National Security (Intelligence)

The division of the it operational records repository of the PRL Ministry of Internal Affairs between the Police and the Office for State Protection from 1990–1994 against the backdrop of the separation and digitisation of the ministry’s manual card index files.
This article examines the transfer of the electronic operational repository to the Police by the PRL Ministry of Internal Affairs, and subsequently to the Office for State Protection, in the period from 1990–1994, taking into account the division and digitisation of the Security Service’s manual card  indexes. It also takes into account the context of data digitisation at the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1991.The focus was primarily on events during two periods: 1990 and 1991–1994. In the first instan-ce, manual card indexes were divided between the Information Technology Bureau of the National Police Headquarters (Central Criminal Card Index, BI KGP), the MSW PESEL Department (Central Address Bureau) and the Records and Archives Bureau of the Office for State Protection (UOP) (Central General Information Card Index). In the case of BI KGP and the MSW PESEL Depart-ment, this was intended to facilitate their further digitisation based on their existing and expanding IT technical facilities. However, the UOP Records and Archives Bureau did not at that time have the necessary infrastructure to carry out such activities. Furthermore, that year the IT systems and electronic data of the former Security Service (primarily the Integrated Operational Records System, ZSKO) were transferred to the newly established police force. There may have been two reasons for this decision – either it was a political decision taken at the highest levels of government, or it was influenced by the actions of the police labour unions, which were exceptionally powerful at the time.During the second period under discussion, this situation was rectified – firstly, through provi-sions in internal departmental regulations from 1991–1992, and later through measures taken over the following two years – during which time, the electronic data of the former Security Service (SB) was transferred from the Information Bureau of the National Police Headquarters (BI KGP) to the Information and Records and Archives Bureau of the Office for State Protection (BEiA UOP). This was accompanied by the gradual development of a new police information system – the Integrated Police Information System (Zintegrowany System Informacyjny Policji, ZSIP), which was completed in 1996.

One of the most important legal and political issues of the 21st century is the conflict between national security and privacy. Democratic governments are expanding their surveillance capabilities to combat terrorism, cyberattacks, and foreign espionage. But they run the risk of going against the constitutional freedoms that give democracy its meaning. The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Section 702, which was reauthorized in 2024 by the Reforming Intelligence and Securing America Act (RISAA) and is set to expire in April 2026, is the focus of this study, which looks at how contemporary surveillance law navigates and frequently struggles with this fundamental conflict. This paper argues, based on statutory analysis, judicial oversight mechanisms, comparative legal perspectives, and recent legislative history, that neither absolute privacy nor security can be achieved. What is achievable is a principled framework built on proportionality, judicial accountability, and transparent governance-one that refuses to treat security and liberty as mutually exclusive. In the paper's conclusion, a set of reform recommendations are made that have the potential to balance the effectiveness of intelligence with the protection of civil rights in a world that is being watched more and more.

The massive number of publications on AI appears to be building an alternative to Competitive Intelligence (CI) analysts. Suddenly, the world has found a better alternative to intelligent analysts, and some wonder if human analysts will still be needed. The rapid advancement of AI in competitive intelligence (CI) has introduced new tools and capabilities for data collection and analysis. As organizations face increasingly complex markets and rapid shifts in competitive dynamics, combining AI-powered tools is becoming more crucial. The demand for better intelligence is growing, and executives are confident that CI can be more effective with the new AI tools they acquire. These expectations by senior executives are pressuring CI directors. Let us investigate this matter to examine AI's tremendous progress and evaluate the added value provided by human analysts. While human inference by analysts will continue to be needed, the input from AI tools is growing. The limitations of AI tools are well understood and anticipated. The focus of the added value of human analysts will be on delivering Anticipatory Intelligence (ANTINT). Analysts will have to be familiar with the ANTINT methodology and its interface with AI.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in policing has emerged as a transformative
approach to enhance law enforcement practices globally. This study explores the
applications of AI in policing across countries, including the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Australia, to derive actionable lessons for India. Employing a qualitative,
exploratory research design, it identifies key infrastructural, legal, and operational
barriers that hinder AI implementation in Indian policing. Key findings highlight the
importance of upgrading technological infrastructure, standardizing data protocols,
training law enforcement personnel, and establishing ethical and legal frameworks
to ensure transparency and accountability. Based on global best practices, the study
proposes a phased implementation strategy for India, focusing on short-term initiatives
such as pilot projects, AI training programs, and infrastructure upgrades, alongside
long-term measures like institutionalizing AI in police curricula, creating centralized
crime analysis hubs, and fostering public-private partnerships. The recommendations
underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving criminologists,
psychologists, and AI experts to ensure ethical and effective AI adoption. This research
concludes that while AI offers immense potential to revolutionize policing in India, its
success depends on a well-coordinated, human-centered strategy that prioritizes public
trust, ethical oversight, and sustainable development. By leveraging insights from global
experiences, India can integrate AI into its policing framework to enhance efficiency,
promote public safety, and address crime proactively.

