Lexical Semantics

The study examined the impact of semantics and its contextual meanings in traditional Ndebele communities in Zimbabwe. The focus of the study was on the linguistic development by classifying and examining changes in meaning of words due to their use, immediate contexts and inflection. The study adopted a qualitative approach while participants were purposively selected. Gathering techniques employed in collecting data from selected participants were interviews and observations. The analysis and discussions were derived from the contextual meanings and on how they change in relation to their immediate contexts. The study also examined semantic challenges encountered in the sphere of linguistics. Thus, through cultural education, learners and community members were enlightened on the contextual meanings resulting from critical interpretation of the words. Findings revealed that the study of semantics in linguistics is inevitable as long as IsiNdebele is taught as subject in schools and used for communication purposes in society. Also highlighted was that lack of understanding meanings in relation to their contexts results in distortion, misinterpretation and misrepresentation of issues which consequently yields to poor examination performance. From a cognitive perspective, this research emphasised that semantics is a crucial phenomenon in linguistics affirming that meanings are contextually determined rather than absolute. Therefore, it is recommended that a pragmatic approach be adopted, one that explores the relationship between language and context, and how meaning is created and negotiated in social interactions.

Русская историческая лексикография на современном этапе : (источники, картотечные собрания, словари) : К 75-летию рукописной Древнерусской картотеки XI–XVII вв. / Под редакцией Л.Ю. Астахиной ; Российская академия наук. Лексикографический семинар, Кабинет «Славянский мир» Института русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова ; Фонд культуры Российской Федерации ; Российская государственная библиотека. – Μосква : [ИРЯ РАН], 2002. – 256 с. – (Отечественная лексикография. Выпуск 5).

Отличается годом издания и форматированием.

В книгу включены тезисы докладов на Международной юбилейной конференции, прошедшей в октябре 2000 г. в ИРЯ РАН «Картотека ДРС как источник по истории русского языка и культуры», а также другие материалы, посвященные вопросам исторической лексикологии, лингвистического источниковедения, вопросам исторической и историко-региональной лексикографии.
ISBN 5-88744-034-1

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ:
• Предисловие
• Древнерусская рукописная картотека XI–XVII вв. (КДРС) как источник лексикографических начинаний. Словари и их роль в образовании и культуре

Г.А. БОГАТОВА. Слово об осенней сессии по проблемам восточнославянской лексикографии. Конференции и книжные выставки

•  Материалы Международной юбилейной конференции «Картотека ДРС как источник по истории русского языка и культуры» (к 75-летию создания Картотеки ДРС)

• Пленарные доклады и сообщения
Л.Ю. АСТАХИНА. К семидесятипятилетию Картотеки ДРС
Г.Я. РОМАНОВА. О новом дополненном Указателе источников Древнерусской рукописной картотеки и «Словаря русского языка XI–XVII вв.»
О.С. МЖЕЛЬСКАЯ, С.Св. ВОЛКОВ. Картотека ДРС и «Словарь обиходного языка Московской Руси XVI–XVII вв.»
И.А. КОРОЛЕВА. Роль Картотеки ДРС в создании региональных исторических словарей
О.В. БОРХВАЛЬДТ (ФЕЛЬДЕ). Исторический терминологический «Словарь наименований золота и золотых сплавов» среди других типов словарей специальной лексики русского языка
К.Р. ГАЛИУЛЛИН. Электронные языковые справочники как историко-лексикологические источники
Т.С. СОКОЛОВА. Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв. на спецсеминаре по введению в историческую лексикологию
А.Б. ДУБОВИЦКИЙ. Терминология истории России XVII в. и Картотека «Словаря русского языка XI–XVII вв.»
В.Б. СИЛИНА. Древнерусская культура по данным исторических и диалектных словарей
Э.Ф. ВОЛОДАРСКАЯ, В.М. ЛЕЙЧИК. Концепция «Русского исторического словаря»
М.Г. ЗАГИДУЛЛИН. Словарь Марка Ридлея XVI в. как источник «Словаря русского языка XI–XVII вв.»

