Network Planning

There given to discuss the study results about one of three deployment scenarios performance (in-band deployment mode) of the narrow-band internet of things (NB-IoT) technology. The study is carrying out with help of simulation modeling and experimental testing of the main network parameters, namely: radio coverage, network capacity, user experience, and their dependencies on each other. Comparison of the results of a physical experiment and simulation modeling shows their high convergence and confirms the adequacy of the applied testing methodology. As a case scenario provided an example of NB-IoT implementation on a 4G mobile network in the 800 MHz band, in a suburban area for remote metering applications. The article presents the applying testing methodology of NB-IoT that adapted to the local conditions of radio network planning. Based on the obtained data, adducing the main conclusions about the feasibility of using an in-band scenario for deploying NB-IoT on a 4G network in a suburban environment.

The telecommunications industry is rapidly advancing, particularly in cellular network communications that use air as the transmission medium, with 5G new radio (NR) emerging as a key global technology including in Indonesia. Defined by enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) offering speeds up to 10 Gbps, ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) with latency below 1 millisecond, and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) supporting large-scale internet of things (IoT) connectivity, 5G plays a crucial role in modern digital infrastructure. This study focuses on the city of Parepare in South Sulawesi, an area driven by trade, port operations, fisheries, shipbuilding, and natural tourism highlighting the need for high-speed and reliable data services. The research aims to develop a comprehensive 5G NR network plan for Parepare through coverage and capacity analyses evaluating synchronization signal-reference signal received power (SS-RSRP), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SS-SINR), and throughput performance. Using Atoll software to design and map next-generation Node B (gNodeB) placements, the study offers a scientific approach to optimizing 5G deployment and supporting the city's economic growth and tourism potential.

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) with in band backhauling use the same antennas for the backhaul as well as for the access. Therefore antennas of next hop neighbours need to be directed to each other. However, such a configuration is not possible in a three-sectorized hexagonal cell deployment. In this paper we derive several alternative topologies that are suitable for WMNs with in band backhauling. We show that a topology with four directional antennas per node and backhaul connectivity between indirect neighbours outperforms competing topologies in terms of handover rate, optimal maximum power, and system capacity.

In the contemporary digital environment, the importance of resilient and adaptable network infrastructures cannot be overstated. This research examines the efficacy of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and hybrid models in constructing robust networks capable of swift recovery from disasters and network outages. Utilizing the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a comprehensive evaluation is undertaken to gauge the performance of different network infrastructures based on crucial criteria including fault recovery time, scalability, cost-effectiveness, implementation complexity, latency, and security considerations. The findings from the TOPSIS analysis highlight NFV with Dynamic Scaling as the most effective infrastructure, particularly excelling in scalability, cost-efficiency, and fault recovery. Following closely, the Hybrid SDN-NFV Architecture offers a balanced approach by harnessing the strengths of both SDN and NFV technologies, securing the second position. SDN with Redundancy ranks third, demonstrating notable strengths in scalability, cost-efficiency, and latency. While Traditional Network Infrastructure and Cloud-based Network Virtualization are respectively cost-effective and secure, they exhibit limitations in fault recovery, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

Transport infrastructure and network planning must now consider oil shocks and future demand growth for more energy efficient transport modes. However, data and models for this type of fuel reduction planning are not available. Travel adaptive capacity is proposed as a measure of the resilience of travel demand to a reduction in fuel use for personal vehicle trips while not reducing participation in activities. Travel adaptive potential characterises the ways that populations can change modes to reduce fuel use without reducing participation in activities. The travel adaptive capacity assessment (TACA) survey can capture the data needed to assess adaptive capacity and the preferred mode alternatives. The survey asks for the essentiality of each trip and the alternative travel modes currently available. TACA surveys were carried out in Christchurch, Oamaru and Dunedin. Over 550 participants completed the survey in 2008–2010. The survey participant demographics, trip generation and mo...