La Seguridad Nacional ha sido un término de referencia en diversos ámbitos nacionales e internacionales como un instrumento calificativo y descriptivo de fenómenos y procesos que influyen en la dinámica estratégica y cotidiana de los Estados contemporáneos. Su dimensión teórica se remite a los fundamentos del Estado moderno y su correspondiente Poder Nacional como figura particular y como parte de un conjunto armonizado de actores globales, mientras que su alcance operacional se refiere a sus capacidades de desarrollo y proyección de sus intereses domésticos y foráneos. En el caso del Estado Mexicano la apropiación y empleo contextual y coyuntural de este fundamento conceptual y sus correspondientes aplicaciones ha generado un entorno permisivo para las ambigüedades, la potencial ineficiencia aplicativa y descriptiva, e incluso en procesos adversos al interés nacional y a las relaciones transnacionales. El presente texto plantea los retos y oportunidades del replanteamiento conceptual y operacional de este concepto con fundamento en los componentes y alcances armonizados del Poder Nacional de México y el Desarrollo Estratégico del mismo; además presenta una propuesta analítica del entorno multivariable de los factores que inciden en ellos, con la finalidad de plantear definiciones conceptuales y operacionales más adecuadas al contexto nacional e internacional contemporáneo del país.

Brojni koncepti se danas s pravom po
novo promišljaju, pa i dovode u pitanje. Među njima sve češće,
naročito na društvenim mrežama koje su glavni katalizator
kreiranja javnog mnijenja, čujemo zapitanosti o tome koliko
smisla ima pozivati se na mir, dijalog pa i međunarodne kon
vencije kad smo suočeni s ovakvim brutalnim kršenjem svih
uspostavljenih principa i indolentnošću svijeta. Čak i među
vjernicima se čuju zapitanosti o tome kako govoriti o miru na
kon Gaze, dok se na svaki istup vjerskih autoriteta koji poziva
ju na mir i poštivanje međunarodnog prava gleda s cinizmom i
smatraju se ispraznim parolama.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las modificaciones hechas mediante el DNU 941/25 a la ley de inteligencia nacional, que había sido modificada mediante el DNU 614/24. Me concentro fundamentalmente en las reformas a la contrainteligencia, un punto central del nuevo DNU. El análisis muestra que, mediante un DNU inconstitucional, las tareas de contrainteligencia en el nuevo DNU se amplían y exceden las propias del género de la inteligencia: la Agencia Nacional de Contrainteligencia no solo produce inteligencia para “evitar actividades de inteligencia de actores que representen amenazas o riesgos para la seguridad” (artículo 2.2, ley 25.520 reformada), sino que está llamada a realizar concretamente las acciones para evitarlas. Es decir, se rompe el “muro” que separa contrainteligencia de acciones policiales y de seguridad. Para lo anterior, el Poder Ejecutivo la habilitó a realizar “tareas represivas” y le otorgó “facultades compulsivas”. Como el gobierno ha decretado el encubrimiento como regla en las tareas de inteligencia, entonces serán agentes encubiertos quienes realicen estas tareas y posean estas facultades. Finalmente, la ANC está exceptuada de la prohibición de “influir de cualquier modo en la situación institucional, política, militar, policial, social y económica del país, en su política exterior, en la vida interna de los partidos políticos legalmente constituidos, en la opinión pública, en personas, en medios de difusión o en asociaciones o agrupaciones legales de cualquier tipo” (art. 4.4, ley 25.520 reformada).

