Nicotine Addiction

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد دور برامج علوم المكتبات والمعلومات في تأهيل المتخصصين للمشاركة في أعمال الحكومات وتعزيز المواطنة الرقمية. للإجابة على إشكالية مدى شمولية مقررات هذه البرامج في إعداد المتخصصين في مجال المواطنة الرقمية، تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي المسحي. شملت الدراسة حصر برامج علوم المعلومات في الجامعات الحكومية في الدول العربية. تم استخدام استبيان إلكتروني كأداة للبحث، وُجه إلى أعضاء هيئة التدريس ورؤساء البرامج في الجامعات العربية الحكومية عبر نماذج غوغل خلال شهر يونيو/حزيران 2024. شاركت 26 جامعة من 12 دولة عربية في هذه الدراسة (من أصل 16 دولة)، بينما تبين غياب تدريس التخصص في 6 دول عربية وهي: قطر، البحرين، موريتانيا، الصومال، جيبوتي، جزر القمر،. تسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على أهمية تطوير برامج علوم المكتبات والمعلومات لتلبية احتياجات المجتمع وتعزيز الخبرات الرقمية للمتخصصين في هذا المجال. تمثلت أبرز النتائج في أن التقييم العام للمقررات الدراسية المتعلقة بتدريس المواطنة الرقمية، وشمولية المقررات الدراسية لعناصر المواطنة الرقمية، وفعالية المقررات الدراسية كان تقييمًا متوسطًا. في حين تراوحت نسبة الرضا عن فعالية الأمثلة والتطبيقات العملية في المقررات الدراسية بين المتوسطة والمنخفضة. أما أبرز التحديات التي تواجه تدريس المواطنة الرقمية فكانت نقص الموارد التعليمية، وعدم كفاية الوقت المخصص لتغطية المواضيع، وعدم وجود أمثلة وتطبيقات عملية كافية، وقلة الأنشطة التفاعلية وضعف التواصل بين الطلاب وأعضاء هيئة التدريس. وعليه، تعكس هذه النتائج ضرورة تعزيز وتطوير المناهج الدراسية، وتضمين المزيد من الأمثلة والتطبيقات العملية وزيادة الأنشطة التفاعلية لتلبية متطلبات المواطنة الرقمية بشكل أكثر فعالية.

A study to assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching(VAT) on knowledge and attitude of adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction. This study was under taken with objectives to: Develop a VAT for the adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction, To assess and evaluate the knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT and to find the relationship between post test knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT. The conceptual framework adopted for the study was based on System Model (input process output)by open system model by Ludwig Von Bertalanffys in the year (1980). The data was collected, analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for the analysis of the data. The mean knowledge scores was19.4 with a median of 19.5 and a standard deviation of 3.32 against the maximum score of 32. The mean attitude score was 49.28 with a median of 50 and a standard deviation of 4.64 against the maximum score of 60. The range obtained between 40-60 (96%) indicates a positive attitude among students.

kinesin-II delays its recycling to the basal body and kinesin-II accumulates in a concentration gradient in the flagellum. As a result, kinesin-II is depleted at the flagellar base as the flagellum elongates. When the flagellum is elongated via Li þ treatment, or when the cell regrows flagella in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor, the base is similarly depleted of kinesin-II. These results suggest that accumulation in the flagellum acts as a negative-feedback mechanism to limit the number of kinesin-II available for moving cargo on IFT trains, and limits the growth of flagella when they reach longer lengths.

