Material Design

A new, two-stage crash-box design is introduced combining folding type and tension type energy absorption. Processing of high manganese TWIP steels, to adjust their properties to the needs within a crash-structure. Material as well as structural design have to be interlinked, to maximize the specific energy absorption. Manufacturing of a two stage crashbox from HMnS by laser welding.

Background and Motivation
The design of advanced materials – from high‑strength alloys to functional catalysts – remains a challenge due to the vast combinatorial space of compositions, structures, and processing routes. Traditional approaches rely on empirical databases or computationally expensive first‑principles calculations. Here we introduce the Periodic Lagrangian of Coordinated Matter (PLCM), a unified mathematical framework that transforms the periodic table into a generative model for materials design. PLCM is the materials‑science embodiment of the Yakushev Unified Coordination Theory (YUCT) and integrates elemental properties, alloying rules, processing effects, and thermodynamic databases into a single predictive structure.

Framework Overview
PLCM organizes all relevant knowledge into 131 sectors:

Sectors 1–80: Each element with 25+ observables (atomic radius, electronegativity, coordination efficiency K_eff, Young’s modulus, tensile strength, thermal conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, catalytic TOF, etc.).

Sectors 81–100: Rare earths and actinides with f‑electron parameters.
Sectors 101–115: Crystal structure descriptors.
Sectors 116–125: Pre‑characterised alloys and compounds.
Sectors 126–130: Processing methods (quenching, cold rolling, precipitation hardening, annealing, irradiation).
Sector 131: CALPHAD thermodynamic data.

All properties are tabulated for 118 elements (experimental where available, theoretically estimated for transuranium elements) and made available in machine‑readable format.

Core Predictive Equation
For a multi‑component alloy with mass (or atomic) fractions , the effective property P,  couples elements via mixing enthalpy, atomic size, and electronegativity, calibrated per property.

A refined classification distinguishes Class A (structure‑sensitive: strength, hardness, catalytic activity) where the quadratic term is active, and Class B (lattice‑dominated: modulus, density, thermal expansion) where only the rule of mixtures applies.

Calibration and Validation
All coupling coefficients are derived from the Miedema model and CALPHAD data, then scaled using experimental binary data via calibration factors βij(P)  (provided for all 2628 binary systems). Material‑class factors γ class further adjust predictions for alloy families (steels, aluminium, titanium, nickel superalloys, etc.). The framework was validated on classical systems:

Cu–10Sn bronze: predicted as‑cast strength ~250 MPa (experimental 240–300 MPa); cold‑worked ~520 MPa (experimental 510–550 MPa).

Duralumin (Al–4Cu–1.5Mg–0.6Mn, T6): predicted 442 MPa (experimental 430–490 MPa).

Bearing steel (Fe–1C–1.5Cr, quenched+tempered): predicted 2043 MPa (experimental 1800–2200 MPa).

Integration with AI and Materials Informatics
PLCM is designed for machine‑readability and seamless coupling with artificial intelligence. The repository contains CSV files of all elemental data, coupling matrices, and calibration factors. A Python library (plcm_core.py) implements the prediction engine, surrogate models (Gaussian processes, neural networks), and optimisation tools (Bayesian optimisation, genetic algorithms). This enables:

High‑throughput screening of millions of compositions.

Inverse design for target properties (strength, conductivity, catalytic activity).

Active learning loops where experimental results refine the database.

The repository includes:

Full elemental property tables (118 elements, 30+ properties each).

118×118 coupling coefficient matrix.

Calibration factors
βij(P)  for all binary systems.
Processing sensitivity matrix
Phase‑specific contributions and material‑class factors.

Example Jupyter notebooks for bronze, duralumin, and steel predictions.

Conclusion and Outlook
PLCM provides a physically grounded, data‑rich, and computationally efficient framework for materials design. It unifies disparate sources of information (elemental databases, phase diagrams, processing data) into a single Lagrangian formalism, enabling rapid exploration of new alloys, functional materials, and sustainable alternatives. Future developments include the extension to non‑equilibrium processing, integration with large language models, and community‑driven calibration through an open database.

We invite researchers, engineers, and AI specialists to adopt PLCM in their own work, contribute experimental data, and help refine the calibration factors. Together, we can accelerate the discovery of next‑generation materials for energy, aerospace, medicine, and catalysis.

Keywords: materials informatics, alloy design, periodic table, coordination efficiency, YUCT, PLCM, CALPHAD, machine learning, high‑entropy alloys, property prediction.