• Восточнославянский мир: источники, картотечные собрания, словари и энциклопедии
Г.А. БОГАТОВА. Древнерусская картотека XI–XVII вв. и новая Программа «Историческая память России»
О.В. КРОВИЦКАЯ. Картотека исторического словаря украинского языка
В.К. ЩЕРБИН. Значение работ И.И. Срезневского для формирования белорусской лексикографической традиции
Р.П. РОГОЖНИКОВА. Прошлое, настоящее и будущее Большой картотеки Словарного отдела ИЛИ РАН
Н.Д. СИДОРЕНСКАЯ. Несколько слов о картотеках (КДРС и КПОС) и словарях
Н.Н. СИДОРОВА. Картотека языковых оппозиций: на материале энциклопедий («Русский язык», «Большой энциклопедический словарь. Языкознание») и других лингвистических трудов
В.Ю. ТРОИЦКИЙ. Идеи и образы славянского мира и славянское духовное единство (к постановке вопроса)
Т.А. ИСАЧЕНКО. О подготовке научно-критического издания «Новый Завет в переводе иеромонаха Чудова монастыря Епифания Славинецкого. 70–80-е гг. XVII столетия»

• Секция 1. Лингвистические исследования по материалам Картотеки ДРС
Л.П. РУПОСОВА. Астрологическая лексика в Картотеке ДРС и авторской картотеке
Г.В. ЗВЕЗДОВА. Темпоральная лексика в Картотеке ДРС и «Словаре русского языка XI–XVII вв.»
Н.Ж. ШАЙМЕРДЕНОВА. Картотека ДРС как источник изучения глосс
Е.В. ГЛИНКА. Использование материалов Картотеки ДРС при исследовании лексико-семантических групп
Е.В. ГЕНЕРАЛОВА. Лексико-семантическое поле прямизны-кривизны по материалам Картотеки ДРС (изучение лексических групп по лексикографическим источникам)
Р.В. ЖЕЛЕЗНОВА. Имена существительные с суффиксом -ьникъ со значением лица в древнерусском литературном языке XI-XIV вв. (по материалам Картотеки ДРС и словарей)
Н.А. КУЛЕВА. Образования с первыми компонентами бого-, благо- на материале Картотеки ДРС
Е.Ф. ШИРОКОРАД. Данные «Словаря русского языка XI-XVII вв.» для изучения славянского *godъ
А.В. ГРИГОРЬЕВ. Роль Картотеки ДРС в определении семантики грецизмов (на примере древнерусского слова талант)
Р.Н. КРИВКО. Лексемы таиньникъ, таибьникъ в славянском переводе «Слова на Воскресение» Григория Богослова
Е. МАРОЕВИЧ. Слово товар в русской и сербской лексикографии
С.В. НАЗИН. К семантике слова славяне по данным лексикографии
Л.В. ТАБАЧЕНКО. Особенности функционирования предлогов в и на в памятниках деловой письменности (по материалам Картотеки ДРС)
О.В. КУНЫГИНА. Фразеологизмы-частицы и их отражение в словарях
Г.И. ЛОБЖАНИДЗЕ. О семантических и психолингвистических аспектах слова состояние
Д.В. ДАГУРОВА. Слово сердце в значении ‘центр чувств’ в истории русского языка XVII–XVIII вв.

• Секция 2. Проблемы региональных словарей и картотек
Л.Я. КОСТЮЧУК. Картотека ДРС и историко-региональный словарь
Л.М. ЛЮБИМОВА. Лексикографическое прочтение местных деловых памятников
Ю.И. ЧАЙКИНА, Е.П. АНДРЕЕВА. Виды словарных статей в «Словаре промысловой лексики Северной Руси XV–XVII вв.»
Г.Н. СТАРИКОВА. О Томском топонимическом словаре и его картотеке
Е.В. КОВАЛЫХ. Рукописные хозяйственные книги Псково-Печерского монастыря XVII в. как источник для Картотеки ДРС
Г.И. ТИРАСПОЛЬСКИЙ. Картотеки и материалы региональных словарей в выявлении виртуальной лексики с перспективой ее исторического исследования
Н.С. БОНДАРЧУК. Опыт реконструкции языковой личности на материале «Летописи о событиях в Твери 1762–1823 гг. Михаила Тюльпина»
И.Е. МАКАРОВА. Из наблюдений над словарным составом документов личного происхождения (на материале «Дневника тверских купцов Блиновых»)
Т.А. КИЛЬДИБЕКОВА, Г.В. ГАФАРОВА, Р.Ф. ГАЗИЗОВА, Д.А. ЮЛДАШЕВА. Функционально-когнитивный словарь как тип активного словаря

