Lean Production (Production)

This contribution suggests that it is desirable to distinguish, beyond MSDs resulting from biomechanical factors (exertion, repetition, extreme joint positions), those associated with psychosocial factors related to work-related stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated the validity of this thesis. The problem, which is highly significant, requires a multidisciplinary and participatory approach capable of mobilizing all stakeholders, including workers.Implementing individualized treatment interventions and support activities is certainly necessary. However, it cannot be effective unless, at the same time, the action is also aimed at transforming the way in which work forces large groups of workers to "amputate" part of their subjectivity (through a form of self-repression induced by the "demands" of work), to the detriment of both individual and organizational health.

Berisi materi mengenai Lean Production. Materi ini dibuat sebagai sarana pembelajaran untuk menambah wawasan dan pemahaman mengenai konsep Lean Production yang saat ini banyak diterapkan dalam berbagai sektor industri guna meningkatkan efisiensi, produktivitas, dan kualitas proses kerja.

ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Η εργασία αυτή εισάγει το μοντέλο PanRhythmic Symphony (PRS) - (Παν-Ρυθμική Συμφωνία), ένα θεωρητικό πλαίσιο στο οποίο η φυσική πραγματικότητα θεμελιώνεται σε μια καθολική ταλαντωτική διαδικασία και όχι σε έναν προϋπάρχοντα χωροχρόνο. Το μοντέλο προκύπτει από την υπόθεση ότι τα θεμελιώδη συστατικά της ύλης μπορούν να περιγραφούν ως ρυθμική εναλλαγή συζυγών χρονικών φάσεων, γεγονός που οδηγεί σε εγγενή ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά και στη γένεση ενός Παγκόσμιου Ρυθμού (PR).
Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, τα φυσικά συστήματα ερμηνεύονται ως τοπικοί ταλαντωτές που τείνουν προς συγχρονισμό μέσω μιας αρχής ελαχιστοποίησης της ρυθμικής ασυμφωνίας. Η κεντρική ποσότητα της θεωρίας είναι η χρονική απόκλιση (Δt), η οποία εκφράζει την ρυθμική αδράνεια απόκρισης ενός συστήματος ως προς τον PR. Η μάζα ερμηνεύεται ως ενέργεια αποθηκευμένη σε αυτή την απόκλιση, ενώ η βαρύτητα προκύπτει ως συλλογικό φαινόμενο συγχρονισμού.
Η διεμπλοκή περιγράφεται ως προ-χωρικός συγχρονισμός, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η συσχέτιση προηγείται του χώρου. Ο χώρος προτείνεται ως αναδυόμενη δομή που προκύπτει από τη διάδοση και διατήρηση του συγχρονισμού, ενώ η ταχύτητα c ερμηνεύεται ως το όριο διάδοσης αυτής της διαδικασίας. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, οι μαύρες τρύπες μπορούν να ιδωθούν ως όρια κατάρρευσης του συγχρονισμού, όπου η γεωμετρική περιγραφή καθίσταται ανεπαρκής και απαιτείται περιγραφή σε όρους ρυθμικής δυναμικής.
Με τον τρόπο αυτό, η PRS προτείνει έναν ενιαίο ερμηνευτικό μηχανισμό που συνδέει  ύλη, μάζα, βαρύτητα, διεμπλοκή και χωροχρόνο

Food loss and waste is recognized as a critical issue in the context of the global food crisis and sustainability challenges. A significant portion of losses occurring along the food supply chain stems from inefficiencies, inadequate inventory management, and process-based shortcomings. Within lean production philosophy, the concept of “muda” refers to all non- value-adding activities and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding waste generation in food systems.
In this study, the concept of muda is evaluated within the scope of food waste reduction strategies from a lean production perspective. It is emphasized that factors such as poor planning, overproduction, inadequate inventory management, and process losses occurring in production, storage, and distribution stages negatively affect both producers and consumers. Recent international studies indicate that lean manufacturing practices enhance operational efficiency, optimize resource utilization, and significantly reduce waste generation in the food sector. Furthermore, the integration of lean approaches with circular economy and zero-waste strategies has been highlighted as an effective pathway toward sustainable food systems.
In conclusion, food waste is not only a physical loss but also a manifestation of process inefficiencies, and the concept of muda offers a critical analytical tool for addressing this issue. The wider adoption of lean production practices in the food industry is excepted to conribute significantly to both economic and environmental sustainability.