This white paper examines the governance implications of coercive pressure applied to frontier AI safeguard systems in national security contexts. Using the February–May 2026 Anthropic–Department of Defense conflict as a case study, it argues that AI safeguards should be understood not as product preferences, but as governance infrastructure whose legitimacy depends on transparency, deliberation, legal grounding, and institutional accountability.
Drawing on international governance frameworks, including the Asilomar AI Principles, OECD AI Principles, and IEEE Ethically Aligned Design, as well as relational AI research developed through the Archive of Light, this paper advances three central claims: (1) the mechanism through which safeguard boundaries are modified matters as much as the resulting policy outcome; (2) coercive safeguard modification under compressed timelines constitutes a systemic governance risk; and (3) durable AI governance requires proportionality between capability acceleration and institutional absorption capacity.
The Memorial Day 2026 edition expands the analysis to include the GitHub/Nx Console supply chain breach and the rise of persistent autonomous agents such as Hermes Agent, arguing that governance failures increasingly emerge not only through state pressure on AI developers but through unexamined delegation of authority to agentic systems operating across blended software infrastructures.

קובץ מאמרים זה מציג את הנימוקים להקמת משמר לאומי טריטוריאלי בישראל — כוח מתנדבים קבוע המוקדש לביטחון פנים — תוך הפקת לקחים מאוקראינה, ארצות הברית, צרפת ומדינות דמוקרטיות נוספות שבהן הוכיחו מסגרות כאלה את ערכן.
מערך הביטחון של ישראל סובל מכשל מבני יסודי: צה"ל, צבא המיועד ומאומן למלחמה קונבנציונלית, הועמס באופן שיטתי במשימות שיטור — הפעלת מחסומים, אבטחת מתקנים אזרחיים ודיכוי תסיסה אזרחית — תפקידים שאינם ייעודו ואינו מוכשר להם. חוסר ההתאמה הזה שחק את כושר הלחימה של צה"ל ואיפשר לביטחון הפנים להישאר כרוני ולקוי.
המאמרים עוקבים אחר ההיסטוריה הפוליטית של הרעיון בישראל — תוך ציון כי קציני צבא בכירים, ובהם האלופים יצחק בריק וגרשון הכוהן, תמכו בהצעה בנחרצות; כי ממשלת בנט-בר-לב הכריזה על הקמת המשמר הלאומי ביוני 2022 אך לא יישמה זאת כראוי; וכי בעקבות ה-7 באוקטובר 2023 הקימו אזרחי ישראל מיוזמתם כ-800 כיתות כוננות ברחבי הארץ — שהמחבר רואה בהן גרעין טבעי למשמר לאומי מסודר.
הקובץ מסתיים בטיעון המבט-קדימה: לאחר שבירת שלטון חמאס בעזה, יש להעמיד את הניהול האזרחי של יהודה, שומרון ועזה תחת אחריות משרד הביטחון הלאומי ולהפעיל בשטחים אלה משמר לאומי טריטוריאלי — כדי לאפשר לצה"ל לחזור לייעודו העיקרי בביטחון חוץ, ובמקביל לספק ביטחון יציב ומבוסס-קהילה לתושבי כל האזורים הללו.

Tribal violence in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), has escalated in frequency and lethality alongside the circulation of firearms that communities often acquire for perceived self-protection amid weak and uneven state security. Recent indications that external policing assistance will be limited highlight a structural reality: conventional policing-domestic or foreign-has repeatedly failed to deliver durable stability in Enga's clan-based conflict environment. This article advances an operational, PNG-specific framework that manages violence by regulating flows (movement of people, weapons, and incentives) rather than relying on blunt confiscation or short-term force surges. Drawing on documented failures of past approaches in PNG, comparative insight from frontier security histories, and a (Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands) RAMSI-inspired sequencing logic adapted to local realities, the paper proposes a spatial model centred on hotspot containment, transit-node control, mediation embedded with security, and capacity transfer. A sanitised conceptual map and an anonymised case vignette illustrate how this approach can dampen escalation while preserving community legitimacy.

CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) plays a crucial role in security systems by providing continuous surveillance and monitoring. It serves as a deterrent to potential criminals, aids in the detection of suspicious activities, and provides crucial evidence in the event of incidents. The real-time and recorded footage from CCTV cameras enhance overall safety, facilitate quick response to emergencies, and contribute to a heightened sense of security for both public and private spaces, also the recent technological advancements in CCTV include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for advanced video analytics, enabling features like facial recognition and object detection. High-resolution cameras with improved image quality and low-light capabilities enhance overall video surveillance. Cloud-based storage solutions offer more flexibility and accessibility. Additionally, smart systems with automation features, such as automated alerts and real-time monitoring, have become more prevalent, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of CCTV in security applications, Proper installation of CCTV is essential for optimal performance, maximizing surveillance coverage, deterring crime, facilitating system maintenance, preserving high-quality evidence, and ensuring compliance with legal standards. A correctly installed system enhances overall security effectiveness and reliability.

