Medieval Law

The frontier ranges in meaning between the literal—a zone of physical separation—and the abstract—a difference across a gradient of high-order cultural attributes. In medieval Poland, one such attribute was the law: drawn as a sharp distinction between “Polish” and “German” law, two comparable yet substantively different legal systems. This article explores this frontier through close examination of judicial cases, in what I designate here as “Polish” and “German” courts. The source material is hundreds of stories about what happened in courts, embedded in charters and in records of Kraków’s civic court, spanning the years 1280–1370. The article opens with a survey of these courts (as they appear in that source material), then closely compares the court cases along their full course on the two sides of the supposed ethnic divide. The result is a wide range of similarity, analogy, and difference in the working of those courts. Rather than two sharply distinct legal systems, “Polish” and “German” courts
comprised a complex, internally varied institutional universe. Within that universe, curiously invisible is transformative influence—diffusion—across the frontier from one side to the other—above all, from "German" to "Polish" courts.
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This article is under Open Access; as is, in its entirety, the journal of legal history, published at the Jagiellonian University, where the article appears. The journal mixes publication in Polish with original (not translated!) publication in other languages, above all English. I cannot recommend it strongly enough, for quality as a source of literature, and as a publishing venue.

Prima di affrontare il tema specifico del nostro contributo, risulta utile tracciare un quadro sommario della società, dell' economia, delle istituzioni e del territorio di Terranuova, ponendo l'attenzione su alcuni dei principali caratteri che ne marcano l' evoluzione durante i primi due secoli dell'Età moderna.

This article examines the representation of the Paulician and Tondrakian
movements in Soviet Armenian historiography from a class-struggle perspective.
While pre-Soviet scholarship approached these movements primarily within a
theological framework, Soviet Armenian historiography—grounded in Marxist
ideology and historical materialism—reinterpreted them as expressions of social
struggle cloaked in religious form. Drawing on Engels’ interpretations of the 16th
century Reformation and the German Peasants’ War, Soviet authors projected core
concepts of Marxist historiography—such as class antagonism, social utopianism,
and peasant resistance—onto the medieval Armenian context. As a result, the
Paulician and Tondrakian movements were stripped of their religious character in
favor of the ideological imperatives of the time.
The article interrogates the theoretical and evidentiary foundations of these
claims, exposing the anachronistic language employed and demonstrating the
limitations inherent in interpreting the Paulician and Tondrakian movements
through a Marxist historiographical lens.

Through the case of Lorraine Tuscany, this article explores the relationship between religious mobility, welfare provision, and social control in the second half of the eighteenth century. At the centre of the analysis is the reform of hospitality for pilgrims introduced in 1750–1751, which transformed a practice traditionally grounded in Christian charity into a system of “regulated hospitality.” By restricting travellers’ freedom of movement and making assistance dependent upon procedures of identification and surveillance, the reform progressively redefined the figure of the pilgrim, bringing it closer to the broader category of the itinerant poor. Drawing on legislation, governmental debates, and the hospital registers generated by the new system, the article reconstructs both the political rationale behind the reform and the concrete practices of the pilgrims who continued to travel along Tuscan roads. What emerges is a confrontation between a project of administrative rationalization, inspired by the reforming culture of the Enlightenment, and the enduring vitality of forms of devotion and mobility that only partially yielded to the disciplinary ambitions of the state

Abstract: This essay argues that Njáll's second sight is not decorative foreshadowing but the active condition of his legal and feud intelligence, and therefore one of the driving forces of Njáls saga. From his first appearance the saga presents Njáll as a man who sees what is coming and whose foresight is inseparable from legal and feud intelligence. The failed settlement for Höskuldr Hvítanesgoði must therefore be read through that authority: it is a deliberately staged provocation, not failed generosity. In the feuds of the sagas money and blood are not truly interchangeable. Silver can buy time, but it rarely extinguishes a blood-debt, and for a death of Höskuldr's weight not even that deferral holds: his blood demands blood. Höskuldr's killing belongs to the district politics of feud, but his innocence and social centrality mean no price can answer his death. When Njáll adds the slæður, a silk garment, to the settlement pile, the act places níð on the compensation heap at the moment when silver threatens to silence the claim. Flosi's reading of the garment as gendered attire, before Skarphéðinn escalates, shows it is doing exactly what Njáll intends. Njáll is not unfeeling about what follows even if he would rather Höskuldr had lived than his own sons. But he knows his sons have doomed themselves, and he is willing to sacrifice himself, and those who choose to remain with him, to ensure their blood does not go unanswered. Through Flosi's burning, Njáll turns his own death and his family's into a claim that Kári carries out of the fire and executes. The saga is therefore not the story of law failing before feud, but of lawful feud surviving lawlessness: Njáll prosecutes feud through death.