This book presents a comprehensive metatheory of project governance, integrating insights from organizational science, strategic management, and economics. A wide range of theories related to projects and project management are explained in detail and integrated.  It examines a wide range of project setups, from internal initiatives to interfirm collaborations, and provides a framework for governing contractual relationships from the project owner's perspective.

This paper revisits The Second Industrial Divide by Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel from the perspective of contemporary digital capitalism. While the original work explains the shift from Fordist mass production to flexible specialization, current developments suggest a more complex transformation. Today, flexibility appears not only as an economic necessity but also as a mechanism intertwined with digital monitoring and control. This study reflects on how the ideas proposed by Piore and Sabel can still be useful, while also questioning their limits in explaining algorithmic management and invisible forms of labor.

This paper revisits The Second Industrial Divide by Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel from the perspective of contemporary digital capitalism. While the original work explains the shift from Fordist mass production to flexible specialization, current developments suggest a more complex transformation. Today, flexibility appears not only as an economic necessity but also as a mechanism intertwined with digital monitoring and control. This study reflects on how the ideas proposed by Piore and Sabel can still be useful, while also questioning their limits in explaining algorithmic management and invisible forms of labor.

Since its beginning, lean manufacturing has built a worldwide reputation based on results related to production improvement and cost reduction in several companies. This management philosophy focuses on customer value creation through the elimination of production wastes. Lean methods and techniques have spread their scope from the automotive industry to a wide range of industries and services. This article presents a case study that describes the use of the lean tool value stream mapping in the production process of automotive parts for a major automotive company. At the beginning of the project, relevant data from the process were collected and analysed. Subsequently, the initial process was mapped, the related wastes were identified, and then future processes were mapped and financial results were estimated. The proposals were presented on kaizen meetings, the action plan was discussed and the decision regarding which option to choose was taken. Consequently, the Cycle Time and the level of the workforce were reduced, the process was improved and savings were obtained.

Construction needs a unified productivity method. This paper asserts one. Shewhart's Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) was created for the manufacturing industry. It has been helpful for construction contractors as a starting point. Still, it contains misalignments and blind spots, making it suboptimal, i.e., not readily adaptable to a custom installation and rehabilitation industry. This paper explores the problems of the model and provides a potential solution that evolves Shewhart's model. First, we describe the realities that for-profit construction organisations face, and then we expand and tailor PDCA to meet those issues. In summary, completed tasks comprise a finished project. Each project requires dozens of physical installation activities. As an improvement, a repetitive set of management activities that support trade professionals' on-site tasks, done on time and ultimately, will deliver safety, quality, cost and schedule. This paper examines possible project input variations and projected results. This approach applies to new construction and rehabilitation projects and can be used as a diagnostic tool in post-job reviews to prompt continuous improvement.

Lean-Green is a concept that associates value aggregation and efficiency in operational and environmental terms. This concept arises as a corollary effect of companies’ challenges for rethinking their goals and strategies in order to add more value while contributing to social equity and prevent environmental burdens. The eco-efficiency concept translates the idea of “creating more with less”, in order to reduce ecological impacts and resource intensity. Lean is a strategy that encompasses a wide variety of management practices, in an integrated system, to streamline business processes, minimize waste and improve financial performance. When Lean and Green are associated in the so called Lean-Green link, many of those savings also result in environmental benefits. This paper reports the ongoing effort to provide models for the Lean-Green integration. A comparative analysis of the few models identified is provided, and the most frequently used KPI acknowledged. Findings show the exist...

The server absenteeism causes are related to several factors, which makes it difficult its management, may be triggered by personal problems, biological, environmental, social, family, financial, functional, etc. In addition to direct impacts on society absenteeism can also cause an increase in costs and stress in the workplace. This study aimed to quantify the main forms of absenteeism and analyze the effectiveness of strategies to prevent and control the problem of a public service secretariat of the great Victoria region, ES. For a quantitative and qualitative research was carried out both and is used as a source of study data provided by the Human Resources department, the secretariat, for the year 2012. There was a 16.4% rate of absenteeism (considering all types of absences) and only 4.77% excluding the "legal" absences. Such indices are considered to be very high, even with prevention and control strategy. It is concluded that absenteeism rates are high, and strategies to prevent and control the problem are not being efficient.