Il quarto numero di AIS/Design: Storia e ricerche affronta il tema del design dei materiali letto nell'evoluzione storica della cultura del progetto industriale, e non solo, in Italia. La scelta di questo argomento ha preso le mosse dall'attività che i due curatori conducono presso il centro di ricerca Madec (Material Design Culture) del Politecnico di Milano, che si occupa della relazione designmateriali nella storia e nell'attualità del design. L'attività del centro nella sua fase iniziale si è focalizzata sull'identificazione della peculiarità dell'Italian Culture of Materials Design in retrospettiva storica, al fine di implementarne la conoscenza e favorirne l'evoluzione in relazione alle dinamiche che oggi, al mutare del contesto socio-economico e tecnologico-produttivo, vedono la trasformazione delle pratiche di design connesse a un emergente bisogno di riappropriazione della tecnologia. In questo senso l'interesse per l'argomento del numero risale dal presente al passato, secondo la modalità di "fare storia" sostenuta da Marc Bloch, il grande storico fondatore degli Annales. Ci preme specificare che il tema proposto con questo numero di AIS/Design Storia e Ricerche non è nuovo nell'elaborazione e discussione di una cultura del design in Italia. In passato diversi contributi teorici hanno evidenziato il particolare carattere del design delle produzioni italiane, tale da definire un "senso" per l'innovazione che va oltre la mera applicazione di nuove tecnologie . Trent'anni fa la rivista Rassegna, diretta da Vittorio Gregotti, sceglieva di dedicare uno dei suoi rinomati numeri monografici al tema "Il disegno dei materiali industriali/ The Materials of Design" (1983). In quel n.14 di Rassegna si cercava di tracciare un primo quadro di riferimento, a livello internazionale, delle ricerche storiche interessate al fondamentale rapporto tra il progetto degli oggetti d'uso e i materiali scelti per la loro realizzazione. Molta acqua è passata sotto i ponti, ma questo percorso di ricerca storica, salvo sporadici e puntali approfondimenti, non ha più avuto occasioni significative per ricomporsi in un quadro d'indagine nuovo e specificamente dedicato allo stretto rapporto tra la cultura del design

This study was conducted to survey the level of techno-pedagogical skills among secondary teacher educators during COVID-19 pandemic. To fulfill the objectives of this study 84 secondary teacher educators have been selected as a sample through Snowball Sampling method and as a research method Descriptive Survey Design was adopted. For gathering data a standardized tool was used, named "SCALE FOR TECHNO PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS", developed by Jeyaraj, I. (2018). For statistical analysis percentage was calculated, t-test and F-test have been done. The result showed that there is a significant level of techno-pedagogical skills among secondary teacher educators, there is a significant difference among secondary teacher educators according to the variable; area of discipline in relation to the level of their techno-pedagogical skills and there is no significant difference between / among secondary teacher educators according to the variables; computer training, teaching experience and professional qualification in relation to the level of their techno-pedagogical skills.

Design has traditionally involved selecting a suitable material for a given application. A materials design revolution is underway in which the classical materials selection approach is replaced by design of material microstructure or mesostructure to achieve certain performance requirements such as density, strength, ductility, conductivity, and so on. Often these multiple performance requirements are in conflict in terms of their demands on microstructure. Computational plasticity models play a key role in evaluating structure-property relations necessary to support simulation-based design of heterogeneous, multifunctional metals and alloys. We consider issues related to systems design of several classes of heterogeneous material systems that is robust against various sources of uncertainty. Randomness of microstructure is one such source, as is model idealization error and uncertainty of model parameters. An example is given for design of a four-phase reactive powder metal-metal ...

The process of designing Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) is driven by the need to achieve certain performance parameters in tension. These are typically the pseudo-strain hardening behavior and the ability to develop multiple cracks. The assessment of the tensile load-deformation of these materials is therefore of great importance and is frequently carried out by characterizing the material tensile stress-strain behavior. In this paper an alternative approach to evaluate the tensile performance of SHCC is investigated. The behavior of the material in tension is studied at the level of a single crack and the tensile performance is evaluated in terms of the tensile stress-crack opening behavior. The experimental procedure and test setup used are discussed. The derived tensile stress-crack opening behavior is utilized to analyze and compare the influence of various composite parameters on the resulting tensile behavior. The deformations occurring during tensile

The simultaneous use of different types of fibers as reinforcement in cementitious matrix composites is typically motivated by the underlying principle of a multi-scale nature of the cracking processes in fiber reinforced cementitious composites. It has been hypothesized that while undergoing tensile defor-

The aim of present paper is to investigate the local identity attachment in the newly compiled textbook series named Prospect. The identity-related aspects including the characters, locales, apparel, foods, drinks, and professions presented in the textbook series were studied. To this end, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire ranging from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (5) was developed by the researchers. The participants were 110 English teachers working in different cities of Iran, namely Tehran, Shiraz, Kazeroun, Marvdasht, Nur Abad and Qom. The questionnaire content validity was confirmed by language experts in Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Heydariyeh branch in Iran. The reliability index of the questionnaire was estimated through Cronbach’s alpha as .71. Composed of five components including ethnic, social, national, personal and religious aspects of identity, the questionnaires contained 30 items. The findings of the study indicate that the personal aspect...