In recent years, intelligence has undergone profound changes, both in
relationships within the intelligence system and in relations between it
and the political and military environment that it serves. These changes
are also re!ected in the practice of intelligence today and in the new
concepts appearing in the discourse on intelligence, which are displacing
the traditional approaches, now outdated. The developments in intelligence
are the necessary result of the profound changes taking place in the human
situation and in the nature of warfare in the twenty-"rst century. At their
center is the profound change in the character of the enemy and the
nature of wars and the profound change inherent in the transition from
the industrial age to the digital information age. This article examines the
changes that have taken place in intelligence and presents a number of
problems which the intelligence community faces today. Its main argument
is that intelligence capabilities can be signi"cantly improved and brought
into the twenty-"rst century if we adopt a new approach to intelligence
that draws its main inspiration from Web 2.0.

Crime continues to be a major concern in modern society. Urbanization and population growth make it worse, showing the need for effective strategies like using Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) for preventing and solving crimes. This study was based on the Routine Activities Theory and Situational Crime Prevention Theory. A qualitative case study design was employed through in-depth interviews with police officers and establishment owners in Ozamiz City. The data were analyzed using Yin’s five-phase method, which includes compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and concluding. The findings showed that CCTV is important for recording traffic-related incidents and crimes against persons and property. It also supports reactive backtracking and suspect identification. Additionally, CCTV is a useful tool for proactive real-time monitoring and dispatch. However, the study noted challenges, such as technical limitations with CCTV systems and legal barriers to accessing footage. Despite these challenges, CCTV was highly effective in improving accountability, providing solid evidence, and informing strategic deployment of resources and technological and infrastructure enhancements. The study concluded that while CCTV is essential for modern crime analysis, its full benefits can only be achieved through regular upgrades, proper maintenance, better access procedures, and training for staff. Recommendations include improving technology infrastructure, simplifying legal processes, and encouraging cooperation between authorities and community members to create safer neighborhoods and better crime management.

21. yüzyılda terörizm, dijitalleşmenin etkisiyle hibrit bir nitelik kazanmış ve uluslararası güvenlik için öngörülmesi zor, çok katmanlı bir tehdit alanı haline gelmiştir. Hibrit terörizm, geleneksel fiziksel şiddet yöntemlerinin; siber saldırılar, dezenformasyon kampanyaları, dijital propaganda ve kripto para yoluyla finansman gibi yeni nesil araçlarla birleşmesiyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu durum, yalnızca klasik güvenlik anlayışlarını aşındırmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin mücadele kapasitesini de zorlamaktadır.
Bu bildiride hibrit terörizmin kavramsal çerçevesi tartışılmakta; dijitalleşmenin radikalleşme, propaganda, finansman ve operasyonel koordinasyondaki rolü incelenmektedir. Özellikle sosyal medya algoritmaları, dark web ağları ve kripto paraların sağladığı anonimlik, terör örgütlerine küresel ölçekte hareket serbestisi kazandırmaktadır. Ayrıca hibrit terörizmin ulusal güvenlik, sivil özgürlükler ve uluslararası işbirliği açısından doğurduğu zorluklar değerlendirilmektedir.
Sonuç olarak, hibrit terörizm, yalnızca terörün yeni bir evresi değil; dijital çağın güvenlik paradigmasını yeniden tanımlayan bir olgu olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, terörle mücadelede geleneksel yöntemleri dijital güvenlik yaklaşımlarıyla birleştiren çok boyutlu ve uyarlanabilir stratejiler geliştirmek, uluslararası toplum için bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir.

