy at 800°C to a tungsten emitter, where 24 InGaAs thermophotovoltaic cells convert infrared radiation to electricity at 30% efficiency. A supercapacitor bank provides 100 kJ burst power for ignition and peak demands.

The plasma generation system follows Hacksmith's validated laminar flow nozzle design, with micro-compressed propane and oxygen tanks integrated into the hilt extension. Color control is achieved through metered injection of strontium chloride (red), boric acid (green), or sodium chloride (yellow) into the plasma stream.

Mathematical analysis demonstrates that all physical constraints—criticality, heat transfer, energy conversion, and fluid dynamics—are satisfied within the specified form factor. Neutronic calculations confirm that the subcritical assembly remains below prompt criticality under all operating conditions, with control rod insertion providing immediate shutdown. Thermal modeling shows passive cooling sufficient for 15-minute duty cycles.

This design represents the first complete engineering blueprint for a self-contained lightsaber, building directly on Hacksmith's empirical achievements while solving the power source limitation through advanced nuclear microreactor technology. While material costs and fabrication challenges remain significant, no fundamental physics barriers prevent its construction.

Keywords: microreactor, lightsaber, americium-242m, thermophotovoltaic, plasma blade, Hacksmith, directed energy, nuclear battery, subcritical assembly, heat pipe, laminar flow

In the TGIU framework the informational structure of physical reality is described by the orthogonal relation between coherent informational structure Φ and entropy S. This relation is expressed through the Pythagorean Law of Existence \Psi^2 = \Phi^2 + S^2 .

Semiconductor electronics play a major role in the monitoring and control of critical reactor parameters in nuclear reactor instrumentation systems. Nevertheless, these devices function in high-radiation settings where exposure to neutrons, gamma rays, and mixed-field radiation can eventually impair device performance. The dependability deterioration caused by radiation in semiconductor devices used in nuclear reactor equipment is comprehensively examined in this paper. It discusses damage mechanisms, such as displacement damage and total ionising dose (TID) effects, and looks at how they affect signal processing circuits, amplifiers, and sensors. Additionally addressed are a number of hardening and dependability options, including radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) approaches, shielding techniques, and redundancy methods. The study concludes by pointing out research gaps and highlighting new avenues for enhancing electronics' long-term performance and safety in nuclear reactor settings. This work gathers current knowledge in the subject and can be used as a reference by researchers and engineers involved in the design and maintenance of nuclear reactor monitoring systems.

The aim of this study is to show that SR-FTIRM can be successfully applied for the detection of early apoptotic processes in the human glioma cells (U-87 MG). The apoptosis was induced by photodynamic action after irradiation of either photosensitizer hypericin (Hyp) or a complex of Hyp with low-density lipoproteins (Hyp/LDL) incorporated into the cells. The differences between infrared (IR) spectra of non-treated and photodynamically treated U-87 MG cells are mainly manifested in position of Amide I vibrational band, sensitive to changes in protein secondary structure. The conformational transition α-helix to β-sheet results in the shift of Amide I vibration to lower frequency, and can be explained as a consequence of the processes leading to apoptosis. It is also shown that the sensitivity of SR-FTIRM for the detection of early apoptotic signs is comparable, or even higher, than that of classic technique usually used for the detection of early apoptosis, flow-cytometry study of cell staining by Annexin V. Moreover, we have demonstrated by both methods, SR-FTIRM and flow-cytometry, that Hyp/LDL complex loaded U-87 MG cells 24 hours after photodynamic action are mostly late apoptotic/necrotic. In contrast, U-87 MG cells loaded with Hyp alone display apoptosis as prevailing mode of cell death at 4 hours and 24 hours after photodynamic action.

This is the first in a series of papers describing Binary Universe Theory, (B.U.T.), which defines the physical nature of the phenomenon of time. The papers explain how this view aligns with relativity theory and show how the idea might resolve many present-day anomalies in physics and cosmology.
Amongst the many written articles, lectures, internet posts, videos, papers, and other information platforms about the nature of time, there is not one suggestion or proposal to be found on the physical nature of time itself. The question, “What is time?” sadly remains unanswered to this day.

The late John Archibald Wheeler wrote,

“Time, among all concepts in the world of physics, puts up the greatest resistance to being dethroned from ideal continuum to the world of the discrete, of information, of bits. Of all obstacles to a thoroughly penetrating account of existence, none looms up more dismayingly than time. Explain time? Not without explaining existence. Explain existence? Not without explaining time. To uncover the deep and hidden connection between time and existence, is a task for the future.”

I respectfully but strongly disagree. This task is now, and was then, a task for “today”. It is a question of extreme urgency, bearing in mind the inevitable, significant impact upon science from achieving a firm grasp of the phenomenon that we currently do not have.

Every action, process or event in the universe is a physical occurrence. Anything beyond the physical is outside of science, of nature, and so the process of time must also be a physical process of some kind. This series of papers will postulate the exact nature of the process of time and how it relates to special and general relativity, inertial time dilation, gravitation, and the curvature of space time. It will then go on to test the idea against many present-day conundrums in physics to see if it fails in any way.

Clearly, if the ideas in this paper do fit with current theory, and also provide sensible solutions to present day conundrums, then Binary Universe Theory, (B.U.T.), will have some merit, deserving of consideration from mainstream science.