Los polimorfismos indel en la región promotora y los polimorfismos de tamaño en el intrón 2 del gen transportador de serotonina se han asociado con el trastorno afectivo bipolar 1 (TAB 1) en diferentes poblaciones. El objetivo fue analizar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas en ambas regiones del gen en un estudio de casos y controles en Risaralda y Quindío (Colombia) para encontrar una asociación con TAB 1 y compararlas con estudios similares. Métodos: Se analizaron 133 pacientes y 120 controles. Con PCR se analizaron los polimorfismos indel L y S de la región promotora y los de tamaño (VNTR) STin 2.10 y STin 2.12 del segundo intrón del gen SLC6A4. Resultados: Las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas en los polimorfismos S y L fueron muy similares en casos y controles. Sin embargo, el genotipo LL se encontró incrementado no significativamente en la población general con TAB 1 (OR=1,89; IC95%= 1,1-3,68) y al separarla por género. Los OR para este genotipo en la población general (OR=1,

The health harms of combusted tobacco use are undeniable. With market and regulatory pressures to reduce the harms of nicotine delivery by combustion, the tobacco product landscape has diversified to include smokeless, heated, and electronic nicotine vaping products. Products of tobacco combustion are the main cause of smokinginduced disease, and nicotine addiction sustains tobacco use. An understanding of the biology and clinical features of nicotine addiction and the conditioning of behavior that occurs via stimuli paired with frequent nicotine dosing, as with a smoked cigarette, is important for informing pharmacologic and behavioral treatment targets. We review current advances in research on nicotine addiction treatment and recovery, with a focus on conventional combustible cigarette use. Our review covers evidence-based methods to treat smoking in adults and policy approaches to prevent nicotine product initiation in youth. In closing, we discuss emerging areas of evidence and consider new directions for advancing the field.

This paper analyzes the medical approaches and the socioeconomic impact of smoking in Romania, with a 2026 perspective. It highlights national programs such as "Stop Smoking," which offers free counseling and medication, as well as modern therapeutic methods like laser photobiomodulation and neurofeedback. The authors emphasize the complexity of nicotine addiction, noting that for many patients, it surpasses even opioid addiction in difficulty, with modest success rates (25-30%). On a socioeconomic level, the document details the major financial burden on the public health system, with direct costs for treating chronic pathologies (cardiovascular diseases, COPD, cancer) and significant indirect costs through lost productivity (absenteeism, presenteeism, micro-absenteeism). It shows that the expenses generated by smoking far exceed the revenues from excise duties, creating a fiscal imbalance. The paper argues for the necessity of an integrated approach, including psychodynamic support and free access to treatments, not only as a public health measure but as a strategic investment in human capital and social equity.

Smoking is the most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This nicotine addiction is mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinforcement, and finally to develop efficient smoking cessation treatments. We used a novel lentiviral system to re-express exclusively high-affinity nAChRs on either dopaminergic (DAergic) or g-aminobutyric acidreleasing (GABAergic) neurons, or both, in the VTA. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we show that, contrary to widely accepted models, the activation of GABA neurons in the VTA plays a crucial role in the control of nicotine-elicited DAergic activity. Our results demonstrate that both positive and negative motivational values are transmitted through the dopamine (DA) neuron, but that the concerted activity of DA and GABA systems is necessary for the reinforcing actions of nicotine through burst firing of DA neurons. This work identifies the GABAergic interneuron as a potential target for smoking cessation drug development.

Because adolescent brains are undergoing extensive developmental changes, they may be uniquely sensitive to effects of addictive drugs like nicotine. We exposed adolescent and adult rats to nicotine infusion for two weeks, and then used whole genome microarray analysis to determine effects on gene expression in the ventral tegmental area. We examined brains immediately after two weeks of nicotine or saline, and also four weeks after termination of nicotine exposure. After identifying genes with a significant age X treatment interaction, we employed template matching to find specific patterns of expression across age and treatment. Of those genes that were transiently regulated (up-or down-regulated immediately following the end of nicotine treatment, but back to saline baseline 30 days later), two-thirds were specific to adult animals, while only 30% were specific to adolescents and 4% were shared across the two ages. In contrast, significant genes that were persistently regulated (altered following nicotine treatment and still altered 30 days later) were more likely (59%) to be adolescent, with only 32% in adults and 8% shared. The greatest number of significant genes was late-regulated (no change immediately after nicotine, but regulated 30 days later). Again, most were in adolescents (54%), compared to adults (10%) or shared (36%). Pathway analysis revealed that adolescent-specific genes were over-represented in several biological functions and canonical pathways, including nervous system development and function and long-term potentiation. Furthermore, adolescent-specific genes formed extensive interaction networks, unlike those specific for adults or shared. This age-specific expression pattern may relate to the heightened vulnerability of adolescents to the effects of addictive drugs. In particular, the propensity of adolescents to show persistent alterations in gene expression corresponds to the persistence of drug dependence among smokers who began their habit as adolescents. These findings support a model whereby adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to long-term changes in gene expression in the brain's reward pathway caused by early exposure to nicotine.