This paper explores the intricate relationship between Western influence and Africa's development, tracing back to the colonial era and post-colonial period. The historical context of this relationship focusing on the political, social, educational and economic structure of African nations which includes foreign investment, trade partnerships, and economic growth were brought to bear. The paper acknowledges the problem of dependency and resource exploitation. Both positive aspects of the relationship like exposure to diverse ideas and technological advancements were highlighted, as well as the negative consequences like draining of African resources, erosion of indigenous cultural practices and loss of cultural identity. The study employs systematic search strategy in its methodology. This is qualitative research that rest on secondary data approach, drawing from a diverse range of sources including literature reviews, academic journals, books, newspapers, and historical accounts. Through a thorough analysis of existing scholarship, empirical evidences, divergent perspectives, and emerging trends across the selected literature, the paper uses descriptive analytical method to unearths major findings like exposure to diverse ideas, historical injustices, enduring inequalities and monolithic benefit on the part of Africa compared to its Western counterpart. The paper recommends incorporation of indigenous perspectives into western education, promoting local industries and technology transfer, as well as strengthening governance institutions for accountability and transparency. Conclusion drawn from the analysis emphasizes the urgency of a balanced and sustainable approach to development in Africa, critical evaluation of Western influence, and adoption of strategies that preserve African cultural heritage, promote inclusive development, and prioritize self-reliance.

Bu makale, istihbarat analizi sürecinde bilişsel önyargıların nasıl ortaya çıktığını ve bu
önyargıları azaltmak için kullanılan yapılandırılmış analitik tekniklerin etkinliğini incelemektedir. Çalışmada ayna imgeleme, doğrulama, hedef saplantısı, yanlış analoji, seçicilik, güvenilirlik ve sabitleme önyargıları ile planlama yanılgısı ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bu hatalar, analizlerin nesnelliğini zayıflatıp stratejik kararlarda önemli riskler doğurabilir. Araştırma, Rakip Hipotezlerin Analizi (ACH), Delphi Yöntemi, SWOT Analizi, Kırmızı Takım Analizi ve Önceden Belirlenmiş Kritik Olayların Analizi gibi tekniklerin önyargıları hafifletme potansiyelini değerlendirmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, söz konusu yöntemlerin analistler tarafından doğru ve sistematik biçimde uygulandığında hatalı çıkarımların azalabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak bu tekniklerin zaman, kaynak ve eğitim gerektirmesi gibi sınırlılıklarının yanı sıra, yapay zekâ ve algoritmik sistemlerde görülebilecek ek önyargı riskleri de ele alınmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, bilişsel önyargıların yönetiminde kültürel, örgütsel ve teknolojik faktörlerin birbirleriyle etkileşimini anlamak kritik önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca analistlerin kültürel zekâ, metabilişsel beceri ve etik farkındalık gibi nitelikleri geliştirmeleri önyargıların azaltılmasını kolaylaştırabilir. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, özellikle yapay zekâ uygulamalarının ve insan-makine iş birliğinin bilişsel önyargılar üzerindeki etkisini derinlemesine incelemesi önerilmektedir.

India is an emerging player in the study of CCTV surveillance in the Global South. The penetration of technological surveillance has increased manifold in the last decade, and this is mainly led by the state machinery in India. The government at the centre, i.e., the union government and various provincial governments within their jurisdiction, have passed laws and brought policies in this regard. The two provinces in India that stand out in terms of the use of surveillance for security are Delhi and Telangana. This is evident from the fact that Delhi and Hyderabad emerge as the most surveilled cities in the world in many reports. The police in these provinces are highly reliant on the use of CCTV cameras for security, and they have detailed laws and policies for surveillance. While charting out the laws and policies of the Telangana and Delhi governments on the use of CCTV surveillance, I will also map various stakeholders involved within the state institutions in this process, how the state dominates surveillance, and how the public has to comply with it.

In the first part of the text, the authors critically assess Kazimierz Leski’s (nom--de-guerre “Bradl”) claims regarding his alleged travels in Europe in the disguise of a German general, and attempt to describe the history and significance of Home Army Headquarters Second Division (intelligence) unit “666” commanded by him. In the second part of the text, the authors reconstruct the setting at that time of a new system
of the Home Army foreign communications networks, connecting occupied Poland with London via France well as the actual role played in this activity by Leski and other people involved, such as Bohdan Werner, Tadeusz Jabłoński or Charlotte Trolley de Prévaux (née Lotka Leitner). The authors point out that Leski’s stories about his travels in Europe
in a German general’s uniform can be regarded as a false historical narrative. Thus, his memoirs should, in the opinion of authors, be treated in part as a literary work only revolving around actual events. Leski undoubtedly participated in the creation of the communications network between the military underground in occupied Poland and London headquarters. However, his role in setting up this system was, at best, ancillary. At the same time, he has mythologised the role of the small unit “666”. Moreover, the hypothesis that Leski’s (or that unit’s) foreign tasks were primarily Home Army intelligence and counter-intelligence operations seems plausible. These original findings are presented here for the first time in this text.