• Секция 3. Картотеки как лингвистический источник
В.Д. БОНДАЛЕТОВ. Картотека лексики русских условных языков (арго)
Л.М. ГОРОДИЛОВА. Картотека словаря памятников Приенисейской Сибири XVII в. как один из типов региональных картотек
Н.Н. КУКАНОВА. Современное состояние картотеки Словаря русского языка XVIII в.
И.А. МАЛЫШЕВА. О картотеке языка памятников деловой письменности первой половины XVIII в.
Н.С. БОНДАРЧУК и Т.В. КИРИЛЛОВА. Научная ценность тверской картотеки как источника анализа говоров Тверского региона
О.В. НИКИТИН. Из русской потаенной лексикографии XVIII в.
Л.А. ЗАХАРОВА. Картотека Словаря народно-разговорной речи г. Томска XVII – начала XVIII в.
Е.В. ИВАНЦОВА. Картотека «Полного словаря диалектной языковой личности» как источник изучения идиолексикона
Л.Г. ГЫНГАЗОВА. Картотека «Полного словаря диалектной языковой личности» как источник изучения идиолекта в синтаксическом аспекте
А.А. БУРЫКИН. Русская этнонимия как объект историко-лингвистического исследования (источники, указатели, картотеки, словари)
А.К. ЖУМАБЕКОВА. Картотека словаря антонимов казахского языка как база системного описания единиц
А.Н. ТИХОНОВ. Грамматическая информация в словарных картотеках

This article presents a careful and strictly constrained reconstruction of linguistic themes from the author's foundational work on Arabic and Coptic. It remains closely tied to the original material, avoiding expansion beyond what is explicitly present in the source framework. The focus is on Arabic as a layered system combining Classical Arabic, dialectal variation, and external influences, as well as on Coptic only in the limited sense in which it appears in the author's research as a point of contact with Arabic. Additional elements include lexicography, intergenerational transmission, and brief references to semantic shifts, particularly the movement of eschatological concepts into present usage. The article is written in a readable, non-schematic style while preserving fidelity to the source.

Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende analizar la incorporación de léxico americano en la lexicografía general (no académica) del siglo xix y verificar el incremento de este vocabulario a través del tiempo. Así, la revisión del corpus permite observar una serie de cambios desde diversos puntos de vista que esbozan no solo un perfeccionamiento de la técnica lexicográfica, sino también un cambio en la valoración del español americano que implica una mayor atención al léxico de estas variedades diatópicas. Palabras clave: siglo xix, español de América, léxico, lexicografía no académica.

செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு (Artificial intelligence AI) என்பது கற்றல், பகுத்தறிதல், சிக்கலைத் தீர்த்தல், புலனுணர்வு மற்றும் முடிவெடுத்தல் learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making போன்ற மனித நுண்ணறிவுடன் தொடர்புடைய பணிகளைச் செய்யும் கணினி அமைப்புகளின் திறனாகும். இது பொறியியல், கணிதம் மற்றும் கணினி அறிவியலில் உள்ள ஒரு ஆராய்ச்சித் துறையாகும், இது இயந்திரங்கள் தங்கள் சூழலை உணர்ந்து, கற்றல் மற்றும் நுண்ணறிவைப் பயன்படுத்தி வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட இலக்குகளை அடைவதற்கான வாய்ப்புகளை அதிகரிக்கும் செயல்களைச் செய்ய உதவும் முறைகளையும் மென்பொருளையும் உருவாக்கி ஆய்வு செய்கிறது.
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் முக்கியப் பயன்பாடுகளில் மேம்பட்ட வலைத் தேடுபொறிகள், உரையாடல் செயலிகள், மெய்நிகர் உதவியாளர்கள், தன்னாட்சி வாகனங்கள், மற்றும் வியூக விளையாட்டுகளில் web search engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, and play and analysis in strategy games (எ.கா., சதுரங்கம் மற்றும் கோ chess and Go) விளையாட்டு மற்றும் பகுப்பாய்வு ஆகியவை அடங்கும். 2020-களிலிருந்து, உரைத் தூண்டுதல்களிலிருந்து படங்கள், ஒலி மற்றும் காணொளிகளை உருவாக்க, உருவாக்கும் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு பரவலாகக் கிடைக்கிறது.
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு ஆராய்ச்சியின் பாரம்பரிய இலக்குகளில் கற்றல், பகுத்தறிதல், அறிவுப் பிரதிநிதித்துவம், திட்டமிடல், இயற்கை மொழி செயலாக்கம், மற்றும் புலனுணர்வு reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, natural language processing, and perception, அத்துடன் ரோபோட்டிக்ஸிற்கான ஆதரவும் அடங்கும்.[a] இந்த இலக்குகளை அடைய, செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்கள் நிலைவெளித் தேடல் மற்றும் கணித உகப்பாக்கம், முறையான தர்க்கம், செயற்கை நரம்பியல் வலைப்பின்னல்கள், மற்றும் புள்ளியியல், செயல்பாட்டு ஆராய்ச்சி, மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம் ஆகியவற்றை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட முறைகள் உள்ளிட்ட நுட்பங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தியுள்ளனர்.[b] செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு உளவியல், மொழியியல், தத்துவம், நரம்பியல், மற்றும் பிற துறைகளையும் சார்ந்துள்ளது.[2] Open AI, Google Deep Mind மற்றும் Meta போன்ற சில நிறுவனங்கள், செயற்கைப் பொது நுண்ணறிவை (artificial general intelligence AGI) உருவாக்குவதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளன – இது கிட்டத்தட்ட எந்தவொரு அறிவாற்றல் பணியையும் குறைந்தபட்சம் ஒரு மனிதனைப் போலவே சிறப்பாகச் செய்யக்கூடிய ஒரு செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு ஆகும்.
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு 1956-ல் ஒரு கல்வித் துறையாக நிறுவப்பட்டது,[4] மேலும் இத்துறை அதன் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பல நம்பிக்கையான காலகட்டங்களைக் கடந்து சென்றது,[5][6] அதைத் தொடர்ந்து ஏமாற்றம் மற்றும் நிதி இழப்புக் காலங்கள் ஏற்பட்டன, இவை AI குளிர்காலங்கள் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டன. 2012-க்குப் பிறகு நிதியும் ஆர்வமும் கணிசமாக அதிகரித்தன, அப்போது நரம்பியல் வலைப்பின்னல்களை விரைவுபடுத்த வரைகலை செயலாக்க அலகுகள் பயன்படுத்தத் தொடங்கின, மேலும் ஆழ்நிலை கற்றல் முந்தைய AI நுட்பங்களை விஞ்சியது. 2017-க்குப் பிறகு டிரான்ஸ்ஃபார்மர் கட்டமைப்புடன் இந்த வளர்ச்சி மேலும் துரிதப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. 2020-களில், ஊடகங்களை உருவாக்கவும் மாற்றியமைக்கவும் அனுமதித்த உருவாக்கும் AI-யின் முன்னேற்றங்களுடன் ஒரு AI எழுச்சி ஏற்பட்டது. AI பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் AI பயன்பாட்டினால் ஏற்படும் எதிர்பாராத விளைவுகள் மற்றும் தீங்குகள் தவிர, நெறிமுறைக் கவலைகள், AI-யின் நீண்டகால விளைவுகள் மற்றும் சாத்தியமான இருப்பு சார்ந்த அபாயங்கள் ஆகியவை AI ஒழுங்குமுறை குறித்த விவாதங்களைத் தூண்டியுள்ளன.

Buku Neurolinguistik: Bagaimana Otak Memproses Bahasa menghadirkan pemahaman komprehensif tentang hubungan antara bahasa dan otak manusia melalui pendekatan interdisipliner yang menggabungkan linguistik, psikologi, dan ilmu saraf. Pembaca diajak menelusuri bagaimana otak memproduksi, memahami, dan mengolah bahasa sebagai salah satu fungsi kognitif paling kompleks. Dengan penjelasan yang sistematis, buku ini menjadi jembatan antara konsep teoritis dan pemahaman praktis mengenai mekanisme kerja bahasa dalam otak.

Selain membahas struktur dan fungsi otak yang berkaitan dengan bahasa, buku ini juga menguraikan proses mental dalam produksi dan pemahaman bahasa, mulai dari fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, hingga semantik. Didukung dengan perkembangan teknologi modern seperti EEG dan fMRI, pembahasan dalam buku ini memberikan wawasan ilmiah yang aktual tentang bagaimana aktivitas otak dapat diamati dan dijelaskan dalam konteks berbahasa. Tidak hanya itu, buku ini juga mengkaji gangguan bahasa seperti afasia dan disleksia serta implikasinya dalam bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan.

