Mob Lynching

In contemporary times, 'fake news' has become the buzz word not only for journalists but also for the common people, basically among those who frequently use social media platforms. However, the pervasive use and misuse of the term 'fake news' present a significant challenge, as the absence of a comprehensive definition impedes our ability to effectively address associated issues. Presently, the literature lacks a definitive framework that adequately encapsulates the complexities of fake news. With respect to India, this paper is an attempt to present the conceptual problem of fake news and various types of information disorder. The manuscript will discuss the working phenomenon of fake news and the transformation of media in the twenty-first century. It will further highlight the serious issue of not having an appropriate definition of fake news, which needs to be addressed. Lastly, it will provide possible solutions to deal with the menace of fake news and emphasise the need to have an appropriate definition of fake news. Notably, the researchers employs a purely doctrinal methodology to explore these themes and offer insights into the multifaceted challenges posed by fake news.

The griping effect of the deadly coronavirus (COVID-19) has forced the hands of the lawmakers globally to impose protocols to contain the disease. Since this outbreak, several quarantine measures have been implemented across the world. Owing to these measures, the use of the internet and social media has reached unrivalled peaks in disseminating information about the pandemic. This research is aimed at examining the usage of social media and its influence on accepting and using the established COVID-19 protocols. Following this, it was hypothesized that 85% of social media users are influenced through this means of communication to accept and utilize the established Covid-19 protocols. A quantitative survey research was designed to collect data from Jamaicans. A convenience nonprobability sampling method was used to obtain data from 803 sampled respondents across Jamaica. A standardized survey was created in Google Forms and the data were then analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 25.0, with a confidence interval of 95%. Of the sampled respondents (n=803), the majority were females (76.9%) compared to males (23.1%), aged 18-22 years with majority (57.7%), and the majority residing in Cornwall (48.5%). 84.8% of the respondents indicated that they accept the protocols compared to 69.7 per cent, which is statistically associated. Therefore, the findings revealed that there is a relationship between the two aforementioned variables (χ 2 critical = 5.024 < χ 2 calculated = 25.804, df=1 with a significance level of 5% (0.025), P = 0.000). Based on the finding the χ 2 calculated (25.804) is more than the χ2 critical value (5.024) therefore we reject the null hypothesis which states there is no statistical relationship between social media influence and accepting the COVID-19 protocols and accept the alternative hypothesis.

This research paper aims to explore and analyze the role of political parties in the occurrence and perpetuation of mob lynching incidents. Mob lynching refers to the act of a group of people taking the law into their own hands, resulting in the extrajudicial killing of an individual or group. The study investigates the factors that contribute to mob lynching incidents and examines the influence of political parties on shaping public sentiment, promoting polarization, and exacerbating social divisions. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex interplay between political parties, socio-political dynamics, and mob violence, emphasizing the

In the present study an attempt has been made to find out the effectiveness of econtent in terms of knowledge attainment of undergraduate students on sustainable development. A sample of 80 undergraduate students was selected randomly. The non-equivalent control group quasi experimental design has been used in this research study. The data was collected by administering Knowledge Attainment Test and attitude towards environmental management on sustainable development. The obtained data was analysed by using ANCOVA as a statistical techniques. The obtained results show that the study of e-content is significantly in enhancing the knowledge attainment and change in the attitude of undergraduate students on sustainable development.

According to the monitoring by the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), India witnessed 59 communal riots in 2024, a significant rise compared to 32 riots in 2023, reflecting an 84% increase. These 59 incidents of communal riots resulted in 13 deaths—10 Muslims and 3 Hindus. The western region of India, particularly Maharashtra, emerged as the epicentre of these conflicts, with the state of Maharashtra accounting for 12 of the 59 riots. The CSSS's monitoring is based on reports from prominent newspapers- the Mumbai editions of The Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Sahafat (Urdu), and Inquilab
(Urdu).  Most communal riots were triggered during religious festivals or processions. These included four riots during the Pran Pratishthan ceremony at Ram Mandir in Ayodhya in January, seven during Saraswati Puja idol immersions, four during Ganesh festivals, and two during Bakri Eid. This data highlights how religious celebrations are increasingly being used to fuel communal tensions and political mobilization.