Do we need to change our attitudes towards teaching English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) at Iranian universities? This issue has been compelling for several years. Many undergraduate students believe that ESAP courses are useless for a number of reasons. In particular, they contend that the textbooks are widely considered a barrier because they do not cover students' needs; the topics are boring and outdated and contain long, complicated passages. The way texts represent information on specific issues does not provide students with an optimal chance to learn. Besides, there is too much focus on reading skills and translation. Classroom activities, tasks, and exercises that are related to passages are insufficient. Students' surveys illustrate ESAP textbook designs do not satisfy specific learners' needs at Iranian universities. For example, Razmjoo and Raisi (2010) evaluated ESP textbooks for students of medical universities published by SAMT organization. They aimed at examining the following features from the students' and teachers' point of view toward the theoretical consideration, the content, the language skill, the vocabulary, structure, and the result revealed participants' dissatisfaction. In another study, Maleki and Kazemi (2012) compared medical terminology and SAMT. The result indicated that both groups' teachers and students were not satisfied with SAMT's textbook. Moreover, Zahra

ABSTRACT
In today’s fast-moving digital age, user interfaces are not simply about making things work; they need to be natural,
engaging, and even emotional. Designers work all day, every day, looking for ways to get digital experiences to
feel more natural, more rewarding. Of all the things that can help, motion and visual design are among the most
powerful techniques for accomplishing that.

Motion graphics, that is, animation, transition, and micro interaction, can direct attention, provide feedback, and
make it smooth to interact. Meanwhile, visual organisation such as colour, typography, structure, and breathing
space make a base for readability and beauty. However, when these two perform in harmony with one another,
then a digital interface can go beyond being useful to being delightful to interact. But when they are out of rhythm,
e.g., if movement is excessive or misplaced, the experience is disorienting or interruptive.

This research employs a qualitative method based on visual observation and user response to examine the
intersection of motion and visual design in UI/UX. It doesn't merely observe how they're employed it examines
how individuals react to them, both emotionally and behaviorally. Employing actual examples and user response,
the study reveals compelling trends wherein motion and visuals enhance each other for usability and engagement.

Finally, the research also highlights the importance of intentional, intentional design in which movement is used
to enhance clarity rather than destroy it. What is desired is to enable designers to design digital experiences that
not only appear lovely but are emotionally stimulating and intuitive to use. As technology continues to redefine
the face of digital design, the attaining of ultimate harmony between visuals and motion is more than ever crucial
in designing the way people feel, behave, and interact with digital environments.

Multiscale structures require excellent multiphysical properties to withstand the loads in various complex engineering fields. In this study, a concurrent isogeometric topology optimization method is proposed to design multiscale structures with high thermal conductivity and low mechanical compliance. First, the mathematical description model of multi-objective topology optimization for multiscale structures is constructed, and a single-objective concurrent isogeometric topology optimization formulation for mechanical and thermal compliance is proposed. Then, by combining the isogeometric analysis method, the material interpolation model and decoupled sensitivity analysis scheme of the objective function are established on macro and micro scales. The solid isotropic material with penalization method is employed to update iteratively the macro and microstructure topologies simultaneously. Finally, the feasibility and advantages of the proposed approach are illustrated by several 2D and 3D numerical examples with different volume fractions, while the effects of volume fraction and different boundary conditions on the final configuration and multiobjective performance of the multiscale structure are explored. Results show that the isogeometric concurrent design of multiscale structures through multi-objective optimization can produce better multi-objective performance compared with a single-scale one.

Bu çalışmanın amacı eğitim fakültelerinde okutulan ve meslek bilgisi derslerinden birisi olan Öğretim İlke ve Yöntemleri dersine yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir puanlar sunan bir başarı testi geliştirmektir. Türkiye’nin iki farklı bölgesinde bulunan iki üniversiteden toplam 142 eğitim fakültesi öğrencisi çalışmaya katılmıştır. Yükseköğretim Kurulu’nun bu ders için belirlediği içerik tanımı dikkate alınarak öğrenme çıktıları belirlenmiş ve 63 maddelik taslak form hazırlanmıştır. Uzmanların görüşü doğrultusunda testte düzenlemeler yapılarak 40 madde ile deneme uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulama sonucunda test maddelerinin ayırt ediciliği, güçlüğü incelenmiş, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmış; geçerlik, güvenirlik, güçlük ve ayırt edicilik referans değerlerini karşılamayan maddeler çıkarılarak teste 24 maddelik nihai hali verilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi testin tek boyutlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Madde güçlüklerinin .25-.90 aralığında, düzeltilmiş madde-toplam puan korelasyonlarının .21-.64 aralığında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Güvenirlik analizlerinde McDonald Omega katsayısı .86 ve KR-20 katsayısı ise .85 olarak elde edilmiştir.