Disusun dengan bahasa yang jelas dan mudah dipahami, buku ini cocok bagi pelajar, dosen, peneliti, maupun pembaca umum yang tertarik pada kajian bahasa dan kognisi. Dengan menggabungkan teori, penelitian, dan aplikasi praktis, buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi penting dalam memahami bagaimana otak manusia bekerja dalam memproses bahasa, sekaligus membuka wawasan baru dalam pengembangan ilmu neurolinguistik di era modern.

Ana dili olarak Türkçe öğretimine yönelik ders kitaplarında kelimelerin eş anlamlı öğretilmesi yaygın bir uygulama olarak Türkçenin eğitim-öğretim sürecinde kendine yer bulmaktadır. Bununla beraber sözlük bilimi alanında yapılan araştırmalar ve söz varlığı alanında kelime öğretimi uygulamalarından elde edilen sonuçlar birden fazla kelimenin aynı anlamda öğretilmesinin aktif söz varlığına negatif yönlü etki edebileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu sebeple araştırmada Özgün Yayınevine ait 7. sınıf Türkçe dersi kitabından seçilen hayal etmek–düşlemek kelime çifti fenomenolojik desende incelenmiştir. Veriler dil bilimi kriterlerine uygun olarak art zamanlı ve eş zamanlı kullanımların derlenmesi için kriterli örnekleme ile seçilmiş sözlük kayıtları yoluyla derlenmiştir. Söz konusu veriler NVivo 8 nitel veri analizi programında tematik analiz yoluyla çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular iki kelimenin zihinde canlandırma ve tasarlama gibi bazı anlam alanlarında kesiştiğini; ancak tam bir anlam özdeşliği göstermediğini ortaya koymuştur. Art zamanlı kayıtlarda “hayal etmek”in görüntü, gölge, yansıma, tayf ve kuruntu gibi daha geniş bir anlam çevresine sahip olduğu; “düşlemek” kelimesinin ise rüya ve uyku çekirdeği etrafında biçimlenen daha dar bir alandan geldiği görülmüştür. Eş zamanlı kayıtlarda “düşlemek” kelimesinin tasarlama ve gerçekleşmesi istenen şeyi kurma bakımından “hayal etmek”e yaklaştığı, buna rağmen iki kelimenin bütünüyle birleşmediği anlaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte sonuçlar yalnızca ilgili iki kelimeye ilişkin incelemelerle sınırlıdır. Gelecek araştırmalarda ilgili farkların ölçme ve değerlendirme yoluyla test edilmesi faydalıdır. Ayrıca eş anlamlı görülen farklı kelime gruplarının benzer metotlarla çalışılması da sözlük biliminden kelime öğretimine geniş bir alanda öğretmenler, araştırmacılar ve politika yapıcılar için yol gösterici sonuçlar sunabilir. Son olarak ilgili kelime grubunun eş anlamlı biçimde öğretilmesinin müfredat ekseninde yeniden değerlendirilmesi aktif söz varlığının geliştirilmesi için yararlı olabilir.

The Korean temporal system exhibits a striking discrepancy between the tense-aspect markings used in declarative sentences and those found in noun-modifying (adnominal) clauses. While contemporary declarative sentences primarily utilize-essfor the past andnun-/-nfor the present, modifying clauses maintain a system where a "zero" form marks the past and-numarks the present. This paper argues that these discrepancies are the result of uneven historical grammaticalization. By examining 15th-century Middle Korean, this study demonstrates that noun-modifying clauses are conservative structures that preserve an older temporal system, whereas declarative sentences have undergone radical reorganization due to the emergence of the past tense marker-essoriginating from the resultative marker-e is- .

The paper proposes a formal definition of support verb as (roughly) a semantically empty verb serving as a syntactic "prop" to a predicative noun such that the phrase V(support)(N) + N is synonymous with the verb V0 derived form N: 'V(support)(N) + N' = 'V0(N)', as in 'to give an order' = 'to order' or 'to receive an order' = 'to be ordered'. The following points are discussed: support verbs as collocates, representation of support verbs in terms of lexical functions, semantic and syntactic properties of support verbs, semantic additions to support verbs (in particular, causation and phasic meanings), realization verbs, and the role of support verbs in theoretical and applied linguistics.