Módulo 1: Introducción a LEAN/ 6 SIGMA
Actualmente, la empresa donde laboro que se dedica a la fabricación de accesorios de cementación, siendo una pequeña, aún no ha iniciado la implementación de la metodología Lean/Six Sigma. Su operación actual se caracteriza por procesos tradicionales que, aunque funcionales, presentan ineficiencias que podrían optimizarse mediante una cultura de mejora continua.
Entre las principales áreas de oportunidad se encuentran la reducción de tiempos improductivos en la transportación, el control de inventarios y la optimización del área de trabajo en la bodega para la visualización de una empresa de primer nivel como el que se proyecta en su branding. Al ser una empresa pequeña (menos de 40 empleados), también se presenta el reto de integrar una nueva mentalidad que fomente la colaboración y el uso de herramientas Lean para mejorar la eficiencia y reducir desperdicios, lo que impulsaría el crecimiento y la competitividad en el mercado (Sanz & Gisbert, 2017).

Bugünün dünyasında imalat endüstrileri daha rekabetçi bir ortamda gelişimlerini ve sürekliliklerini maliyetlerini düşürerek devam ettirmek zorundadır. Yalın üretime geçiş sürecinde ilk adım, katma değeri olan ve olmayan faaliyetlerin analiz edilmesidir. Bu çalışma Sakarya'da faaliyet gösteren bir traktör fabrikasında Değer Akış Haritalama (DAH) kavramlarının uygulanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut durumunun analiz edilmesi yoluyla platform imalatı hattında mevcut israflar, boşa geçen süreler saptanmıştır. Gelecek durum analizi ile israfların önlenmesi yönünde iyileştirmeler yapılarak değer akış süresi 13,08 günden 4,35 güne indirilmiştir. Mevcut ve gelecek durum analizleri yapılarak platform imalat hattının çevrim süresi %8 iyileştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar DAH metodunun bir imalat sürecinin değişikliğine karar verilmesinde iyi bir alternatif olduğunu göstermiştir.

This paper explores the process of permanent restructuring that unfolded within FCA-Stellantis factories in Italy over the last decade. Through in-depth interviews with shop stewards and trade unionists, it shows that such a process rested on two pillars: the transformation of industrial relations and work organisation; and the restructuring of production, through the decline in volumes the structural use of social shock absorber schemes. Acting through these levers, management systematically and successfully fostered a strategy of workforce and union division, thus eroding social relations among workers and minimising the emergence of industrial conflict. Finally, the paper shows that the creation of the Stellantis group following the merger between FCA and PSA represents the apex of the process of restructuring initiated with FCA, bringing about a further deterioration of working conditions on the shopfloor.

Abstract. This study aims to enhance the procurement performance of a
kiosk fabrication company by integrating Industry 4.0 technologies and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies. Industry 4.0 offers opportunities for digital transformation through automation, Internet of Things (IoT), and predictive analytics. At the same time, LSS provides a structured approach to process improvement via the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) framework. The study used DMAIC and the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model to identify procurement inefficiencies such as supplier delays, inconsistent material quality, and lack of real-time visibility. In the Define phase, tools like SIPOC and Voice of the Customer (VOC) were used to scope key issues. The Measure phase revealed a 15-day average lead time, a 35% late delivery rate, and an 18% defect rate. Root causes—such as manual tracking systems, poor documentation, and absence of predictive tools—were identified using Fishbone Diagrams, Pareto Analysis, and the 5 Whys technique. Improvement initiatives included 5S implementation, Kaizen workshops, standardized work instructions, and digital tool integration (e.g., Jotform, QuickBooks, Google Sheets). As a result, procurement lead time was reduced by 50%, supplier assessment time dropped from three days to one, and procurement documentation became more consistent. While full-scale digitalization (e.g., ERP, IoT dashboards) is ongoing, pilot results show increased responsiveness, improved data handling, and better supplier collaboration. This study demonstrates that even small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) can achieve substantial agility, reliability, and cost-efficiency gains by combining structured process improvements with strategic digital adoption.
Keywords: Lean Six Sigma, Industry 4.0, Procurement Process, Supply
Chain, SME Optimization