In conventional UMTS cellular networks, during deployment usually a set of NodeBs is assigned to one Radio Network Controller (RNC), and a set of RNCs to one Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) for data services, as well as to one Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) for voice services. Operators thus far have considered single-homing of RNCs to MSCs/SGSNs (i.e., many-to-one mapping) with an objective to reduce the total cost over a fixed period of time. However, a single-homing network does not remain cost-effective any more when subscribers later on begin to show specific inter-MSC/SGSN mobility patterns (say, diurnality of office goers) over time. This necessitates post-deployment topological extension of the network in terms of dual-homing of RNCs, in which some specific RNCs are connected to two MSCs/SGSNs via direct links resulting in a more complex many-to-two mapping structure in parts of the network. The partial dual-homing attempts to increase link cost minimally and reduce handoff cost maximally, thereby significantly reducing the total cost in a post-deployment optimal extension. In this paper, we formulate the scenario as a combinatorial optimization problem and solve the NP-Complete problem using two meta-heuristic techniques, namely Simulated Annealing (SA) and Tabu search (TS). We then compare these techniques with a novel optimal heuristic search method that we propose typically to solve the problem. The comparative results reveal that, though all of them perform equally well for small networks, for larger networks, the search-based method is more efficient than meta-heuristic techniques in finding optimal solutions quickly.

In the contemporary digital environment, the importance of resilient and adaptable network infrastructures cannot be overstated. This research examines the efficacy of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and hybrid models in constructing robust networks capable of swift recovery from disasters and network outages. Utilizing the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a comprehensive evaluation is undertaken to gauge the performance of different network infrastructures based on crucial criteria including fault recovery time, scalability, cost-effectiveness, implementation complexity, latency, and security considerations. The findings from the TOPSIS analysis highlight NFV with Dynamic Scaling as the most effective infrastructure, particularly excelling in scalability, cost-efficiency, and fault recovery. Following closely, the Hybrid SDN-NFV Architecture offers a balanced approach by harnessing the strengths of both SDN and NFV technologies, securing the second position. SDN with Redundancy ranks third, demonstrating notable strengths in scalability, cost-efficiency, and latency. While Traditional Network Infrastructure and Cloud-based Network Virtualization are respectively cost-effective and secure, they exhibit limitations in fault recovery, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

The increasing popularity of converged media services is promoting the deployment of a range of broadband networking technologies aiming at serving the increased bandwidth as well as service portability and user mobility demands. To optimally address the above requirements hybrid access network architectures coupling the benefits of optical (high capacity, robustness) and mobile/wireless networks (extended reach and mobility) are quite promising. In this paper we present the basic steps for converged network design and planning and evaluate algorithms for wireless backhaul optimization based on a PON architecture. Network optimization addresses the capacity requirements per access segment and optical backhaul segment, the physical layer limitations (e.g. power budget) and overall cost (in terms of CAPEX including number of nodes, active ports, civil engineering works etc. and OPEX mainly including real estate and power consumption) by means of both heuristic algorithms and stochastic optimization techniques.

Jakość obsługi standardowych pasażerów przez poszczególne linie lotnicze jest zróżnicowana, gdyż wynika to z subiektywnego postrzegania oczekiwań. Odnieść to bowiem można przede wszystkim do: sposobu świadczenia obsługi pasażerom, serwisu pokładowego, komunikacji z pasażerem czy szeroko ujmowanego bezpieczeństwa. Ważna jest tu także punktualność lotu oraz relacja ceny biletu do komfortu oferowanej obsługi lotu. W literaturze przedmiotu brak jest sprecyzowania skali pomiaru tej jakości. Materiał przybliża metodologię tego zagadnienia, precyzując stosowne mierniki oraz ich wagi. W sumie pozwala to wypracować określone standardy dla poszczególnych usług oferowanych pasażerom. Taka konkretna wycena może posłużyć do właściwie prowadzonej polityki marketingowej danej linii lotniczej oraz uzyskania przewagi konkurencyjnej między nimi w zglobalizowanym rynku. Analiza poziomu zadowolenia pasażerów ze świadczonych usług pozwala na podjęcie działania, aby podnieść jakość oferowanej obsługi. Stąd cel niniejszego artykułu stanowi wskazanie próbnego opracowania metodyki pomiaru obsługi pasażerów korzystających z linii lotniczych.