A new type of morphological expressive linguistic means and the corresponding linguistic sign are described: metasemy1an expressive linguistic means that is an operation on the signified of the target lexeme; and metasemy2a sign whose signifier is a metasemy1. Thus, the English metasemy2 PAINTING, when applied to a human proper name, such as, e.g., Turner, produces a derived lexeme, in this case, PAINTING(Turner) = [a] Turner '[a] painting by Turner' (I have seen two excellent Turners). A formal description of the Russian metasemy2 POMEŠČENIE 'place2' is presented, based on the analysis of the Russian phrase u otca 'at father's' = 'at father's place2' , where the underlying lexeme otec 'father' and the derived lexeme POMEŠČENIE(otec) are involved, the meaning 'place2' being expressed by the metasemy2 POMEŠČENIE. The English and French translational equivalents of this phrase, Eng. at father's and Fr. chez le père, are shown to have different organizations: in at father's, the meaning 'place2' is carried by the 's-form, and in chez le père, by the preposition chez. A tentative list of known Russian metasemies2 is supplied, as well as the similar lists for English and French. A metasemy2 always expresses a metonymic semantic relation between the underlying lexeme and the resulting derived lexeme; it is a derivational morphological means, parallel to derivational affixes. Metasemy2 seems to exist universally.

This paper describes the clausative-presentative construction, a particular type of the presentative construction found in Slavic languages, using data from Russian and Serbian. The discussion is carried out within the Meaning-Text linguistic approach. The clausative-presentative construction is syntactically headed by a special presentative lexeme that is a clausative (i.e., can constitute a clause by itself or together with its obligatory actants): Rus. èto/Serb. to 'that situation is [Y]' and Rus. vot/Serb. evo 'I indicate here [Y]'. Such a lexeme takes as its actant-the presentee-a fully independent clause (i.e., a clause without a complementizer), which is, typologically, a rare occurrence. The semantic and syntactic properties of the clausative-presentative construction follow from the lexical meaning of the clausative-presentative lexeme that heads it. Therefore, this construction is a syntactic construction only in a very general sense (≈ 'a configuration of syntactically linked items'); in fact, it is a clausative lexeme taken with its actant. This construction is compared with the cleft construction, which is a genuine syntactic construction: it expresses communicative information by a particular syntactic configuration. Lexical entries of Russian and Serbian clausative-presentative lexemes are supplied, together with an overview of their co-polysemous or homophonous lexical "partners". * We offer our most heartfelt thanks to Wayles Browne, Lidija Iordanskaja, Artëmij Keidan, François Louis, Sébastien Marengo, and Alain Polguère for their comments upon a prefinal version of this paper. Thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers and the editors for their constructive suggestions. Any remaining blunders are, of course, our own.

The paper considers a relatively rare verbal syntactic construction found in East Sakhalin Ainu and in Lingala: an active form of a transitive verb governs simultaneously a direct object and an agentive complement, has no overt syntactic subject and is in the 3rd person plural. In order to characterize this verb form, three sets of formal linguistic notions are introduced and described: voice (with a calculus of logically possible voice grammemes), impersonal construction, and zero lexeme; many illustrations come from Lingala and Kinyarwanda, as well as several other languages. The verb forms under analysis are shown to be the partial demotional passive.

The paper considers the Russian construction of the form "NDAT bytʹ ne VINF"-one of several so-called "independent infinitive constructions. " This construction represents two syntactically discontinuous idioms: [X-u] ˹bytʹI.1 … ne˺ 1 1 [Y-nutʹ] 'It is/was/will be impossible that X has done Y' and [X-u] ˹bytʹI.1 … ne˺ 1 2 [Y-atʹ] 'It will be impossible that X does Y' . The paper describes two illustrative sentences containing these idioms, giving and discussing their formal representations on the semantic, deep-syntactic and surface-syntactic levels; it also presents the lexical entries for both idioms with detailed linguistic comments. The problems of the "independent infinitives" in Russian and of phraseologically bound lexemes are discussed.

The present paper examines the genre of death announcement notices (DANs) in Kurdish. Those notices have been regularly used but never been subject to an academic investigation in the context of Kurdish language. This study aims at outlining the linguistic structure of DANs as well as the sociocultural influences that contribute to their final composition. To illustrate the basic components of the notices, some 60 samples of women and men DANs or funeral posters, which were hanged in different locations such as mosques and major intersections of the research area were collected and analyzed using Swale's (1990) genre move analysis. The analysis revealed three moves, namely, Signaling the Event, Identifying the Deceased and Funeral Arrangements as the obligatory components of the DANs in Kurdish. The notices were to some extent grounded in Islamic and Arabic traditions. Traces of gender bias were found in the corpus.