L’articolo propone l’edizione critica di alcune rubriche volgari degli Statuti di Osimo, norme relative ai gabellieri e ai beccai della città, aggiunte nel corso del Quattro- cento. Sebbene esistano studi precedenti, il materiale è rimasto finora poco esplorato, in particolare per quanto riguarda la lingua del documento, che verrà analizzata nella se- conda parte del contributo. In questa sede, per la prima volta, si pubblicano integralmen- te e congiuntamente le rubriche riguardanti i gabellieri e i beccai, fornendo così un’im- portante risorsa per lo studio del volgare osimano quattrocentesco e per l’analisi storica e sociolinguistica della città.

U bogatom znanstvenom opusu Ferde Šišića, teme iz srednjovjekovne Bosne su bile sekundarna zona interesovanja, zaostajući, naravno, jedino za Hrvatskom. Sem toga, Šišić kao izraziti zastupnik događajne historije, dosta se rijetko bavio vjerskim temama, tako da će ovaj rad biti posvećen zapravo jednoj mikrohistorijskoj epizodi razvoja historiografske karijere ovog i danas poznatog i priznatog povjesničara. Mjesto koje lik i djelo ovog autora zauzimaju u općoj medievističkoj historiografiji Jugoistočne Europe opravdavaju da se prouče i njegovi doprinosi ovom, možda i najkomplikovanijem pitanju srednjovjekovne bosanske historije

Дзярновіч А. Палеміка крыніц: абставіны бітвы на рацэ Ула 1564 г. паводле наратыўных помнікаў другой паловы XVI – пачатку XVII ст. [in:] Чашніцкі край: гісторыка-культурная спадчына рэгіёна : зборнік навуковых артыкулаў / НАН Беларусі, Інстытут гісторыі ; уклад. А.В.Бараноўскі; рэдкал.: В.Л.Лакіза (гал. рэд.) [і інш.]. Мінск : Беларуская навука, 2026. (серыя «Беларусь праз прызму рэгіянальнай гісторыі»). С. 71-84.

На базе паведамленняў наратыўных крыніц дыскусія пра колькасны склад удзельнікаў бітвы на Уле 1564 г. не вырашаецца пазітыўна. Але дазваляльна сцвярджаць, што пададзеныя ў паведамленнях саноўнікаў і гістарыёграфаў ВКЛ маштабы корпуса Пятра Шуйскага могуць быць завышаны ў 3 разы. Паводле найноўшых даследаванняў колькасць гэтага войска дасягала 10 000 чалавек. Пры невядомасці колькаснага складу войскай ВКЛ можна меркаваць, што яно было меншым за корпус Шуйскага, пра што сцвярджаюць крыніцы ВКЛ. Тагачасныя расійскія крыніцы гэтую тэму не разглядалі. Абставіны бітвы таксама застаюцца дыскусійнымі, але пэўна можна казаць пра ўдалы тактычны манеўр гетманаў ВКЛ, калі іх войска здзейсніла франтальную атаку на копрпус Шуйскага, які знаходзіўся, верагодна, у стадыі падрыхтоўкі да стаянкі ў начным лагеры. Безумоўнай перавагай камандавання войска ВКЛ была наладжаная разведка ў Полацку. Паводле Стрыйкоўскага, інфармантам у Полацку быў мясцовы праваслаўны святар. Апроч таго, варта адзначыць удалую агітацыйную кампанію, якую правялі па выніках бітвы Радзівілы і іх прадстаўнікі ў Цэнтральнай і Заходняй Еўропе. Гэта акцыя дазволіла адцягнуць заключэнне дзяржаўнай уніі паміж ВКЛ і Каронай Польскай, праціўнікамі якой былі Радзівілы. Гэтыя палітычныя абставіны варта мець на ўвазе пры аналізе тагачасных наратыўных крыніц.

Based on narrative sources, the discussion about the number of participants in the Battle of Ule in 1564 remains unresolved. However, it can be asserted that the figures for Shuysky's corps presented in the reports of Grand Duchy of Lithuania dignitaries and historians may be three times inflated. According to the latest research, the size of this army reached 10,000 men. Given the unknown size of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's army, it can be assumed that it was smaller than Shuysky's corps, as claimed by Grand Duchy of Lithuania sources. Contemporary Russian sources did not address this topic. The circumstances of the battle also remain disputed, but it is certain that the Grand Dukes of Lithuania executed a successful tactical maneuver when their army launched a frontal attack on Shuysky's corps, which was likely in the process of preparing to camp for the night. An undeniable advantage for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's command was the well-established intelligence network in Polotsk. According to Stryjkowski, the informant in Polotsk was a local Orthodox priest. Furthermore, it is worth noting the successful propaganda campaign conducted by the Radziwiłłs and their representatives in Central and Western Europe following the battle. This action succeeded in delaying the conclusion of the state union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, which the Radziwiłłs opposed. These political circumstances should be taken into account when analyzing contemporary narrative sources.