Sport coaches are a population with its specific characteristics and because of their association with the athletes, especially young ones, their lifestyle habits deserve attention. The aim of this study was to determine the habits related to alcohol consumption and smoking in the Croatian sport coaches. The study was conducted on 56 women and 147 men, coaches of various sport disciplines in 2012. AUDIT questionnaire, related to alcohol consumption, and FTND questionnaire, to determine nicotine addiction, were used. Most of the sports coaches of both genders have no problems with alcohol and their nicotine addiction is weak on average, although there are some very serious nicotine addicts.

Nearly 45% of women in Manipur use SLT, which is almost equivalent to male users (50%) (GATS-2 Manipur, 2017). In response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, India implemented a nationwide lockdown leading to a complete shutdown of almost all economic activities from March-

Abstract

Background
The international growth of e-cigarette use has been accompanied by a corresponding concern that e-cigarettes will act as a ‘gateway’ to smoking and the use of other drugs. Taking these concerns as our point of departure, we explore the relationships between vaping and smoking among a cohort of young people.
Methods
Qualitative longitudinal methods with a diverse sample of 36 14–18-year olds from the UK city of Leicester. A total of 66 depth interviews conducted across two phases separated by 6–12 months. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.
Findings
We highlight a complex ‘tangle’ of connections between substances/risk behaviours recounted to us by our adolescent study participants, including multiple and multilinear relationships between vaping and smoking. These findings problematise some of the core axioms of the notion of gateways as an explanatory model of causality and sequential connection between smoking and vaping. They also throw into question gateway logics more fundamentally. While many of our study participants themselves consciously invoked ideas of ‘gateway effects’, the accounts they produced repeatedly disrupted the logics of connection (between e-cigarettes and smoking; one set of behaviours and another) presupposed in gateway theory and our own early lines of questioning. Accordingly, we explore how cultural understandings of gateway effects are invoked by users in accounting for their vaping and smoking behaviours, noting the potential influence of these ideas upon the very processes they are understood to apprehend.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest there is a case to be made to reinforce the distinctiveness of tobacco and e-cigarettes in the life-worlds of young people to avoid naturalising a ‘gateway’ logic of connection that might ultimately inform the associative logic of young users themselves, and potentially the development of their usage careers.

Nicotine dependence plays a critical role in addiction to tobacco products, and thus contributes to a variety of devastating tobacco-related diseases (SGR 2014). Annual costs associated with smoking in the US are estimated to be between $289 and $333 billion. Effective interventions for nicotine dependence, especially in smokers, are a critical barrier to the eradication of tobacco-related diseases. This overview highlights research presented at the Plenary Symposium of Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Conference (BBC), hosted by the UT Health Science Center San Antonio, on March 9-10, 2013. The Plenary Symposium focused on tobacco addiction, and covered topics ranging from basic science to national policy. As in previous years, the meeting brought together globally-renowned scientists, graduate student recruits, and young scientists from underrepresented populations in Texas and other states with the goal of fostering interest in drug addiction r...

Introduction: This Hungarian cross-sectional study examined patterns and differences in suicide risk factors across various suicidality groups, including individuals with single or multiple suicide attempts, as well as gender-specific variations. Additionally, it explored these risk factors within a biopsychosocial framework to offer a comprehensive understanding of their interconnected effects.