Maintaining service integrity in fixed wireless access (FWA) networks requires reliable connectivity and thorough performance testing. This study compares LTE and 5G FWA in macrocellular environments by analyzing signal propagation, throughput, and latency. Field tests were conducted on post-production networks using 5G NR at 3.5 GHz and 2.5 GHz (43 dBm) and LTE at 3.5 GHz (31 dBm). The setup included customer premises equipment, measurement software, and a laptop, with all tests performed under Guaranteed Bit Rate conditions to ensure validity. Performance was evaluated using provisioned LTE and 5G SIMs with iPerf, QXDM, and Ping tools. Signal strength was measured against user terminal distance from the base station, while TCP traffic to an FTP server assessed uplink and downlink throughput under controlled conditions. The findings offer real-world insights to support improvements in FWA service quality and network reliability.

The use of real Network topology parameters allows a validation of the optimization software for a real DVB network. A commercial network planning software has been used to perform initially a realistic coverage study. Later this is complemented with the design and use of an optimization software based in Simulated Annealing which returns, after several iterations, the optimum configuration in terms of a cost function. The specific cost function is defined to reduce the interference level.

Improved forecasting of urban rail patronage is essential for effective policy development and efficient planning for new rail infrastructure. Past modelling and forecasting of urban rail patronage has been based on legacy modelling approaches and often conducted at the general level of public transport demand, rather than being specific to urban rail. This project canvassed current Australian practice and international best practice to develop and estimate time series and cross-sectional models of rail patronage for Australian mainland state capital cities. This involved the implementation of a large online survey of rail riders and nonriders for each of the state capital cities, thereby resulting in a comprehensive database of respondent socioeconomic profiles, travel experience, attitudes to rail and other modes of travel, together with stated preference responses to a wide range of urban travel scenarios. Estimation of the models provided a demonstration of their ability to provide information on the major influences on the urban rail travel decision. Rail fares, congestion and rail service supply all have a strong influence on rail patronage, while a number of less significant factors such as fuel price and access to a motor vehicle are also influential. Of note, too, is the relative homogeneity of rail user profiles across the state capitals. Rail users tended to have higher incomes and education levels. They are also younger and more likely to be in full-time employment than non-rail users. The project analysis reported here represents only a small proportion of what could be accomplished utilising the survey database. More comprehensive investigation was beyond the scope of the project and has been left for future work.

This study analyses the landscape preferences of large hotel complex tourism in Cuba using an approach based on the classic Kaplan (1989) matrix, expanding it with two complementary variables ("Sense of Being Away" and "Aesthetic Appeal"). The objectives of the study include, firstly, verifying whether the variables of the proposed model are valid determinants of landscape preferences. Secondly, studying the relationships between these variables and the Construction Intensity (associated with the different types of hotel complexes). And finally, to determine the ideal set of factors to predict landscape preferences. To this end, undergraduate and postgraduate students in Spain and Brazil were surveyed regarding their landscape preferences using photographs of landscapes with and without tourist constructions. The results indicate that Aesthetic Appeal is the variable that correlates best with General Preference, followed by Mystery and Harmony, while Diversity shows the weakest correlation. Another relevant finding is that the behaviour of the six variables of the "extended Kaplan" model is affected by Construction Intensity, with the models that include this variable having the greatest explanatory power. Finally, the model with the highest predictive ability for General Preference combines Harmony, Aesthetic Appeal and Mystery. The results support the strength of the proposed "extended Kaplan" model and the relative importance of considering Construction Intensity in landscape preference analyses. It is perceived that there is a need for enhanced landscape integration of tourism developments to unite customer satisfaction with landscape conservation.

The Italian Regulator (AEEG Autorita per l’energia elettrica e il gas) is paying great attention to voltage quality and has started up a research task in the framework of the Public Interest Energy Research Project named "Ricerca di Sistema" (Italian Ministry for Productive Activities Decree of 28 February 2003) aimed to the monitoring of representative portions of the MV network. Moreover, the Italian Regulator has requested the calculation of the minimum short circuit power (hereinafter, Ssc) levels on the EHV and HV transmission network (Resolution n. 250/04), as Ssc represents a meaningful and synthetic parameter for the robustness of the electric network if related to the customers characteristics in terms of disturbing emissions. A simple method to correlate rapid voltage changes caused by rapid variations of loads (f. i. motor starting) with Ssc in the connection site has been set up. Based on this method, a criterion for the classification of HV and MV customers an...