In recent years, customer data analysis has been recognized as an effective tool for optimizing production and reducing costs in industry. This research was conducted to examine the impact of customer data analysis on improving production processes and managing costs.
Data regarding customers’ purchase history, consumption patterns, and preferences were extracted from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, business intelligence dashboards, and supply chain management software. After preprocessing, the data were analyzed using data mining techniques and predictive models.
The results showed that applying these approaches leads to reduced overproduction, more precise inventory management, lower operational costs, and increased customer satisfaction. This study helps manufacturers align their production with real market demands by leveraging customer data, thereby enhancing productivity.
The findings of this research can serve as a model for other industrial sectors and similar industries seeking to optimize production and manage costs effectively.

The master thesis focuses οn specific cases of punched card machinery introduction in Greece. Punched card machines were introduced in Greece in 1920, by the Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Νational Economy, in order to process the data of the population census which took place in December 1920. After ten years of consecutive wars, in 1920 the Greek State had almost doubled its territory, therefore the census was of great significance. Τhe thesis focuses on the secret social character embedded in the punched card and argues about the dynamic connections between the aims of the Greek State (the homogenization of its new territory and its inhabitants) and the mechanical processing of the census data. The master thesis also examines specific uses of punched card machines during the postwar period in Greece, mainly at the public sector. Here, emphasis is given on the work of card punching and the gender division of labor. The close relationship between gender bias and the mechanization of the office is examined through the case of women employees in Greece who worked as keypunch operators. A general description of their laborious work is supplemented by references to their strikes during the 1970’s.

Este artigo visa apresentar o desenvolvimento de um programa ambiental na resolução dos problemas existentes em uma empresa fabricante de embalagens de papel localizada no Estado de Pernambuco. O estudo foi conduzido na empresa no período de novembro de 2001 a novembro de 2002, quando foram abordadas todas as fases referentes ao Programa de Produção mais Limpa. Os resultados alcançados superaram as expectativas iniciais, apesar de algumas oportunidades identificadas não terem sido introduzidas durante a pesquisa. O Programa enraizou alguns de seus princípios na mentalidade dos funcionários, que passaram a enxergar suas atividades de um outro ângulo.

A área de recursos humanos é responsável por administrar, desenvolver e reter talentos na empresa. Com o enfoque de desenvolver os funcionários, a gestão de pessoas também se encarrega de solucionar problemas relacionados aos trabalhadores, inclusive os de rotatividade e absenteísmo. O presente trabalho tem como problemática verificar a relação entre a rotatividade e a gestão de pessoas em uma determinada empresa. Para tanto será utilizado algumas ferramentas de qualidade, com o intuito de se identificar a fonte de problemas administrativos, que podem estar gerando os problemas de rotatividade que impactam não somente no funcionamento interno na empresa, mas na qualidade do serviço prestado pela mesma.

The construction industry plays a significant role in economic growth, both directly through its activities, and indirectly through the provision of buildings and infrastructures for the smooth functioning of businesses. However, the construction industry is highly challenged as a 3D's industrydirty, dangerous and demanding. Lean Construction is a new production philosophy which would bring in revolutionary changes in the construction industry. It is a way to design production systems to minimize waste of materials, money, time and effort in order to generate the maximum possible amount of value. Lean significantly contributes to the efficiency of the construction industry. Lean philosophy is all about designing and operating the right resources at the right time with right systems. Two very important construction tools are added under lean construction are the production control and structuring of the work. Thus, the construction in "Lean Construction" refers to the entire industry which includes owners, architects, designers, engineers, contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers. In current technological trend, lean construction has gained its importance significantly. An analysis of lean construction practices in Tamil Nadu construction industry has been made by certain methodologies. A questionnaire survey is used to collect information and data from the construction companies about the practice of lean construction techniques in the major districts of Tamil Nadu. It also includes the drawbacks, problems faced during implementation and wastes generated during operational process. Methodologies have been formulated to rank all the above criteria and arrive at the required conclusions. Collected data has been analyzed in two categories, one by manual consisting of three approaches and the other by software. Solutions & Suggestions for the major problems have been proposed to minimize the ranked wastes from the analyzed data and overcome the barriers in implementing lean construction techniques.