https://pawet.net/library/history/bel_history/dziarnovich/53pq18/%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86__%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_1564_%D0%B3._%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_xvi_%E2%80%93_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83_xvii_%D1%81%D1%82..html

The Christianization of the Bulgarians in the mid-9th century had as its
main consequence the re-integration of Bulgaria into Byzantium and its culture, and through it into the Byzantine Orthodox tradition and into the applicable law of the Medieval Eastern Roman Empire, based on the classical Roman legal experience through the Justinian`s codification and the subsequent legislative collections translated intoGreek. The inclusion of Bulgaria once and for all in the orbit of the Christian spiritual
world required the complete application of the rites, worship and, above all of the law and statutes in the spirit of the Christian Eastern Roman Empire. During this period began the adaptation of the collections, representing the legal sources of the Byzantine law, to Medieval Bulgarian conditions and reality. The basis of the first Bulgarian laws and the applicable law in the Bulgarian State at that time was the famous Byzantine legal code Ecloga. Thus, the reception of Byzantine Roman law in Medieval Bulgaria started, and this tendency continued throughout the First and the Second Bulgarian Empires. The Bulgarian State till modern times has actually been forever part of the sphere of influence of the Roman legal tradition because of this process.

Հանրահայտ փաստ է, որ հայրենիքում, պատմական դրդապատճառներից ելնելով, բարձրագույն կրթություն ստանալու հնարավորությունից զուրկ հայ երիտասարդությունն ուսում էր փնտրում օտար երկրներում, մասնավորապես` Ռուսաստանի և եվրոպական երկրների համալսարաններում: Գերմանիայում կրթություն ստացած ուսանողության առաջին սերնդի ներկայացուցիչների մեջ առանձնահատուկ տեղ է զբաղեցնում մեծանուն արևելագետ, իրանագետ, բանասիրության և արևելյան լեզվագիտության ոլորտում իր անջնջելի ավանդը ներդրած հայազգի գիտնական Ֆրիդրիխ Կառլ Անդրեասը՝ Բագրատունին (1846-1930): Նրա կյանքն ու հասարակական գործունեությունը հայագիտության մեջ լուսաբանված չէ: Մեզ համար անհասկանալի պատճառներով, ինչպես Հայաստանում, այնպես էլ արտերկրում, հայագիտությամբ զբաղվող ոչ մի հետազոտող, բացի համառոտ կենսագրական ակնարկներից 1 , նրան չի անդրադարձել: Անդրեասի կենսագրությունը իսկապես խորհրդավոր է: Նախքան Գյոթինգեն տեղափոխվելը նրա կենսագրությունը «բաղկացած է մի շարք դրվագներից» և ոչ բոլոր դեպքերում «հավաստի աղբյուրներից» 2 : Այսպես է սկսվում Ֆրիդրիխ Կառլ Անդրեասի կենսագրականը Գյոթինգենի Գեորգ-Ավգուստ համալսարանի նշանավոր շրջանավարտներին և գիտնականներին նվիրված երկհատորյակում: Աղբյուրները միահամուռ են այն տեսակետում, որ Անդրեասը հայազգի էր. դա են պնդում ինչպես գերմանական հանրագիտական հրապարակումները, նրա երբեմնի ուսանողները, այնպես էլ կնոջ` ծագումով հրեա, գերմանացի ականավոր գրող, հոգեվերլուծաբանական դպրոցի կարկառուն ներկայացուցիչ, գերմանացի փիլիսոփա Նիցշեի և ավստրիացի հոգեբան Զիգմունդ Ֆրոյդի գործընկեր Լու Անդրեաս-Սալոմեի (1861-1937 թթ.) կենսագիրները 3 : Անդրեասը, ի սկզբանե` Բագրատյան, ծնվել է 1846 թ. ապրիլի 14-ին նիդեռլանդական Հնդկաստանում` Բաթավիայում (այժմ` Ինդոնեզիա, Ջակարտա)` ռազմական բժիշկ Բագրատյանի ընտանիքում: Մայրը` տիկին Վայցը, գերմանական և մալազիական

Հոդվածում ներկայացվում են Հայոց պատմության հնագույն շրջանի դասավանդման հետ կապված խնդիրները, ներկա ընկալումները: Մեր կողմից մատնանշվել են մի շարք մոտեցումներ և մեթոդներ, որոնց կիրառումը կարող է նպաստել հոդվածում քննարկվող թեմաների առավել ընկալելի կերպով դասավնդմանը:

Convegno internazionale di studi, a cura del Centro Internazionale di Studi Malatestiani 29 MAGGIO 2026 Fano, Sala di Rappresentanza della Fondazione - Via Montevecchio, 114

Comitato scientifico

Anna Falcioni (Università degli studi di Urbino)
Ulrico Agnati (Università degli studi di Urbino)
Gabriele Archetti (Università Cattolica di Milano)
Francesca Bartolacci (Università di Macerata)
Massimo Ciambotti (Università degli studi di Urbino)
Daniele Diotallevi (Centro Internazionale di Studi Malatestiani)
Armand Jamme (CNRS - Ciham, Lyon)
Francesco Pirani (Università di Macerata)

Настоящая работа исследует правовые представления об отношениях между королем и его подданными, отраженные в изображениях и повествованиях о чудесах «Кантиг о святой Марии», созданных при дворе короля Кастилии и Леона Альфонсо X Мудрого. В частности, в статье сначала рассматривается, как законы, регулирующие публичный образ правителя, отразились на изображениях короля Альфонсо X и Девы Марии в манускриптах «Кантиг». Во второй части статьи детально анализируется один из рассказов сборника, который особенно интересен с точки зрения правовых представлений. В приложении к статье приведен первый
полный перевод этого рассказа на русский язык.

Латинский оффиций Богородицы, написанный францисканцем Хуаном Хилем де Самора для кастильского короля Альфонсо Х, до сих пор рассматривался специалистами исключитель но как благочестивый текст и пока не был признан педагогическим и политическим произ ведением. Цель статьи — показать, как
богослужение в честь Девы Марии стало не отъемлемой частью политической теологии королевства, участвовало в репрезентации
власти. Приводится новая гипотеза относительно мотивов создания оффиция и его политического значения.

The Latin Office of the Virgin written by the Franciscan Juan Gil de Zamora for King Alfonso X of Castile has traditionally been studied solely as a devotional text and is yet to be recognised for its pedagogical and political qualities. The paper aims to show how the text’s performance of this prayer to Mary was part of the political theology of the King. In addition,
we propose a new hypothesis regarding the motives behind the text’s creation and its political implications.

U radu se analiziraju različiti oblici zajmovnih i investicijskih poslova u Kotoru u prvoj polovici 14. st. Glavni predmet analize su notarske isprave iz razdoblja od 1326. do 1337. g. Riječ je o zadužnicama, posebno onima koje sadržavaju klauzule koje upućuju na trgovačko putovanje ili/i stjecanje dobiti kao svrhu zajma (de presenti viagio i ad lucrum/lucrandum) te o ispravama o ortaštvu (societas). Rad se odnosi i na lokalne kotorske varijante različitih trgovačkih (najčešće pomorskih) ugovora koji su drugdje na srednjovjekovnom Mediteranu bili poznati pod nazivima commenda ili collegantia i koji su bili ključni za opći ekonomski uzlet kasnoga srednjeg vijeka. Opći kontekst analize su i pojmovi i instituti rimskog prava u njihovoj srednjovjekovnoj primjeni, odnosno uključenost kotorskoga prava u tadašnje europsko ius commune. Rad je tako općenito doprinos razumijevanju pravnog, ekonomskog i općeg društvenog razvoja Kotora kao važne komune na istočnojadranskoj obali u kasnome srednjem vijeku.

Introduction: The climatic conditions and characteristic features of a given region play a significant role not only in the daily life of its inhabitants but also in the formation of one of its essential components-traditional cuisine. In local recipes, certain ingredients are often replaced by endemic plants. One such example in the Armenian Highland is the use of gazpen. In some regional culinary traditions, gazpen has served as a natural sweetener, substituting for sugar, honey, or doshab (grape molasses). It has also been used as a medicinal ingredient and as a substance of ritual significance. Because of its unique mode of formation, gazpen was also referred to as manana (manna), regarded as a heavenly gift bestowed by God. Materials and Methods: The study is based on references and information found in scientific and literary sources, as well as archival materials. To understand the contemporary relevance and use of gazpen, online sources were examined, and interviews were conducted with descendants of families resettled from Taron to Eastern Armenia. Analysis: The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the uses and cultural significance of this sweet substance within Armenian tradition-from economic and ritual to medicinal and semantic aspects-and to emphasize its distinct features among other substances referred to as manna. Results: Through comparative analysis of available sources, the study presents the specific characteristics of the Armenian manna, known as gazpen, and illustrates its place among the various sweet substances collectively termed manna.