Materials and methods: A total of 300 psychiatric inpatients were recruited from Péterfy Sandor Hospital in Budapest, Hungary, including 146 individuals (48.67%) with a history of suicide attempts and 154 (51.33%) without such a history. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 85 years, with a mean age of 37.98 years (SD = 12.80 for suicide attempters, 13.72 for non-attempters). The overall sample comprised 83 males (27.7%) and 217 females (72.3%). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of demographic characteristics, life history variables, and psychiatric diagnoses on suicide risk, aiming to identify significant predictors of suicide attempts within a biopsychosocial framework.

Results: Depression was the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in the sample. Significant predictors of suicide attempts included family history of suicide (OR = 2.283, p = 0.015), prescription drug misuse (OR = 1.900, p = 0.047), and nicotine dependence (OR = 1.869, p = 0.035). In repeated suicide attempts, bipolar disorder (OR = 5.761, p = 0.006), borderline personality disorder (OR = 5.132, p = 0.003), depression (OR = 4.064, p = 0.004), and job loss (OR = 4.348, p = 0.031) emerged as the strongest predictors. Among men, job loss (OR = 4.074, p = 0.014) was a prominent risk factor, while among women, having two or more children (OR = 2.740, p = 0.036) and a family history of suicide (OR = 2.459, p = 0.028) significantly increased suicide risk. Relationship conflict was also associated with higher risk in women (OR = 0.382, p = 0.035).

Conclusions: Our research supports the notion that suicide risk factors interact with one another, and in certain cases, their effects may be synergistic—mutually reinforcing—rather than antagonistic. Similarly, protective factors also appear to amplify each other’s impact, suggesting a cumulative and interactive model of both risk and resilience.

Introduction: Bullying victimization is a common experience among adolescents. Victimization is associated with negative consequences including negative mental outcomes, poor academic results, and poor social relationships. We describe the various forms of bullying victimization and the predictors of victimization among in-school adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. We conducted a cross-sectional study among in-school adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. Using a multistage sampling technique, 450 respondents were selected from public and private schools We used an adapted, validated, pretested and interviewer-administered peer victimization scale questionnaire to collect information from respondents. We conducted a descriptive statistic, bivariate and multivariate analysis at 5% level of significance. Results: Of the 450 respondents, 182 (40.4%) were in early adolescence and 220 (48.9%) were females. The mean age of respondents was 15.2 ± 1.9 years. Two hundred and thirty (51.1%), 102 (22.7%), 38 (8.4%), 161 (35.8) respondents had experienced physical, verbal, relational and damage-toproperty victimization respectively. Overall, 295 (65.6%) had experienced at least one type of bullying victimization. Being in junior class (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.1, 95% CI= 1.2-3.5) being in a boarding school (aOR: 3.4, 95% CI= 1.7-6.8), having friends that influence decisions (aOR: 2.5 (1.1-5.6), not smoking (aOR: 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1-10.0) and not knowing school policy on bullying (aOR: 2.1, 95% CI= 1.2-3.8) were independent predictors of bullying victimization. There is a high prevalence of bullying victimization among in-school adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. We recommend that school policy should protect junior students and those in boarding schools from victimization.

Perkembangan teknologi digital dan media realitas virtual (VR) telah menciptakan fenomena baru dalam perilaku manusia, yaitu adiksi internet dan VR. Artikel ini menganalisis dampak neuropsikologis dari adiksi internet dan media realitas virtual terhadap plastisitas otak, serta mengkaji implikasi klinis dari perubahan neurobiologis tersebut. Melalui tinjauan literatur sistematis terhadap studi neuroimaging dan penelitian klinis, artikel ini mengungkapkan bahwa adiksi internet dan VR menyebabkan perubahan signifikan pada struktur dan fungsi otak, khususnya pada jaringan kontrol eksekutif, sistem reward, dan konektivitas fungsional antar region otak. Studi menunjukkan bahwa antara 2-20% pengguna VR mengalami penggunaan kompulsif, dengan prevalensi serupa dengan adiksi gaming dan media sosial (Ghiță et al., 2023). Perubahan neuroplastisitas yang terjadi melibatkan alterasi pada neurotransmitter dopamin, modifikasi struktur dendrit, dan reorganisasi jaringan saraf. Temuan ini menunjukkan perlunya pengembangan strategi intervensi berbasis neuroplastisitas untuk mengatasi adiksi teknologi digital.