The construction industry plays a significant role in economic growth, both directly through its activities, and indirectly through the provision of buildings and infrastructures for the smooth functioning of businesses. However, the construction industry is highly challenged as a 3D's industrydirty, dangerous and demanding. Lean Construction is a new production philosophy which would bring in revolutionary changes in the construction industry. It is a way to design production systems to minimize waste of materials, money, time and effort in order to generate the maximum possible amount of value. Lean significantly contributes to the efficiency of the construction industry. Lean philosophy is all about designing and operating the right resources at the right time with right systems. Two very important construction tools are added under lean construction are the production control and structuring of the work. Thus, the construction in "Lean Construction" refers to the entire industry which includes owners, architects, designers, engineers, contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers. In current technological trend, lean construction has gained its importance significantly. An analysis of lean construction practices in Tamil Nadu construction industry has been made by certain methodologies. A questionnaire survey is used to collect information and data from the construction companies about the practice of lean construction techniques in the major districts of Tamil Nadu. It also includes the drawbacks, problems faced during implementation and wastes generated during operational process. Methodologies have been formulated to rank all the above criteria and arrive at the required conclusions. Collected data has been analyzed in two categories, one by manual consisting of three approaches and the other by software. Solutions & Suggestions for the major problems have been proposed to minimize the ranked wastes from the analyzed data and overcome the barriers in implementing lean construction techniques.

Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral do Projeto de Implantação da Gestão de Riscos no Governo do Distrito Federal -GDF, uma iniciativa que é capitaneada pela Controladoria-Geral do Distrito Federal -CGDF, com o propósito de aperfeiçoar a Gestão Pública Distrital, por intermédio da disseminação de boas práticas de gestão internacionalmente reconhecidas, com destaque para a norma NBR ISO 31000 -Gestão de Riscos -Princípios e Diretrizes, bem como modificar o formato de atuação do Órgão Central de Auditoria do Poder Executivo Distrital, a partir da realização de consultorias aos órgãos e entidades interessados na implantação do processo de gestão de riscos. Em termos metodológicos o texto se caracteriza como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, caracterizada por apoiar-se fundamentalmente em registros disponíveis tais como normas e documentos 3 sendo o texto dividido em quatro partes, a saber: 1. Introdução, 2. Histórico e Resultados do Projeto, 3. Referências Externas e 4. Conclusão.

In the last years numerous studies have been confined to the surges, especially in order to identify the possibility of flooding of low-lying coastal areas (McKenzie, K., Parlee, K. 2003); still, the striking majority of these studies were mainly confined to areas with high amplitude in the astronomical tide; hence the characteristics and the significance of surges in low-tide areas remain practically unknown. In this study we try to shed some light to the problem of surges in the Aegean, a closed sea with lowamplitude tide. In this area the hazards of flooding are poorly known, but definitely high. In our study we analyzed hourly recordings from the harbor of Alexandroupolis. The analyzed record covers the period between 1/1/2001 to 6/30/2001, and one-hour recording which were available by the Hydrographic Service of the Hellenic Navy. The main aim of this work was to find the relationship between the meteorological oscillation and the astronomic tide. The division of the amplitude mean values between the meteorological and astronomic oscillation is near 8 and the max values is near 40, that is means that the risk of very big and very small tides is quite big.

En los últimos años las áreas de administración de operaciones se han enfocado a los procesos de mejora continua, como una forma de hacer frente a la competitividad, estas prácticas son aplicadas en las medianas y grandes empresas, mejorando su rentabilidad. Nuestra investigación está enfocada en micro y pequeñas empresas, donde buscamos determinar la importancia que le dan los directivos de las mype a los procesos, contrarrestándolos con la visión de empresarios que cerraron sus empresas contra empresas activas.