Design has traditionally involved selecting a suitable material for a given application. A materials design revolution is underway in which the classical materials selection approach is replaced by design of material microstructure or mesostructure to achieve certain performance requirements such as density, strength, ductility, conductivity, and so on. Often these multiple performance requirements are in conflict in terms of their demands on microstructure. Computational plasticity models play a key role in evaluating structure-property relations necessary to support simulation-based design of heterogeneous, multifunctional metals and alloys. We consider issues related to systems design of several classes of heterogeneous material systems that is robust against various sources of uncertainty. Randomness of microstructure is one such source, as is model idealization error and uncertainty of model parameters. An example is given for design of a four-phase reactive powder metal-metal ...

We present an approach for the integrated design of materials, products, and design processes. The approach is based on the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design processes, and the consideration of design process decisions using the value of information metrics. The approach is presented using a multifunctional energetic structural materials (MESM) design example. The design objectives in the example include sufficient strength and energy release capabilities. The design is carried out by using simulation models at different scales that model different aspects of the system. Preliminary results from the application of the approach to the MESM design problem are discussed. In this paper, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by considering the design of design processes.

In this paper, we explore the benefits of materials design in a product design process. We also compare the methods of material selection and materials design by demonstrating two examples-the design of a cantilever beam for minimum weight and the design of a fan blade for minimum weight. The design of the cantilever beam is carried out using Ashby's material selection method as well as a proposed method for materials design. The design of the fan blade and its material is completed using computational tools. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate the benefits of materials design over material selection methods and to illustrate the flexibility inherent in materials design processes. We are more interested in revealing the possibilities of materials design, rather than the specific results from the example problems. The investigation of materials design presented in this paper moves us one step closer towards the realization of a systematic, inductive method for the concurrent design of products and materials.

The purpose of this study is to determine the awareness of teacher candidates about instructional technologies and materials and the ways of giving place in instruction by integrating them with different activities, to reveal opinions about their usage. Seventeen female and eight male, in total twenty five participants are sampling. The ages of the participants within the group heterogeneous between twenty two and thirty five.According to the purpose, the opinions of the teachers candidates who have been taken ‘Instructional Technology and Material Design’ lesson in the ‘Pedagogical Formation Training Certificate Program’ which is a pre-service teacher training program and have been practiced learning outputs of this lesson in other practical instruction lessons and in their lectures in the teaching internship school, were taken by writing. In this context the study is designed as a qualitative research. The findings are presented in thematically coded and supported by mind maps as ...

Graphic design is a dynamic and constantly evolving field that plays a crucial role in how we communicate and interact with the world. From its origins in print media to its current prevalence in digital platforms, graphic design has become an essential component of modern communication, branding, and user experience. Historical Context and Evolution Graphic design has its roots in ancient civilizations where symbols and images were used to convey messages. However, it wasn't until the advent of the printing press in the 15th century that graphic design began to take shape as a distinct field. The ability to mass-produce printed materials revolutionized the way information was disseminated and laid the groundwork for the development of graphic design as a profession.

The purpose of this study is to determine the awareness of teacher candidates about instructional technologies and materials and the ways of giving place in instruction by integrating them with different activities, to reveal opinions about their usage. Seventeen female and eight male, in total twenty five participants are sampling. The ages of the participants within the group heterogeneous between twenty two and thirty five.According to the purpose, the opinions of the teachers candidates who have been taken ‘Instructional Technology and Material Design’ lesson in the ‘Pedagogical Formation Training Certificate Program’ which is a pre-service teacher training program and have been practiced learning outputs of this lesson in other practical instruction lessons and in their lectures in the teaching internship school, were taken by writing. In this context the study is designed as a qualitative research. The findings are presented in thematically coded and supported by mind maps as ...