Objectives-Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with poor smoking cessation outcomes. One reason may be that smokers with high AS smoke differently (i.e., to manage negative affect and uncomfortable bodily sensations) than other smokers, leading to stronger addiction (due to an affect/sensation based and thereby highly variable rather than a regular smoking routine). Thus, we examined the relationship between AS and smoking variability in a group of treatment-seeking smokers. Methods-Participants (N = 136; 52.2% female; M age = 44.19 years, SD = 11.29) were daily smokers with elevated AS (AS≥20 on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index 16-item at prescreen) recruited as part of a larger randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation. Most participants were Caucasian (73%), educated (with 76% attending some college), unmarried (73%), and employed full-time (56%). They smoked, on average, 17 cigarettes per day.

People from age groups 16–22 years old show the highest inclination towards smoking which places colleges and universities in the unique position to employ restrictive methods to create a smoke-free campusand also impart youth towards tobacco free lifestyle.The present study was conducted through a survey-based questionnaire to assess the prevalence, knowledge, attitude, behavior and interpersonal factors related to the use of tobacco among university students.

Smoking is the most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This nicotine addiction is mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinforcement, and finally to develop efficient smoking cessation treatments. We used a novel lentiviral system to re-express exclusively high-affinity nAChRs on either dopaminergic (DAergic) or g-aminobutyric acidreleasing (GABAergic) neurons, or both, in the VTA. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we show that, contrary to widely accepted models, the activation of GABA neurons in the VTA plays a crucial role in the control of nicotine-elicited DAergic activity. Our results demonstrate that both positive and negative motivational values are transmitted through the dopamine (DA) neuron, but that the concerted activity of DA and GABA systems is necessary for the reinforcing actions of nicotine through burst firing of DA neurons. This work identifies the GABAergic interneuron as a potential target for smoking cessation drug development.

Although, there are considerable works on the neural mechanisms of reward-based learning and decision making, and most of them mention that addiction can be explained by malfunctioning in these cognitive processes, there are very few computational models. This paper focuses on nicotine addiction, and a computational model for nicotine addiction is proposed based on the neurophysiological basis of addiction. The model compromises different levels ranging from molecular basis to systems level, and it demonstrates three different possible behavioral patterns which are addict, nonaddict, and indecisive. The dynamical behavior of the proposed model is investigated with tools used in analyzing nonlinear dynamical systems, and the relation between the behavioral patterns and the dynamics of the system is discussed.

Article refers to behavioral patterns of tobacco addiction of students at some universities in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study results showed that 76.85% of students have non-smoking and 20.0% of students currently smoke. For 20% above, there is 27.6% of the students have mild addiction, 26.7% of students have moderate addiction and 22.9% of students have trend addiction. This really is a concerning figure for tobacco addiction behavior in particular and cultural life of Vietnam in general.

lease, paroxetine, or placebo in conjunction with mood stabilizers (3). Lack of efficacy appears to be an overall greater risk than induction of mania for most depressed bipolar patients who receive adjunctive antidepressants. The STEP-BD study did not evaluate depression outcomes with highly noradrenergic antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, but their apparent higher risk for induction of mania relative to predominantly serotonergic or dopaminergic antidepressants (4) would seem to prompt caution if one chose to expose a bipolar patient to other noradrenergic agents, especially those not studied in bipolar disorder, such as atomoxetine.