This study examines the construction of authority in early medieval Europe prior to the
emergence of centralized institutions. Drawing on the Lex Frisionum, Scandinavian runic
inscriptions, and the development of the Miles Christi, it argues that legal, social, and ideological
order was sustained through systems of oath, communal validation, and shared obligation. By
comparing decentralized legal practice in Frisia with the structural stability of runic
commemorative traditions and the emergence of oath-based religious identity, the article
demonstrates that authority in the early medieval West was not imposed from above but
constructed through participation in recognized social frameworks. These findings suggest that
later institutional forms developed out of pre-existing systems of distributed authority rather than
replacing an absence of order

доктар гістарычных навук, загадчык аддзела гісторыі Беларусі IX-XVIII стст. Інстытута гісторыі Нацыянальнай акадэміі навук Беларусі А. А. Мяцельскі Беларусь, Смалявіцкі край і Эдвард Вайніловіч : Б43 матэрыялы навукова-практычнай канферэнцыі, г. Смалявічы, 7 кастр. 2022 г. / Ін-т гіст. НАН Беларусі; рэд. кал.: А А Каваленя (навук. рэд.) [і інш.] ; У. С. Пуцік (адк. рэд.). -Мінск: ІВЦ «Мінфіна», 2022. -416 с. -(Серыя «Беларусь і Эдвард Вайніловіч»). ISBN 978-985-880-310-0. У зборніку змешчаны даследаванні беларускіх навукоўцаў, спецыялістаў па гісторыі Беларусі, прысвечаныя выдатнай асобе, рэфарматару, патрыёту сваей Айчыны Эдварду Вайніловічу (1847-1928), а таксама Смалявічам і Смалявіцкаму краю. Адрасуецца вучоным, выкладчыкам устаноў вышэйшай адукацыі, настаўнікам школ, краязнаўцам і ўсім тым, хто зацікаўлены ў вывучэнні гісторыі нашай Бацькаўшчыны. ISBN 978-985-880-310-0 УДК [94(476)+929Вайніловіч](082) ББК 63.3(4Беи)я43

Wulfstan was a man of God; but also a man of the secular world. He travelled, we would imagine, extensively in his lifetime, serving at the Witan, visiting the court, as well as between Worcester and York when holding both in plurality. He served as adviser to two kings, at crucial, defining moments in the history of late Anglo-Saxon England, and the posthumous relationship with Ely would hint at his visitation of this site too. His signature can be seen accompanying a number of late Anglo-Saxon charters. He also wrote in his own inimitable way a learned treatise on society, given the title in modern scholarly parlance the Institutes of Polity, but unnamed by the archbishop himself. He operated then in the very highest echelons of society, and his writings ring with his many observances upon societal structure, political theory, and, importantly, the role of the bishop as messenger of truth, mediator of God's plans, and corrector of societal wrongs. He was an archbishop who, much like the reformist figures before him in England and on the continent, looked both within and without, and was unafraid of demanding much from his episcopal contemporaries, and indeed from himself. His life and his writings reveal the almost unique manner in which he bridged both the secular and the ecclesiastical realms. His world is one of darkness, with the late Anglo-Saxon kingdom facing raids, invasion and conquest. In the minds of contemporaries this was a visible reflection, and judgement, upon the condition of AEthelred's kingdom, its failings and its faults.

Sommaire et contenu du tome 94 (2024) ISSN 1158-3355

Auteurs :
Yves Airiau, Arnaud Baudin, Clément Blanc-Riehl, Dominique Delgrange, Guilhem Dorendeu, Luis Fernando Fernandez Guisazola, José Marie de Francisco de Olmos,  Philippe Palasi, Alban Pérès, Michel Popoff, Caroline Simonet,

Dopo il mio CHIANCIANO 1287, edito nel 1987, sono lieto di constatare che l'interesse per quell'area viene sempre confermato. La Deputazione toscana di storia patria aveva già fatto libri importanti e ricorderei anche lavori recenti sul crollo della Repubblica di Siena e su Cosimo I.

Galenic medicine circulated widely in pre-Modern Islamic lands, not only through the Arabic translations of Galen's original treatises from the 3rd/9th century but also through a rich tradition of summaries and abridgements. Among these, tabular and systematic presentations played a crucial role in organizing knowledge on drugs and diseases-or so one might expect. This paper examines manuscripts containing tabular summaries of two key Galenic works on medical treatment and materia medica: Method of Healing (Ḥīlat al-bur') and On Simple Drugs (al-Adwiya al-mufrada). Method of Healing survives in multiple manuscripts both as standard running-text summaries and in tree-like or tabular forms, often adapted by copyists to suit their own interests. By contrast, only one running-text summary of On Simple Drugs is known, composed by Maimonides, although several tabular versions circulated independently. Surveying the textual and manuscript traditions of these summaries, the study shows that, contrarily to expectations, these tabular arrangements are not particularly effective in organizing information. Focusing on tables, indexes, and other strategies, it highlights how scribes managed content while mediating the transmission and reception of Galenic knowledge in medieval Islamic medicine.