In concrete structures, material performance is typically determined at the level of the concrete mix (the microscale) and the overall shape and dimensions of a building element (the macroscale). However, recent developments in the field of 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) are demonstrating that the design of concrete now also can take place at a previously impossible intermediate scale involving the shaping and placement of the material at the level of the printing nozzle (the mesoscale). By focusing directly on the design of print paths, advanced surface effects and internal porous material distributions can be achieved that significantly affect the aesthetic experience and structural performance of 3DCP structures. This ability to design the distribution of concrete according to local architectural, structural, and functional design criteria is an especially interesting application of 3DCP that could be exploited to customise material performance while at the same time optimising material use and reducing the self-weight of building elements. This paper specifically examines how four different three-dimensional print patterns produce distinct material structures at the mesoscale (mesostructures) and presents an experimental procedure for evaluating their load-bearing capacity.

La storia del design italiano è indissolubilmente intrecciata alla storia dei materiali plastici, secondo un percorso che ha le sue origini nei primi decenni del Novecento. In relazione all’importanza che oggi la problematizzazione dei materiali assume nella sfida verso la transizione ecologica, l’obiettivo di questo saggio è dispiegare il percorso evolutivo delle materie plastiche, intercettando alcuni dei cambiamenti nella cultura del design inerenti alle nuove tecnologie e al ruolo assunto dal design a garanzia dell’idoneo e corretto uso di processi di sintesi. La rilettura della storia delle “plastiche” in Italia si concentra in particolare su alcune fasi storiche e vicende chiave per la comprensione delle trasformazioni tecnologiche a cui la cultura del progetto ha risposto, modificando l’uso e gli esiti dei prodotti, con impatti sulla loro significazione e consumo. Dalla rilettura storica emerge in una prima fase il prevalere di un approccio entusiastico ed acritico nell’appropriarsi dello sviluppo tecno-scientifico. Dopo mezzo secolo di sviluppo produttivo-industriale con danni all’ambiente dovuti anche all’uso massivo dei materiali plastici sintetici, istantaneo e spesso noncurante, si è giunti, nella contemporaneità, all’emergere di un approccio critico che sottrae le idee di progresso e sviluppo a un’interpretazione esclusivamente economica e quantitativa.

Polymer nanodielectrics present a particularly challenging materials design problem for capacitive energy storage applications like polymer film capacitors. High permittivity and breakdown strength are needed to achieve high energy density and loss must be low. Strategies that increase permittivity tend to decrease the breakdown strength and increase loss. We hypothesize that a parameter space exists for fillers of modest aspect ratio functionalized with charge-trapping molecules that results in an increase in permittivity and breakdown strength simultaneously, while limiting increases in loss. In this work, we explore this parameter space, using physics-based, multiscale 3D dielectric property simulations, mixed-variable machine learning and Bayesian optimization to identify the compositions and morphologies which lead to the optimization of these competing properties. We employ first principle-based calculations for interface trap densities which are further used in breakdown stre...

The development of new building materials has decisively influenced the progression of architecture through the link between built form and available material systems. The new generation of engineered materials are no exception. However, to fully utilise these materials in the design process, there is a need for designers to understand how these new materials perform. In this paper we propose a method for sensing and representing the response of materials to external stimuli, at the early design stage, to help the designer establish a material awareness. We present a novel approach for embedding capacitive sensors into material models in order to improve material performance of designs. The method was applied and tested during two workshops, both discussed in this paper. The outcome is a method for anticipating engineered material behaviour.

Designing materials with tailored structural or functional properties is a fundamental goal of materials science and engineering. A vast research activity is currently devoted to achieving metamaterials with superior properties and optimized functionalities by carefully fine tuning both the microstructure and geometry of the material. Here, we discuss the impact of digital technologies in this research field by providing fast and cost effective tools to explore a large array of possibilities for materials and metamaterials. We report on recent progress obtained by combining numerical simulations, optimization techniques, artificial intelligence, and additive manufacturing methods and highlight promising research lines. The exploration of the space of possible material microstructures and geometries is reminiscent of the process of biological evolution in which traits are explored and selected according to their fitness. Biomimetic materials have long profited from adapting features of biological systems to the design of new materials and structures. Combining biomimetic approaches with digital simulation and optimization and with high throughput fabrication and characterization techniques may provide a step change in the evolutionary development of new materials.

This study was carried out in response to the question of Iranian EAP students‘ lack of motivation and low achievement for the reading skill. Among different methods proposed in the literature to enhance motivation or to promote achievement, the researcher examined the effect of authenticating the teaching/learning context to investigate its effect. As the limitations of the study did not allow the establishment of a real authentic context, the treatment of the experimental group was formed by providing a simulation of an authentic context through the integration of authentic texts and authentic tasks. Having learned about the different drawbacks inherent in different methods of research, the researcher adapted a mixed-methods approach for collecting the data. The quantitative section encompassed the administration of the questionnaires and the reading test. The main qualitative method was the focus group interview and the supplementary qualitative method was diary writing. Due to t...