This second monograph volume will expand the range of public transport accessibility case studies to a group of eleven European cities and conurbations, and review the results of the fieldwork exercises, undertaken between 2009 and 2012, in the context of the earlier work from Australasian cities and the methodological elaborations about the Spatial Network Analysis for Multimodal Urban Transport Systems (SNAMUTS) tool documented in the first volume (Scheurer et al, 2012). Part A will provide an overview of comparative SNAMUTS results for the European case study cities of Amsterdam,

In this paper, we study a flexible routing strategy for demand protection and a corresponding optimization problem for networks that permanently experience fluctuations of the capacity available on their links. This is an important and novel topic as limited link availability is a fundamental feature of wireless networks; yet majority of work in survivable network design is restricted to total failures of single links. Hence, protection against partial failures of multiple links is considered as congestion avoidance. We assume a given finite set of network states. Each state is characterized by a vector of link availability coefficients specifying, for each link, the fraction of its nominal (maximum) capacity available in this state, and by a traffic coefficients vector specifying, for each demand, the proportion of its nominal traffic to be realized in the considered state. Our routing strategy allows for adjustment (thinning or thickening) of the reference pathflows. For a given nominal value x of a path-flow, its thickening is limited to x where  is a given constant greater than or equal to 1. Thus, in each state, the value of every pathflow can range from 0 to times its reference value. It turns out that the corresponding link cost minimization problem (where link capacities and state-dependant path-flows are decision variables) is NP-hard. We present a non-compact linear programming formulation of the problem together with a solution algorithm based on path generation. We illustrate the effectiveness of the introduced routing strategy by presenting numerical results for a set of representative network examples.

This paper examines the performance of a new Hidden Markov Model (HMM) structure used as the core of an Internet traffic classsifier and compares the results against other models present in the literature. Traffic modeling and classification find importance in many areas such as bandwidth management, traffic analysis, prediction and engineering, network planning, Quality of Service provisioning and anomalous traffic detection. The new HMM structure, which takes into account the packet payload size (PS) and the inter-packet times (IPT) sequences, is obtained by concatenation of a first part which is framed with a HMM profile with another part whose structure is that of a fully-connected HMM. The first part captures the specific properties of the initial protocol packets while the second part captures the statistical properties of the whole sequence present in the flow. Models generated are found to increase the accurate in classifying different traffic classes in the analysed dataset. The average accuracy obtained by the classifier is 62.5% having seen only five packets, 80.0% after examining 13 packets and 95.5% after seeing the unidirectional entire flow.

This paper briefly introduces the cross-border interference issues between DVB-T broadcasting and mobile UMTS services, as a consequence of the WRC-07 which co-allocated the band 790-862 MHz (channels 61 to 69) to mobile services from June 2015. The basic criteria of broadcast network planning for DVB-T reception and the required interference protection from mobile UMTS services operating in the same

Learning to store information over extended time intervals via recurrent backpropagation takes a very long time, mostly due to insu cient, decaying error back ow. We brie y review Hochreiter's 1991 analysis of this problem, then address it by introducing a novel, e cient, gradient-based method called \Long Short-Term Memory" (LSTM). Truncating the gradient where this does not do harm, LSTM can learn to bridge minimal time lags in excess of 1000 discrete time steps by enforcing constant error ow through \constant error carrousels" within special units. Multiplicative gate units learn to open and close access to the constant error ow. LSTM is local in space and time; its computational complexity per time step and weight is O(1). Our experiments with arti cial data involve local, distributed, real-valued, and noisy pattern representations. In comparisons with RTRL, BPTT, Recurrent Cascade-Correlation, Elman nets, and Neural Sequence Chunking, LSTM leads to many more successful runs, and learns much faster. LSTM also solves complex, arti cial long time lag tasks that have never been solved by previous recurrent network algorithms.