Araştırma lise öğrencilerinde sosyal görünüş kaygısını ve bu kaygının sigara kullanımı üzerine etkisini belirleyebilmek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini Ağrı ili merkezinde bulunan lise öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri 2020 yılının mayıs ayı içerisinde kişisel bilgi formu ve sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği kullanılarak 674 öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Veri toplama formları online programlar aracılığı ile oluşturulmuş, paylaşılmış ve toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan lise öğrencilerinin yaş ortalaması 16.28±1.26, sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği puan ortalaması 35.83±14.10 olarak bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin %58.3'ü ders başarı durumunu, %84.3'ü ekonomik durumunu orta düzey olarak tanımlamıştır. Aynı şekilde öğrencilerin %68.4'ü ailesinde, %68.5'i arkadaşları arasında sigara içen bireylerin var olduğunu ve %28.9'u kendisinin sigara kullandığını ifade etmiştir. Sigara kullanan ve deneyen öğrecilerin hiç kullanmayanlara göre sosyal görünüş kaygısı puan ortalamasının yüksek olduğu ve aradaki farkın anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: Öğrencilerin sosyal görünüş kaygısının sigara kullanımı üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğrencilerin sigaraya başlama nedenlerinde en fazla merak olduğu için liselerde bağımlılığa yönelik daha güçlü bilgilendirmeler yapılması var olan merakın bilgi yolu ile giderilmesi önerilebilir.

Araştırma lise öğrencilerinde sosyal görünüş kaygısını ve bu kaygının sigara kullanımı üzerine etkisini belirleyebilmek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini Ağrı ili merkezinde bulunan lise öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri 2020 yılının mayıs ayı içerisinde kişisel bilgi formu ve sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği kullanılarak 674 öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Veri toplama formları online programlar aracılığı ile oluşturulmuş, paylaşılmış ve toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan lise öğrencilerinin yaş ortalaması 16.28±1.26, sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği puan ortalaması 35.83±14.10 olarak bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin %58.3'ü ders başarı durumunu, %84.3'ü ekonomik durumunu orta düzey olarak tanımlamıştır. Aynı şekilde öğrencilerin %68.4'ü ailesinde, %68.5'i arkadaşları arasında sigara içen bireylerin var olduğunu ve %28.9'u kendisinin sigara kullandığını ifade etmiştir. Sigara kullanan ve deneyen öğrecilerin hiç kullanmayanlara göre sosyal görünüş kaygısı puan ortalamasının yüksek olduğu ve aradaki farkın anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: Öğrencilerin sosyal görünüş kaygısının sigara kullanımı üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğrencilerin sigaraya başlama nedenlerinde en fazla merak olduğu için liselerde bağımlılığa yönelik daha güçlü bilgilendirmeler yapılması var olan merakın bilgi yolu ile giderilmesi önerilebilir.

A study to assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching(VAT) on knowledge and attitude of adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction. This study was under taken with objectives to: Develop a VAT for the adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction, To assess and evaluate the knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT and to find the relationship between post test knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT. The conceptual framework adopted for the study was based on System Model (input process output)by open system model by Ludwig Von Bertalanffys in the year (1980). The data was collected, analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for the analysis of the data. The mean knowledge scores was19.4 with a median of 19.5 and a standard deviation of 3.32 against the maximum score of 32. The mean attitude score was 49.28 with a median of 50 and a standard deviation of 4.64 against the maximum score of 60. The range obtained between 40-60 (96%) indicates a positive attitude among students.

Alcohol is found to contribute to everyday life of young people. Frequent heavy drinking, violent behavior under influence of alcohol are typical for youths. Unreasonable over-consumption of alcohol might have direct impact on their health in adulthood, as initially controlled amount of alcohol drinking can gradually lead to abuse and further, to alcohol addiction. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol consumption and to notify knowledge of the harmful effects of alcohol on human body. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 276 fifth-year students (including 206 men and 70 women). Students filled out an anonymous questionnaire containing AUDIT test. Results. Risky model of alcohol consumption was observed among 75.72% of students whereas alcohol-addicted group accounted for 1.81%. The remaining group of students (22.47%) was reported as harmful alcohol consumption model. Beer was the most often consumed alcohol. Conclusions. Abstinence from drinking alcohol is a rarely observed phenomenon among students of the Academy of Physical Education. Future PE teachers should be urgently motivated to educate and to encourage youths about healthy life style.