This paper contributes to the discourse of upcycling. It attempts to apply an understanding of upcycling to large-scale complex mass production processes, by exploring an ongoing case study that is repurposing waste plastics into interlocking building blocks, using ubiquitous manufacturing processes. In so doing, the paper responds to a call for more case studies of real-life industrial practices in material recovery. The paper however does not attempt to argue that the concept of upcycling, in its current form, is a perfect fit for this case study. Instead, it will identify those elements of upcycling culture and practice from which we can learn, and potentially apply to the management of plastic waste. Thus, the paper also contributes to an expanded understanding of upcycling, helping to legitimize it within mainstream practice, and move it beyond its current designation as a niche, though worthy, activity.

In Free Material Optimization (FMO), the design variable is the elastic material tensor, which is allowed to change its values freely over the design domain resulting in both optimal material properties and optimal material distribution. Models are mostly available for two-and three-dimensional continuum structures. Recently, these models have been extended to laminated plates and shells. The goal of this article is to introduce constraints on local stresses to these new models. The associated optimization problems are highly nonlinear semidefinite programming problems that are known to be challenging for numerical tractability, and are solved by a primal-dual interior point method previously proposed for FMO problems without stress constraints. The algorithm utilizes the FMO problem structure, wherein the matrix inequality constraints involve small many block matrices. Several numerical experiments demonstrate the stress constrained models and the capability of the method to obtain solutions to these problems within a modest number of iterations.

In Free Material Optimization (FMO), the design variable is the elastic material tensor, which is allowed to change its values freely over the design domain resulting in both optimal material properties and optimal material distribution. Models are mostly available for two-and three-dimensional continuum structures. Recently, these models have been extended to laminated plates and shells. The goal of this article is to introduce constraints on local stresses to these new models. The associated optimization problems are highly nonlinear semidefinite programming problems that are known to be challenging for numerical tractability, and are solved by a primal-dual interior point method previously proposed for FMO problems without stress constraints. The algorithm utilizes the FMO problem structure, wherein the matrix inequality constraints involve small many block matrices. Several numerical experiments demonstrate the stress constrained models and the capability of the method to obtain solutions to these problems within a modest number of iterations.

Adaptive architecture relates to buildings specifically designed to adapt to their residents and their environments. To design a biologically adaptive system, we can observe how living creatures in nature constantly adapt to different external and internal stimuli to be a great inspiration. The issue is not just how to create a system that is capable of change but also how to find the quality of change and determine the incentive to adapt. The research examines the possibilities of transforming spaces using the human body as an active tool. The research also aims to design and build an effective dynamic structural system that can be applied on an architectural scale and integrate them all into the creation of a new adaptive system that allows us to conceive a new way to design, build and experience architecture in a dynamic manner. The main objective was to address the possibility of a reciprocal transformation between the user and the architectural element so that the architecture ...

CNC knitted membranes provide a promising alternative to the traditionally woven materials in textile architectures, as they allow for bespoke material performance, sustainable and efficient production and integration of functionality in the material itself [1]. However the inherent elasticity of knit and non-linear behaviour under load makes it hard to predict the mechanical performance of the material. There is especially a lack of knowledge in terms of long term behaviour of the material under stress and outdoor conditions for CNC knitted structures in architectural scale. The currently largest application of CNC knit the Bending Active Textile Hybrid ​Isoropia​ (Fig.1) [2] which was installed during the Venice Biennale 2018 provided an opportunity to monitor and evaluate the behaviour of a custom made knit structure over a period of 8 month with 150.000 visitors and storm events. In order to steer the material behaviour of Isoropia we have developed a new knit structure, using a...

There is a wide range of applications of aluminium alloys. Because of high production volume it is essential to optimise the production process in every respect to assure more economical production. Our experiment focused on one of the most important production steps of rolled products that is hot rolling. During hot forming the plastic deformation and the softening processes are take place parallel in a complex system where dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization is the main phenomena that cause the reduction of dislocation density. In this article we demonstrate hot rolling experiments of different alloyed aluminium samples and parallel we carried out physical simulation with Gleeble thermomechanical simulator than we studied the measurement results. With hot compression test we focused on aluminium-manganese alloys. The biggest portion of manganese alloying element are in solid solution during the casting process and solidification. Moreover the remaining manganese content can be found also in the cast aluminium in precipitation form.