Résumé: Many networked applications use end-to-end congestion control protocols to avoid the occurrence of congestion collapse phenomena. However, such transport protocols may suffer from link underutilization when there are wireless links along the path: the inability to distinguish wireless losses from congestion losses often results in unnecessary throughput decreases. Since networks are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, consisting of a mix of wired and wireless links, it is important to have some means of correctly identifying the ...

GAs têm sido aplicados nos últimos anos em vários problemas relacionados ao Eletromagnetismo com destaque para projetos de antenas, dispositivos ópticos e de microondas. Esta publicação usa GAs para otimizar divisores de feixes, com diferentes razões de divisão e diferentes ângulos de incidência. Os resultados encontrados mostram a robustez dessa técnica quando aplicada à espaços de pesquisas complexos. Palavras-chaves  Algoritmos Genéticos, Divisores de feixe.

Collaboration is vital to scientific innovation, as it facilitates the exchange of ideas and expands the range of perspectives on a given subject.South Asian economies and societies are rapidly evolving, and knowledge production, innovation, and technological adaptation are becoming increasingly vital to the sustained growth and competitiveness of firms and sectors across the region. South Asia’s regional economy may still depend on low-skilled, labor-intensive production, but high-tech, knowledge-intensive industrial and service sectors are also emerging. Meanwhile, developing countries worldwide compete for shares of the global production, technology, and value chains.Scholarly research is at the leading edge of national efforts to sharpen competitive advantages and explore emerging fields and sectors, but exploiting the benefits of new technologies requires an enabling environment for innovation and adaptation to be created, which in turn demands research and development (R&D) ca...

The increasing cost of powering high performance networking infrastructure has led to the proposal of various energy saving schemes. The On/Off technique, being the most common energy saving scheme, consists of powering down partially or entirely a network infrastructure for energy saving purposes. Despite their capability to achieve great energy savings, On/Off networks experience high packet-loss rates due to the absence of reliability on packet delivery. Moreover, they cannot guarantee any response time to user applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of MFO2N; Experimental results show a correlation between offered quality of service and overall network power consumption, revealing that a tradeoff should be made 1 .

This paper describes a network planning tool that has been developed in order to provide support for network planners who need to dimension next generation IP networks to meet Quality of Service (QoS) objectives. Specifically, the proposed network planning tool takes account of the new technologies that enable QoS in IPbased networks (i.e., DiffServ/MPLS) and allows for multiple QoS constraints so that guaranteed performance can be achieved for each of the traffic classes. The primary decisions for the planning tool include determining class-based bandwidth allocations on the links, total link capacities and how traffic of each class is to be routed through the network. Furthermore, the planning tool incorporates traffic characterisation and dimensioning procedures that allow the known burstiness of IP traffic to be effectively modelled. After discussing some of the specific features and algorithms that have been incorporated into the planning methodology, the planning tool is briefly described and the solution to a simple network problem is demonstrated. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the tool in achieving the required performance levels for the traffic classes.

This paper addresses the problem of capacity pro- visioning in a QoS enabled IP network, subject to satisfying varying performance requirements for different traffic classes. These performance requirements are viewed in terms of mean end-to-end delays required for the various traffic classes or in terms of random variations of their delays (i.e., jitter) or a combination of both. The accuracy of the model is investigated by means of a simulation study over an extended range of test cases for different traffic load characteristics and traffic intensities at the nodes. The results demonstrate the capability of the model in guaranteeing the end-to-end delay requirements for the traffic classes. procedures that allow burstiness of multi-class IP traffic to be effectively modelled. The selection of a renewal traffic model i.e., GI arrival process, for this purpose, represents a reasonable bal- ance between the accuracy (modelling power) and the efficiency required by a network planning t...

Resumen: El Real Decreto 222/2008 estableció un nuevo modelo retributivo para la actividad de la distribución de la energía eléctrica en España. En esta normativa se contempla la utilización de un modelo de red para fijar algunos de los parámetros que ...