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an exploratory research in the growing incidences of mob lynching in India, their impact on the minority community, and the experiences of marginalization of women within an already marginalized community. The paper argues that the founding theories to understand marginalization propounded by Robert E Park and Everett V Stonequist are inadequate in understanding the marginalization of Indian Muslims. The concept of ‘Marginal man’ in India has to be understood not in context of migration but identity politics and citizenship as a series of mob lynchings and other hate crimes emerge as a new form of marginalization and disenfranchisement. Secondly the paper argues that the women of a marginalized community and their lived experiences are separate from the men, so the mind of the ‘marginalized woman’ must be enquired upon separately from the ‘marginal man'. 
The qualitative data, observations and field notes which forms the basis of this paper were not collected as part of a formal or structured research but from my journalistic visits to various parts of India, over a period from September 2017 to June 2018, with the Karwan e Mohabbat collective–an informal group of journalists, photographers, artists, researchers and civil society members led by activist Harsh Mander. As such these observations leave a wide scope of further studies which is not only relevant but also important for the current socio-political settings.

Many studies have questioned to what degree of higher media literacy can help fight the flow of misinformation in social media. How can social media literacy help to fight against misinformation and maintain digital hygiene? Conventional media literacy is the ability to distinguish fact from opinion, and to comprehend how media can be used to influence people. Facts are truthful reports of when, where, why and how the event has happened or what exists, and opinions are the interpretations of the meaning or impact, usually from an individual's point of view Kerry Gallagher & Magid (2017). The study analyzed the contents and competencies, required for an individual to become a social media literate and thereby distinguish fake and fact news in social media using a conceptual framework developed by Cho et. al. (2022). Results reveals that there is no "One size fits all" solution to develop media literacy among youth, but more initiatives and awareness programmes can be conducted and included in curriculum to educate and make aware on the pros and cons of using social media and also various tools available for fact checking in the internet.

Dissemination of fake news with fast pace through various digital media platforms is growing concern among policymakers, journalists, educators and digital media users worldwide. Some scholars believe that glaring example of U.S. presidential election of 2016 depicts, that Trump's victory was a weak political decision made by the American voters under the influence of fake news which confused American voters. Some are concerned that Trump's extravagantly untruthful assertions on digital media platforms also initiated a serious discussion on 'post-truth era'. Trump's victory was also a result of fake news impact. Researchers observed that Pakistan deliberately uses fake news in a propaganda war against India. Several morphed photos and fake videos started floating on social media after dilution of Article 370 and 35A in Jammu and Kashmir. On one hand, several cases of mob lynching were identified in India due to dissemination of fake news while on the other hand several mob lynching cases were also found fake. Fake news has created a lot of confusion. Researchers selected this topic for their research as fake news has been identified as a new challenge and threat to society. Aim of the study was to find out how Indian digital media users identify fake news and level of cyber wellness among them to use digital media platforms efficiently. Data was obtained through a close-ended questionnaire from n=109 respondents using descriptive research design. Data has been organized and analyzed on SPSS using percentage and frequency distribution. Result of this study shows that fake news not only pose threat to trust in society but has also decreased trustworthiness on media. Even though social media has been identified as the main source of fake news dissemination still a majority of respondents use social media as a tool for getting information. Majority of respondents agreed that digital media literacy is direly needed to combat fake news.

Now a day's mob lynching is becoming huge problem in our society, 'social clashes and intolerance are the triggers to fire,' 'bullet of such lynching.' In this research paper backdrop and categories of mob lynching discussed along with its effect and statutory provisions in India. Reasons, suggestions and solutions are the main focus of this research paper.