A study to assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching(VAT) on knowledge and attitude of adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction. This study was under taken with objectives to: Develop a VAT for the adolescent regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction, To assess and evaluate the knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT and to find the relationship between post test knowledge and attitude of adolescence regarding harmful effects of nicotine addiction before and after the administration of VAT. The conceptual framework adopted for the study was based on System Model (input process output)by open system model by Ludwig Von Bertalanffys in the year (1980). The data was collected, analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for the analysis of the data. The mean knowledge scores was19.4 with a median of 19.5 and a standard deviation of 3.32 against the maximum score of 32. The mean attitude score was 49.28 with a median of 50 and a standard deviation of 4.64 against the maximum score of 60. The range obtained between 40-60 (96%) indicates a positive attitude among students.

The current study aimed to investigate the changes in tobacco usage and their correlations among students from a private university in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the lockdown periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was designed as a cross-sectional study in which 572 students participated, of which 207 were smokers, in a self-administered online survey on Google Classrooms through Google Forms. The socioeconomic characteristics of the participants, as well as COVID-19 and tobacco use-related information, were collected using a close-ended questionnaire. Participating students were asked if their tobacco consumption had changed during the COVID-19 lockdowns compared to before the pandemic. Among the smokers, 31.9% stated that their tobacco use had increased during the extended lockdown periods imposed by the authorities to contain the coronavirus infection, while the rest reported no change in their behavior. Tobacco intake in the form of cigarette smoking was substantially increased among the participants who thought the lockdown period was more stressful than pre-COVID times (aOR = 5.767, 95% CI: 2.5-13.26, p < 0.001), participants whose caffeine intake increased (aOR = 3.524, 95% CI: 1.70-7.29, p < 0.002), participants who attended any social events during lockdowns (aOR = 2.720, 95% CI: 1.26-5.86, p < 0.012), and those who reported it was difficult to procure cigarettes during the lockdown periods (aOR = 2.932, 95% CI: 1.36-6.32, p < 0.007). This study explored those stressful conditions due to extended lockdowns, higher caffeine intake, and difficulty in getting cigarettes were significant factors for increased tobacco use among the selected students.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as a new paradigm in nicotine delivery systems. Although they are marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco, public perceptions of their safety and utility vary widely. This study aims to understand the percentage of use, factors associated, perceptions, and attitudes about e-cigarettes among Ecuadorian adults. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the Ecuadorian population aged 18-65 years through a convenience sample, using a structured online questionnaire designed to collect responses from voluntary participants over three months, from February to April 2023. The questionnaire assessed the respondents' attitudes and perceptions towards e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and adjusted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with e-cigarette use. RESULTS Out of a total of 3047 Ecuadorian adults, the percentage of e-cigarette ever use was 27.9% (n=850), with 19.4% being current users and 8.5% former users. A negative stance towards e-cigarettes was predominant, with 66.3% considering e-cigarette use a public health problem in Ecuador. A significant association was observed between e-cigarette use and perceived harmfulness (p<0.001). Among non-users, there was a predominant stance in favor of control measures and disapproval of e-cigarette use among minors (p<0.001). The factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes included being health personnel (AOR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.26-1.80). Older age (aged >24 years) and a history of tobacco use were associated with lower e-cigarette use (current users, OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.25-0.38; previous users, OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.18-0.28). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight a significant percentage of e-cigarette use among Ecuadorian adults, especially among younger groups. There is a need for comprehensive public health education about e-cigarettes in Ecuador. There is strong support from the public for control measures, suggesting the potential acceptability of regulations concerning e-cigarettes.