Currently, there is a lot of interest and progress in the field of terminology. Several terms and concepts used in the field of dialectology have been considered here. Thus, the linguistic connection of two or more dialects is called a dialect group. In Armenian linguistics, the term "dialect group" became popular due to the multi-characteristic classification of Armenian dialects. Syunik Artsakh dialects - the phrase has mainly received a function from the beginning of the 21st century, in connection with the new administrative division of Artsakh and the Republic of Armenia, until the 44-day Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 2020. The dialect units of the Syunik Marz and the Republic of Artsakh are taken into account, which, according to their general linguistic characteristics, are included in the inter-dialect group of the Karabakh-Shamakhi. The terms Goris dialect and Goris sub-dialect are used in the linguistic literature. We believe that the spoken language of the Goris region has the characteristics of being called a dialect. Each dialect has a vocabulary characteristic of its area, which distinguishes it from other dialects of the language, from the literary language. A group of words of each dialect, which is not characteristic of the literary language is called dialect vocabulary. Dialect vocabulary takes shape from words of different layers: native dialect words, dialect word formations, semantically dialect words, dialect variants, dialectic phrases.

The journal has been published since 1958 Editor-founder M. G. Nersisyan Խ մ բ ա գ ր ա կ ա ն խ ո ր հ ո ւ ր դ Ն ա խ ա գ ա հ՝ ԱՇՈՏ ՄԵԼՔՈՆՅԱՆ Գ լ խ ա վ ո ր խ մ բ ա գ ի ր՝ ԱՆՈՒՇԱՎԱՆ ԶԱՔԱՐՅԱՆ Գ լ խ ա վ ո ր խ մ բ ա գ ր ի տ ե ղ ա կ ա լ՝ ՍՏՅՈՊԱ ՊԵՏՈՅԱՆ Ա ն դ ա մ ն ե ր՝ ԱԲՐԱՀԱՄՅԱՆ ԼԵՎՈՆ, ԱՍԱՏՐՅԱՆ ԱՆՆԱ, ԱՎԵՏԻՍՅԱՆ ՊԱՎԵԼ, ԲԱՐԴԱԿՉՅԱՆ ԳԵՎՈՐԳ (ԱՄՆ), ԴՈԼՈՒԽԱՆՅԱՆ ԱԵԼԻՏԱ, ԴՈՒՄ-ԹՐԱԳՈՒԹ ԺԱՍՄԻՆ (Ավստրիա), ԶԵՔԻՅԱՆ ԼԵՎՈՆ (Իտալիա), ԿԱՏՎԱԼՅԱՆ ՎԻԿՏՈՐ, ՀՈՎՀԱՆՆԻՍՅԱՆ ՀԵՆՐԻԿ, ՏԵՐՅԱՆ ԱԲՐԱՀԱՄ (ԱՄՆ), ՏՈՆԱՊԵՏՅԱՆ ԱՆԱՀԻՏ (Ֆրանսիա), ԿՈՆՏԻՆ ԲԵՆԵԴԵՏՏԱ (Ավստրիա), ԿՐՅՈՒՉԿՈՎ ԻԳՈՐ (Ռուսաստան), ՈՐՍԿԱՆՅԱՆ ՀԵՐԻՔՆԱԶ, ՍՈՒՔԻԱՍՅԱՆ ՀԱՄՈ Р е д а к ц и о н н а я к о л л е г и я П р е д с е д а т е л ь-АШОТ МЕЛКОНЯН Г л а в н ы й р е д а к т о р-АНУШАВАН ЗАКАРЯН З а м е с т и т е л ь г л а в н о г о р е д а к т о р а-СТЕПА ПЕТОЯН Ч л е н ы-АБРАМЯН ЛЕВОН, АВЕТИСЯН ПАВЕЛ, АСАТРЯН АННА, БАРДАКЧЯН ГЕВОРГ (США), ВОРСКАНЯН ЕРИКНАЗ, ДОЛУХАНЯН АЭЛИТА, ДУМ-ТРАГУТ ЖАСМИН (Австрия), ЗЕКИЯН ЛЕВОН (Италия), КАТВАЛЯН ВИКТОР, ОГАНИСЯН ГЕНРИК, ТЕРЯН АБРААМ (США), ТОНАПЕТЯН АНАИТ (Франция), КОНТИН БЕНЕДЕТТА (Австрия), КРЮЧКОВ ИГОР (Россия), СУКИАСЯН АМО