There is a wide range of applications of aluminium alloys. Because of high production volume it is essential to optimise the production process in every respect to assure more economical production. Our experiment focused on one of the most important production steps of rolled products that is hot rolling. During hot forming the plastic deformation and the softening processes are take place parallel in a complex system where dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization is the main phenomena that cause the reduction of dislocation density. In this article we demonstrate hot rolling experiments of different alloyed aluminium samples and parallel we carried out physical simulation with Gleeble thermomechanical simulator than we studied the measurement results. With hot compression test we focused on aluminium-manganese alloys. The biggest portion of manganese alloying element are in solid solution during the casting process and solidification. Moreover the remaining manganese content can be found also in the cast aluminium in precipitation form.

The material of a product in itself will contribute to the product's functionality, symbolic meaning, and overall sensory product experience. Sustainability aims to increase the attention to material choice and selection away from virgin materials, both in the production of raw materials and in the impact on future generated waste. Stakeholders at the front end of innovation must be marketed to implement recycled plastics in new product ideas. Moreover to increase market opportunities, products should be developed that fit with a brand and evoke symbolic meanings that are congruent with these brands. The presented semi-quantitative research (n=60) that uses diverse stimuli, aims to gain insight into how engineers and designers, perceive this symbolic meaning of recycled plastics materials. It provides us with indication for characteristics that are most 'defining' of post-consumer recycled plastics and informs us how to target these front end industrial users.

verification of the homogenization method is extended to two dimensions considering a trigonometric material gradation, and a material variation with discontinuous derivatives. These are also used as benchmark examples to verify the optimization method for functionally graded material cell design. Finally the influence of material gradation on extreme materials is investigated, which includes materials with near-zero shear modulus, and materials with negative Poisson's ratio.

Our contribution consists of three parts: a gradient-based parameter-free shape optimization method; a stress-constrained topology optimization; and a wave tailoring topology optimization. In shape optimization, the independent node movement approach, wherein ...

In principle, a nearly endless number of unique van der Waals heterostructures can be created through the vertical stacking of two-dimensional (2D) materials, resulting in unprecedented potential for material design. However, this widely employed synthetic method for generating van der Waals heterostructures is slow, imprecise, and prone to introducing interlayer contaminants when compared with synthesis methods that are scalable to industrially relevant scales. Herein, we study the properties of a new class of layered bulk inorganic materials that has recently been reported, which we call assemblyfree bulk layered inorganic heterostructures, wherein the individual layers are of dissimilar chemical composition, distinguishing them from commonly studied layered materials. We find that these bulk materials exhibit properties similar to vertical heterostructures, but without the complex and unscalable stacking process. Using stateof-the-art computational approaches, we study the electronic properties of livingstonite (HgSb 4 S 8), a naturally occurring mineral that is a bulk lattice-commensurate heterostructure. We find that isolated bilayers of livingstonite have an intralayer HSE-06 band gap of 2.08eV. This is the first report of a naturally occurring van der Waals heterostructure with a calculated band gap in the visible spectrum. We also studied the electronic properties of tetragonal Ti 3 Bi 4 O 12 , Sm 2 Ti 3 Bi 2 O 12 , orthorhombic Ti 3 Bi 4 O 12 , Nb 3 Bi 5 O 15 , LaTiNbBi 2 O 9 and AgPbBrO and found some of them are potentially well suited for photovoltaic applications. We also provide characterization of the electronic structure of the isolated bilayer and monolayer subcomponents of the bulk

We present an approach for the integrated design of materials, products, and design processes. The approach is based on the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design processes, and the consideration of design process decisions using the value of information metrics. The approach is presented using a multifunctional energetic structural materials (MESM) design example. The design objectives in the example include sufficient strength and energy release capabilities. The design is carried out by using simulation models at different scales that model different aspects of the system. Preliminary results from the application of the approach to the MESM design problem are discussed. In this paper, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by considering the design of design processes.

In this paper, we explore the benefits of materials design in a product design process. We also compare the methods of material selection and materials design by demonstrating two examples-the design of a cantilever beam for minimum weight and the design of a fan blade for minimum weight. The design of the cantilever beam is carried out using Ashby's material selection method as well as a proposed method for materials design. The design of the fan blade and its material is completed using computational tools. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate the benefits of materials design over material selection methods and to illustrate the flexibility inherent in materials design processes. We are more interested in revealing the possibilities of materials design, rather than the specific results from the example problems. The investigation of materials design presented in this paper moves us one step closer towards the realization of a systematic, inductive method for the concurrent design of products and materials.