Dissemination of fake news with fast pace through various digital media platforms is growing concern among policymakers, journalists, educators and digital media users worldwide. Some scholars believe that glaring example of U.S. presidential election of 2016 depicts, that Trump's victory was a weak political decision made by the American voters under the influence of fake news which confused American voters. Some are concerned that Trump's extravagantly untruthful assertions on digital media platforms also initiated a serious discussion on 'post-truth era'. Trump's victory was also a result of fake news impact. Researchers observed that Pakistan deliberately uses fake news in a propaganda war against India. Several morphed photos and fake videos started floating on social media after dilution of Article 370 and 35A in Jammu and Kashmir. On one hand, several cases of mob lynching were identified in India due to dissemination of fake news while on the other hand several mob lynching cases were also found fake. Fake news has created a lot of confusion. Researchers selected this topic for their research as fake news has been identified as a new challenge and threat to society. Aim of the study was to find out how Indian digital media users identify fake news and level of cyber wellness among them to use digital media platforms efficiently. Data was obtained through a close-ended questionnaire from n=109 respondents using descriptive research design. Data has been organized and analyzed on SPSS using percentage and frequency distribution. Result of this study shows that fake news not only pose threat to trust in society but has also decreased trustworthiness on media. Even though social media has been identified as the main source of fake news dissemination still a majority of respondents use social media as a tool for getting information. Majority of respondents agreed that digital media literacy is direly needed to combat fake news.

Now a day’s mob lynching is becoming huge problem in our society, ‘social clashes and intolerance are the triggers to fire,’ ‘bullet of such lynching.’ In this research paper backdrop and categories of mob lynching discussed along with its effect and statutory provisions in India. Reasons, suggestions and solutions are the main focus of this research paper

In recent years, mob lynching has become more widespread in India. Lynching refers to the execution of a person by a mob without legal authorization. Caste, religion, region, politics, witch hunts, and intolerance are the main causes of mob lynching in India. There is no codified law in India prohibiting mob lynching; however, Sub Section (a) of Section 223 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 contains the relevant provision for persons being charged jointly for the same offence committed in the course of the same transaction that is applicable to two or more people. Those who are lynched are treated inhumanely. They are frequently beaten, chained, and hanged, resulting in serious injury or death. This article will focus on a study of the causes of mob lynching, the current legal framework in this area, and the question of whether an explicit statute is required. This research focuses on the current legal frameworks for mob lynching, the problems with these frameworks, and the need for special laws to deal with such brutality. The Supreme Court's ideas, as well as laws introduced by Members of Parliament to prevent such heinousness, are included in this study. In the context of rule of law and democracy, the current Article will attempt to analyse recent legislative and judicial trends in India for mob lynching.

Mob Lynching is a pathway to glorify a religion or a class of people by oppressing and taking the laws into one's own hands. It involves taking one's life by attacking the person in groups. It is predominantly found in the northern part of the country and has its roots in USA. The rise in the phenomena of mob lynching India is as alarming as helplessness in terms of lack of availability of laws in the country. This paper focuses on the occurrences of cases of mob lynching in countries like the United States and India and to draw upon the similarities in the incidents across the two jurisdictions. Also, the paper focuses on the present laws in India and find solutions to counter the ongoing surge in the mob lynching cases.

The cases of mob lynching against the vulnerable groups are the matter of grave concern in contemporary
Indian Society which is the worst form of crime against humanity. Today, people belong to vulnerable groups such as
minorities and Dalits are seriously attacked and assaulted to death by a mob of people of a particular community. These
cases of mob lynching definitely affect the way of life and sense of well-being of minorities and Dalits to a large extent
causing a fracture in their social and personal status in society which they have got as a human being. The objectives of
the study are to understand the nature of mob lynching in the socio-cultural context of India and to examine the linkage
between social media and mob lynching. The present study employs content analysis for the study of mob lynching. The
data have been collected from lynching affected regions of the country through various Newspapers (Hindustan Times,
The Hindu, The Indian Express and The Times of India etc., Delhi Edition) and monthly magazines (India Today and
Economic Political Weekly etc.). The cases of mob lynching have been collected from March, 2013 to September, 2019.
The study has found that the cases of lynching are committed against minorities and Dalits due to suspicion of beef
consuming, cow slaughtering, skinning of dead cows child lifting, and theft. The study also indicates that most of cases
of mob lynching are committed due to fake news, rumors and hate speeches which are circulated on social media
platforms.