Ghaz-ghaz or ghazi is a game-dance that was performed only by men, mainly during wedding ceremonies and pilgrimages. Ghazi is a circle dance with arm interlogings, in which each musical phrase is passed with crossing steps, after which the leader performs a game-joke action, which must be repeated by the other participants of the dance (otherwise, the late participant is threatened with a blow of pre-prepared belts or switch, and that participant leaves the circle). The aforementioned actions are sudden and unpredictable each time. After the completion of this action, the dance is repeated several times until at the end remains only one participant, who becomes the winner if he completes the task quickly. The leader plays a pivotal role and is called merun. The duration of the dance depends on the number of participants. Due to various situational factors, and without deviating from the main structure, modifications such as tempo changes, pauses, tonal shifts, and the addition of extra notes were employed to enhance the development of the dance and musical sections. The name Ghazi or ghaz-ghaz is due to the reduplication of goose bird; the dancers imitate geese trying to repeat the actions of the merun as quickly as possible. In the article, in more detail we have studied the performance options, accompanying melody and musical instruments, performance time, place and other components related to the dance. Our goal is not only to present the recorded field material, but also to interpret it in the context of existing ethnographic data.

The institution of matrimonial property-dowry still exists in the EU Council Directive of 24 June 1988 (88/361/EEC) referring to the principle of free movement of capital and is a link to the Latvian Civil Law and shows the existence of the institution of dowry in European law. The study shows the background and historically evolving nature of dowry institution and evaluates the need of it in the contemporary Civil Law of Latvia, tries to answer why such an archaic legal institution is still present in the modern law, analyses it through the gender equality framework and explain regulatory failure in this context, offers solutions for this problem from the theoretical and practical perspectives. In order to understand the topic's complexity, the article gives a short insight from the historical perspective examining the continuities and discontinuities in this social institution in different regions and eras-starting from ancient world to nowadays: from the time when the king of Babylon Hammurabi ruled up to the modern Southeast Region societies and in the Baltics. The issue has not been analyzed more widely before, there is no common understanding how it corresponds to provisions of the European Economic Community's gender equality law and what the opinion of general public in Latvia is on this subject.

Building on a string of focused studies, Judah Galinsky has published the definitive assessment of 'Amudei Golah (Pillars of Exile), aptly designated "a medieval bestseller." Isaac of Corbeil (d. 1280) authored the work in c. 1276-7 while teaching largely in Corbeil, the center of Talmudic study in later thirteenth-century northern France. While respected for his learning and the son-in-law of the famed Rabbi Yehiel of Paris, Isaac was not himself a leading rabbinic authority of his generation. Nevertheless, he produced what became one of the most popular Hebrew works of the Middle Ages. Over 200 manuscripts of 'Amudei Golah-better known today as Sefer Mitzvot Katan-survive from the Middle Ages, most of which were glossed by either Peretz of Corbeil (d. c. 1295) or Moses of Zurich (14 cent.). This is an astounding number, comparable only to that of Rashi's famed commentary on the Pentateuch. Galinsky highlights how Isaac structured 'Amudei Golah according to his specific educational outlook and with deep awareness for the needs of his generation. This intentionality successfully transformed the work into a classic during the Middle Ages and beyond.

In the second part of the article, the author examines the formation of this term during the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment. A wide range of socio-cultural transformations gave rise to the humanists’ critical approach to Justinian’s codification of Roman law. As a result, the subject was separated from the normative order of things, and his relation to it became appropriative. In this context, the notion res was dematerialized and came to include the debtor’s conduct. Within the natural law doctrine,
the term objectum replaced the original term res and later was incorporated into the modern civil law codifications. The author concludes that anachronistic application of the new term to ancient legal institutions led to difficulties in distinguishing the phenomena denoted by it. These difficulties can be overcome only through a study of the historical context from which they arose.