La hipertensión arterial es un padecimiento multifactorial con incidencia y prevalencia crecientes en nuestro país, por lo que es considerado como un problema de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de establecer su prevalencia en pacientes que acuden a las Clínicas Odontológicas de la FES Iztacala, relacionándola con la edad, sexo, tabaquismo, obesidad, alcoholismo y diabetes. Se estableció una prevalencia del 18%, entre 1,085 pacientes, que en las mujeres fue superior con 19.7% contra un 14.8% en hombres, aumentando de manera notoria a partir de los 35 años y casi la mitad de los pacientes hipertensos, tenía entre 45 y 64 años. El 83% de ellos no fumaba y el 84% no ingería alcohol. El 48.5% de los hipertensos tenía algún familiar con esta afección y tres cuartas partes de éstos tuvieron una condición de normalidad en la relación peso-talla. A la luz de nuestros resultados no parece que alguna de las condiciones relacionadas con la hipertensión, sea relevante para...

Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Of these, 80% report smoking every day and 20% smoke some but not all days. The findings also indicated that 39.8% of current smokers, or more than 13 million Americans, had stopped smoking for at least 1 day in the preceding 12 months because they were trying to quit. However, even with currently available medications and counseling, only about one in four smokers who use these therapeutics is able to quit and maintain long-term abstinence . Thus, there is a critical need to develop new approaches to the treatment of nicotine dependence . Therapeutic vaccines for drug addiction, mainly for cocaine addiction, have been in development for years. Researchers have been exploring immunotherapy for smoking addiction, primarily in the form of a vaccine against nicotine. Multiple nicotine vaccines are currently under development . The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against nicotine, and the nicotine-antibody molecules are too large to pass from the blood into the brain. Preclinical studies of short-and long-term administration of nicotine found that one of the nicotine vaccines reduced the distribution of nicotine into the brain in rats by up to 65% . Studies of rats taught to self-administer nicotine found that vaccinated rats self-administered nicotine at statistically lower levels than unvaccinated rats . Two studies have shown that the vaccine is well tolerated and highly immunogenic in human smokers . Cornuz et al. showed that point prevalence of abstinence 2 months after vaccination was different, although not statistically, between smokers who received the vaccine versus those who received the placebo. Not all smokers achieved high antibody levels. When cessation rates were analyzed based on antibody levels, smokers with the highest antibody levels showed significantly higher continuous abstinence from Month 2 to Month 6 than those with medium or low antibody levels. Yet, despite the success of the vaccine in early trials,

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Smoking is a significant public health issue in Sierra Leone, contributing to various chronic diseases and premature mortality. In Falaba District, where access to healthcare and health education is limited, smoking remains a challenge. This journal aims to present effective strategies for reducing smoking prevalence in the district, focusing on public health interventions, community engagement, policy enforcement, and educational programs.

To investigate the effect of nicotine exposure starting before coitus and continuing during pregnancy and lactation period on delivery rate, fetal growth and nicotine addiction in rats. Material and Methods: Ten female Swiss Albino rats were divided into 2 groups as the nicotine group (NG) (n=5), and the control group (n=5), conceived by adding 2 male rats to each group. While the control group was given only normal drinking water, 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day nicotine was given to the NG in drinking water. After delivery, the BWs of pups were recorded weekly for 6 weeks and their drinking water preferences were assessed. Meanwhile, pups of the NG continued to receive 0.4 mg/kg/day nicotine for 12 months while the controls continued with normal drinking water. Results: At the end of the 6 th week, it was determined that 30 (69%) rats out of 43 in the NG and only 7 rats (20%) out of 35 in the control group preferred the nicotine added drinking water (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between control and NGs in postnatal birth weights and BWs recorded for 6 weeks. On the contrary, a significant decrease (p< 0.05) was observed in the BWs of NG at the end of 12 months nicotine exposure. Conclusion: Use of maternal nicotine in pregnancy and lactation periods, even at a low dose, may be effective in nicotine addiction development although it may not affect delivery rate, and BWs of pups after delivery and during six weeks follow up in the lactation period.