This article describes the development of a theatre-and design-based Performance Lecture whose goal is to develop reflexivity around the theme of longevity and innovation in secondary and university level students. Theatre is an art form that aims at developing selfreflection and reflexivity in both audiences and participants, opening the door to reflective learning which, if combined with critical design and design fiction, offers an effective medium for addressing many dimensions of Responsible Innovation (RI). The workshop involves the presentation of a fictional "near-future" product, a drink called "Longevity". The drink contains nanobots that once ingested can be directed (with an app) to stimulate the body to produce certain compounds, allowing the user to control different properties in their blood "in flow". This innovative use of technology offers more bodily efficiency, leading to a longer life. This methodology was primarily developed during the A Society for All Ages. Longevity-driven design Masters course at Milan Polytechnic (2022-23) and the Interaction Design and Service Design Masters courses at Milan Domus Academy (2023), and is grounded in grassroots approaches to Responsible Innovation.

The finite element method (FEM) is one of the most applicable mathematical analytic methods of rolling processes and is also an efficient method for analyzing coupled heat transfer. Thermal analysis of cold rolling process is not frequently used due to the widespread assumption of insignificant impact during rolling process. This research focuses on the development of coupled thermo-mechanical 2-D FE model analysis approach to study the thermal influence and varying coefficient of friction during the industrial cold rolling process of AA8015 aluminum alloy. Both deformable-rigid and deformable-deformable rigid contact algorithms were examined in the 2-D FE model. Findings revealed that temperature distribution in the roll bite rises steadily in a stepwise manner. The deformable-deformable contact algorithm is the best investigations of thermal behavior of the rolled metal and work rolls necessary for typical application in work roll design. The predicted roll separating force is validated with industrial measurements.

Composite materials of two‐dimensional structures are designed using the homogenization design method. The composite material is made of two or three different material phases. Designing the composite material consists of finding a distribution of material phases that minimizes the mean compliance of the macrostructure subject to volume fraction constraints of the constituent phases, within a unit cell of periodic microstructures. At the start of the computational solution, the material distribution of the microstructure is represented as a pure mixture of the constituent phases. As the iteration procedure unfolds, the component phases separate themselves out to form distinctive interfaces. The effective material properties of the artificially mixed materials are defined by the interpolation of the constituents. The optimization problem is solved using the sequential linear programming method. Both the macrostructure and the microstructures are analysed using the finite element meth...

Continuous variation of stiffness across flat plates has been shown, theoretically, to improve buckling performance by up to 60%. However, steered fibre manufacturing methods cannot achieve the minimum radius of curvature required for improvement whilst maintaining a high deposition rate. An alternative concept, Discrete Stiffness Tailoring (DST), which varies stiffness within a ply through discrete changes of angle, is compatible with high rate deposition methods such as Advanced Tape Laying. Through the simple example of redistribution of the material in a quasi-isotropic [±45/90/0]2S laminate whilst maintaining ply percentages, DST is shown both experimentally and theoretically to improve buckling stress by at least 15% with no indication of failure in regions of discrete angle change (seams). However, the reduced tensile strength of seams obtained by virtual and experimental testing means that increased buckling performance in the principle load direction needs to be balanced against loss of transverse strength.

Double-curved geometries have never been easier to design with the advancements in 3d software. However, realizing these structures are often complicated, timeconsuming, and wasteful. The formwork for casting concrete structures represents more than half of the total cost for complex geometries making it unfeasible in most cases. Not only does this limit the architectural expression but also the engineering possibilities. Admired structures, such as the ones built by acclaimed engineers like Felix Candela and Pier Luigi Nervi, rely on curved geometry to carry the load efficiently. In this thesis, knitted formwork is examined as an alternative production method for double-curved geometries. The production method is studied to optimize the production phase to increase the feasibility of such complex structures. In addition, the method is also studied to produce efficient structures to reduce material usage in the structural system. The exploration of knitted formwork is done in a design study where models of varying scales are produced. To complement the physical models, computational simulations are performed to support the design process by generating knitting patterns, form-finding and analysis of the shell structure. The final design is a result of an iterative design process where the fabrication method, as well as the structural system, is expressed. Only when these are in symbiosis can the design be a representation of efficiency.

EAP textbooks have been one of the most important materials commonly used in any EAP program and attracted many researchers' attention due to their crucial contributions to foreign/second language acquisition. Despite the plethora of research on EAP textbooks, especially EAP textbooks published by SAMT, the Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Humanities, there seems to be a paucity of research on newly developed SAMT EAP textbooks. At the same time, although EAP textbooks are based on criteria to meet particular students’ needs in specific disciplines, there have been only a few evaluative studies on EAP textbooks taking students’ and teachers’ viewpoints into account. Therefore, the present study attempted to evaluate a newly developed SAMT EAP textbook for the students of Medicine, as a sample from SAMT publications, from the students' and teachers' perspectives. The study used a questionnaire and the results revealed that students an...