Один из ранних текстов, в котором философское понятие ценности отделяется от экономического понятия стоимости, – это сократический диалог Гиппарх. Этот диалог посвящён теме прибыли, однако исходно экономический вопрос исследуется в этическом контексте. Греческое слово axia употребляется здесь для обозначения экономической стоимости и функциональной пригодности вещей. Аксиологическое значение этого термина в диалоге возникает при обсуждении относительной цены золота и серебра. Сократ и Друг последовательно определяют ценность посредством понятий прибыли, выгоды, пользы и блага. При этом в диалоге не обозначается, но по контексту предполагается наличие «безразличного сущего» (adiaphoron), о котором будет идти речь в диалогах Платона Лисид, Горгий, Евтидем и других.
The Socratic dialogue Hipparchus is the one of the earliest texts in which the philosophical concept of value is separated from the economic concept of price. This dialogue is devoted to the theme of the profit, but actually this economic issue is discussed in the context of ethics. The Greek word ἀξία is used here to denote the economic value and functional applicability of things. Axiological meaning of this term in the dialogue arises in the process of talking about relative price of gold and silver. Socrates and his friend sequentially determine the value through the concepts of profit, benefit, utility and good. The presence of indifferent
things (ἀδιάφορον), which are discussed by Plato in the Lysis, Gorgias, Euthydemos and other dialogues, is not designated in this dialogue, but it is assumed in the context.

This study examines the role of political compromise and consensus in the expansion of Angevin dynastic power during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It focuses on three major cases of crown acquisition originating from the County of Anjou: the accession of Fulk V to the throne of Jerusalem, the rise of Henry II to the English crown, and the establishment of Charles of Anjou in Naples and Sicily. Rather than interpreting these successes solely as results of conquest, the article emphasizes the importance of negotiation, adaptation, and power-sharing with local elites. The reign of Fulk of Jerusalem illustrates how compromise functioned as a practical political strategy in managing conflicts with aristocratic factions and external powers such as Byzantium. In the case of Henry II, strong royal authority and administrative reform often reduced the immediate need for compromise, though the cultivation of loyalty among the nobility remained essential. Charles of Anjou similarly combined centralizing reforms with pragmatic respect for existing legal traditions, particularly in Provence and southern Italy. Across these examples, compromise appears both as a tool of conflict resolution and as a means of preventing conflict altogether. The study argues that Angevin political practice reflects a transitional stage between feudal consensus and the later development of more institutionalized political systems.

УДК930.25(476)(058) У дваццаць пятым выпуску «Беларускага археаірафічнага шгогодніка» змешчаны артыкулы па археаграфіі, архівазнаўстве, крьшіцазнаўстве, гісторыі архіўных і навуковых устаноў Беларусі. Публікуюцца дакуменгы па гісторыі архіваў Беларусі канца XVIпачатку ХѴП ст. Змешчаны даклады, прадстаўленыя на круглым стале з міжнародным удзелам «200-годдзе беларускай археаграфіі», які быў прысвечаны выданню ў 1824 г. падрыхтаванага гомельскім протаіерэем а. Іаанам (Грыгаровічам) зборніка дакументаў «Беларускі архіў старажьггных грамат». Штогоднік прызначаны для археографаў, архівістаў, гісторыкаў, краязнаўцаў, філолагаў Рэкамендавана да друку Вучоным саветам БелНДЩАС

The study focuses on the course of judicial practice under the Anjou dynasty in the Kingdom of Hungary. The author specializes in the role of the judiciary in the life of the medieval nobility of the Kingdom of Hungary. The intensity of medieval law and judicial practice's impact on the lives of the nobility is examined using the example of the noble family Bubek from Plešivec, which was involved in numerous legal disputes in the 14th century. Preserved sources on the disputes of the Bubek family and their resolution in court provided the author with the opportunity to create at least a partial picture of how property disputes among the nobility of the Kingdom of Hungary were resolved in the 14th century. The author drew attention to the involvement of members of the family in several disputes and courts at various levels. The picture of judicial practice in the 14th century is completed by a brief description of the judicial practice of one of the members of the family, the judge royal Stephen Bubek. By describing the disputes that the Bubeks litigated, provoked, or were drawn into, the author captures evidence of medieval law in practice, presenting various procedural steps that, according to contemporary customs, preceded the resolution of a dispute in court, as well as various forms of the course of the court hearings themselves. Through an analysis of selected procedural actions, the author also examines the Bubeks' relationship with the judiciary and their possible attempts to abuse their power.

La obra legislativa de Alfonso X ha sido objeto de una larga polémica historiográfica. En el presente artículo se hace una nueva interpretación del proyecto político del Rey Sabio a través de sus principales obras: el Espéculo, el Fuero Real y las Partidas.

This brief communication presents a description of al-Balādhurī’s (d. ca. 892) wellknown history, Futūḥ al-buldān, and an assessment of its value for Byzantine history. It first describes the author, what he says about the events of the early Arab-Byzantine struggle for Syria and Egypt in the mid seventh century, the treatment of the Christians by their Arab conquerors, and the attitude of the Christians toward their new masters. Then it assesses the veracity of the author and his methodology, the sources of his work, how it was compiled, and its range of subjects relating to the Greek world. This communication is therefore a brief reminder of the importance of Futūḥ al-buldān for Byzantine history.