CSSS would be studying communal violence in Meerut (UP). Towards that, the authors visited Meerut on 13th October 2021 and talked to some lawyers representing the survivors of the communal violence to understand the situation. We would be visiting again to talk to the survivors and various stakeholders and reporting. This is the first in the series

Crimes being an inseparable part of the civil society have always challenged the very idea of the instrumentality of state; similarly, the state being under an inevitable obligation is duty-bound to protect its people against the ill-effects of these adverse activities and thereby imparts justice (in case the rights are violated). Therefore, the state is consistently required to maintain and protect the equilibrium of rights of the people. It certainly also necessitates (to fulfill its indispensable obligations) on the part of the state to devise new channels to tackle the emerging crimes. However, in recent times, the state seems to be not so active in performing its duty against the rapidly growing (although not a new phenomenon) hate crimes in India. The present legal system also does not provide solid legal mechanism to tackle this emerging evil because of which the very idea of justice, liberty, equality and dignity as enshrined within the organic fabric of the Constitution of India seem to be shattered. This consequently not only questions the existence of the entity of state but also highlights the idea of rights. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to highlight the emergence of hate crimes in India and how such emergence violates various constitutional rights of people. The research further intends to show as to how the state is failing in tackling these crimes and therefore what can be the possible solutions (by the way of comparative approach) which the state can adopt.

Dissemination of fake news with fast pace through various digital media
platforms is growing concern among policymakers, journalists,
educators and digital media users worldwide. Some scholars believe that
glaring example of U.S. presidential election of 2016 depicts, that
Trump’s victory was a weak political decision made by the American
voters under the influence of fake news which confused American
voters. Some are concerned that Trump’s extravagantly untruthful
assertions on digital media platforms also initiated a serious discussion
on ‘post-truth era’. Trump’s victory was also a result of fake news
impact. Researchers observed that Pakistan deliberately uses fake news
in a propaganda war against India. Several morphed photos and fake
videos started floating on social media after dilution of Article 370 and
35A in Jammu and Kashmir. On one hand, several cases of mob
lynching were identified in India due to dissemination of fake news
while on the other hand several mob lynching cases were also found
fake. Fake news has created a lot of confusion. Researchers selected this
topic for their research as fake news has been identified as a new
challenge and threat to society. Aim of the study was to find out how
Indian digital media users identify fake news and level of cyber wellness
among them to use digital media platforms efficiently. Data was
obtained through a close-ended questionnaire from n=109 respondents
using descriptive research design. Data has been organized and analyzed
on SPSS using percentage and frequency distribution. Result of this
study shows that fake news not only pose threat to trust in society but
has also decreased trustworthiness on media. Even though social media
has been identified as the main source of fake news dissemination still a
majority of respondents use social media as a tool for getting
information. Majority of respondents agreed that digital media literacy is
direly needed to combat fake news.

The quaint city of Shillong was brought to a standstill from the evening of 31st June 2018. News of communal tension began doing rounds via various social media platforms and within a span of 24 hours the vibrant city brewed in tension and mob violence. The administration imposed curfew, initially in some localities of the city and later was prompted to extend the curfew to the entire city, which lasted for a week. Community life was completely thrown off gear, economy of the state incurred heavy forfeiture, largely because tourism and hospitality sector lost its business in the peak tourist season.

Response of the media, liberals and civil society to lynching Leaves questions unanswered ...
...Incomplete and inaccurate information follow cases of lynching. Questions are not asked. Details are not provided. But the initial outrage is invariably followed by a narrative blaming the victim...
https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/response-of-the-media-liberals-and-civil-society-to-lynching-leaves-questions-unanswered