Mortgage origination has quietly become one of the most retrieval-heavy workflows in regulated finance. A single application file routinely spans three hundred to five hundred pages of paystubs, bank statements, tax transcripts, appraisals, title work, and disclosures, and an underwriter is expected to locate the right evidence inside that file within seconds. Lenders are now embedding semantic search, hybrid retrieval, and retrievalaugmented generation into origination copilots, but the question of how to evaluate these systems before they touch a live application has been answered inconsistently across the industry. This paper proposes a layered evaluation framework that pairs offline information-retrieval metrics-Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain, Mean Reciprocal Rank, Recall@k, and chunk-level faithfulness scores-with online metrics drawn from controlled experimentation: pull-through rate, time to clear-to-close, exception rate, and underwriter override frequency. We argue that offline scores alone overstate readiness in regulated lending because they ignore adverse-action explainability, disparate impact, and downstream credit-policy drift. The framework was shaped by production experience operating large-scale retrieval pipelines and is illustrated with representative measurements from a mortgage underwriting deployment.

Real-time intelligence fusion requires systems that produce useful answers before all evidence is in, improve those answers continuously as new information arrives, and tell analysts which observations to pursue next. These are the defining requirements of any capacity-limited system operating under time pressure with incomplete information. Classical AI approaches fail them because they require computation to terminate before producing output, represent information in discrete structures that are either matched or not, and have no principled account of information value. This paper describes an architecture that meets all three requirements natively, without engineering workarounds. The key elements are: (1) Semantic Assertion Records (SARs), named case frames that capture n-ary relations in a single compact unit and map directly onto the geometric structure of large language model representations; (2) fuzzy attractors, the mechanism by which the system always maintains a best current answer that improves continuously as evidence accumulates, giving true anytime behavior as a structural property rather than an approximation; and (3) Valued Information at the Right Time (VIRT), the information-theoretic principle that governs which new observations are worth pursuing. The architecture connects to the JDL fusion model at Levels 1-3 and is grounded in two companion papers currently under review [1][2]. A working prototype requires an LLM API, a graph database, and the SAR vocabulary defined here. All materials are released to the public domain.

The names of organs and the verbs expressing bodily posture and action in the Turkic language have acquired the status of a fundamental source in the naming of the environment and objects. In this article, the issue of through which semantic routes the word olturum known to have been derived from the posture verb oltur-"to sit" acquired the meaning "crippled" which expresses bodily functional impairment, is addressed by taking into consideration the semantic development domains of posture verbs in the Turkic language; moreover, the semantic properties of derivational suffixes that are effective in processes of nominalization are also examined. Similarly, the expression otruk bol-found in Khwarezmian Turkish also means "to be crippled". In addition, the emergence of the word kötürüm, whose earliest attestation is found in Divânu Lugâti't-Türk, as a different lexical item representing the same semantic domain in Oghuz and Chagatai Turkish by following similar routes and methods, has also been separately addressed and evaluated. Thus, the place and function of bodily posture verbs in the Turkic language in naming health-related conditions have been examined within the framework of word-formation and semantic transfer processes.

Ушбу монография инглиз ва ўзбек тилларидаги фольклор
матнларини қиёсий-типологик асосда таҳлил қилишга бағишланган.
Унда лингвофольклористиканинг назарий асослари ёритилиб,
фольклор бирликларининг лексик-семантик, морфологик ва синтактик
хусусиятлари қиёсий ўрганилган. Тадқиқот натижасида икки тил
фольклоридаги умумий ва миллий ўзига хос жиҳатлар аниқланиб,
уларнинг лингвомаданий аҳамияти асослаб берилган. Монография
натижалари тилшунослик ва фольклоршунослик соҳалари учун муҳим
аҳамиятга эга.

This paper presents a method for an automatic collection of a corpus that can be used to train a sentiment classifier which determines whether an expression is neutral or polar. Depending on the words from the comments of online social networking platform, the human sentiment can be easily extracted, if we can make a machine to understand this extraction by defining some determined hypothesis. The automatic identification leads to enormous application domains for this machine readable sentiment concept. Microblogging web-sites are used here as rich sources of data for opinion mining and sentiment analysis which is tested on well-known training data sets. The results are significantly better than baseline that may suggest people regarding their specific interests based on their respective sentiment studies which can be extended to further business analysis to advice consumer about the negative impact of any issue subjected.