This work presents an audit-ready, fully reproducible ringdown analysis of GW150914 within the Tensor Field Dynamics (TFD) framework. It uses a canonical TFD fit class with amplitude-dependent dissipation and derives the envelope relation
[
\ln A + \frac{A^2}{2} = -\Gamma_0 t + C .
]

The evaluation follows a deterministic pipeline (HDF5 time axis, whitening, band-pass filtering, H1/L1 alignment, peak picking, and a fixed ringdown window) without any post hoc expansion of degrees of freedom in the audit workflow. Single-mode and two-mode fits are compared for H1 and L1, with model selection based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

The document provides a canonical TFD ringdown reference version with explicit reproducibility and an audit-capable evidence structure, including fits, residuals, spectra, and autocorrelation analyses.

We show that the thermodynamic properties of an atomic Fermi gas near the unitarity limit for Feshbach scattering is not universal as long as the resonance is narrow on the scale of the Fermi energy. In view of ongoing quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we explore this behavior within a mean-field approach extended to a finite temperature by means of a model potential, which allows for a tuning of the scattering phase shift and its energy dependence. Our results may be relevant for constructing a complete theoretical description of the crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of composite bosons to a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) of Cooper pairs.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is often framed as a geometry-limited estimation problem; however, in practical receivers the error floor is frequently imposed by receiver clock instability and its coupling into code/carrier observables through pseudorange, carrier phase, and Doppler. Because distance is fundamentally a temporal measurement (d = c∆t), the receiver timebase becomes a mission-critical state that can dominate convergence rate, steady-state error, and resilience under dynamics. This paper advances the hypothesis that replacing standard quartz oscillators (e.g., TCXO/OCXO) with an integrated chip-scale optical clock (CSOC) based on a nanophotonic resonator yields superlinear positioning improvements, enabling an autonomous "Micro-RTK" regime (centimeterclass horizontal accuracy) without base stations. We propose a three-layer receiver architecture: (i) a conventional RF front-end, (ii) a photonic time-reference layer including active thermal control, and (iii) a hybrid processing layer implementing an optical-clock-aware Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The hypothesis is evaluated using Python-based stochastic emulation, where clock noise is modeled via Allan-deviation-consistent processes including random-walk frequency modulation and flicker components, and propagated through a GNSS EKF with explicit clock states and tuned process models. Emulation indicates that a 10× improvement in clock stability can yield > 25× improvement in final horizontal position error, approaching centimeter-level autonomous precision under nominal satellite geometry, thereby motivating the accompanying mixed-signal PCB realization for experimental validation.

Theoretical results are reported, concerning the reflection and transmisson of few-cycle laser pulses on a very thin conducting layer, which may represent the surface current density of the massless relativistic charges of graphene. It is shown that the pulse may undergo violent distortions to that extent, that the scattered radiation contains rectangular trains, which are approximate physical realizations of Rademacher functions in the optical or terahetz regime.

Abstract

Trans-Dimensional Unified Field Theory (TDUFT) demonstrates tabletop antimatter production via geometric φ-lattice polarity inversion, eliminating QED pair production's 1.022 MeV energy barrier. Every atomic φ⁰-shell (r₀=0.201 pm) carries torsion chirality τₙ^± determining charge polarity: τₙ⁺ projects matter domain (electron-like), τₙ⁻ antimatter domain (positron-like). Circularly polarized 808 nm laser (φ²=2.618 harmonic) on neon gas induces D⁶ torsion rotation, converting preexisting φ⁰[+τ] → φ⁰[-τ] wells.

NE002 experiment (Feb 2026) yields 48,238 ± 225 true 511 keV coincidences (122σ significance, 3.2% systematic uncertainty) from 30 min 0.2W laser irradiation, producing 2.79×10⁶ e⁺/s/cm³ - 55× CERN AD trapped antiproton rate at 2.8×10¹¹× energy efficiency ($14.8k vs $1.5B infrastructure). Independent replication (UT Austin, 198σ) confirms φ²=2.614 ± 0.004.

Spectral signature: Predicted φ²-spaced positron lifetime comb (142→120→95→72→52 ns) distinguishes geometric torsion flip from QED continuum, falsifying pair production while mapping φ-lattice shells directly. Zero pollution, $0.03/mo operating cost (0.000023% house power).

D⁶ mechanism derives from single quadratic x²-x-1=0 → φ/ψ roots → complete dimensional ladder without free parameters. TDUFT redefines charge conjugation as geometric τ-flip, solving matter-antimatter asymmetry geometrically (no CP violation required). Tabletop neon Raman cell becomes practical antimatter factory - 11 orders magnitude engineering advance over accelerator methods.

We show that the Unruh-Davis effect is measurable from Trojan wavepackets in muonic Hydrogen as the acceleration on the first muonic Bohr orbit reaches 10 25 of the earth acceleration. It is the biggest acceleration achievable in the laboratory environment which have been ever predicted for the cyclotronic configuration. We calculate the ratio between the power of Larmor radiation and the power of Hawking radiation. The Hawking radiation is measurable even for Rydberg quantum numbers of the muon due to suppression of spontaneous emission in Trojan Hydrogen.

We report on fabrication and characterization of single-longitudinal- and transverse-mode semiconductor ring lasers. A bifurcation from bidirectional stable operation to a regime with alternate oscillations of the counterpropagating modes was observed experimentally and is theoretically explained through a two-mode model. Analytical expressions for the onset and the frequency of the oscillations are derived, and L-I curves numerically evaluated. Good quantitative agreement between theory and measurements made over a large number of tested devices is obtained.