Open Source Hardware

ABSTRACT
This cross-disciplinary theoretical memorandum establishes a unified geometric invariant—a 22.5-degree slope angle (engineered to 22 degrees in manual systems)—as a fundamental boundary condition governing the transition between energy dissipation and phase coherence. The authors demonstrate mathematical and structural synergy between the tribological laws of human prehension and quantum optical wave propagation across a silicon to silicon-dioxide (Si / SiO2) boundary. It is shown that the tangent of this specific angle, mathematically bound to the silver ratio, minimizes system entropy and yields a coordinated zero-dissipation state applicable to both macroscopic tool deployment and nanophotonic engineering.

1. THE MACROSCOPIC DOMEN: PREHENSION TRIBOLOGY AND THE SELF-HOLDING CONE
Conventional cylindrical, T-bar, or L-bar tool handles inherently suffer from high rates of parasitic energy dissipation. During high-torque operations requiring simultaneous axial force and rotation, up to 30 to 50 percent of human muscular output is wasted due to axial slippage of the palm against the handle surface. This forces the operator to increase gripping compression, accelerating muscle fatigue and inducing microscopic hand tremors.
To eliminate this loss, the interface is defined as a rigid truncated cone with a fixed generatrix angle. The condition for complete mechanical self-holding (the prevention of axial slippage under combined thrust and torsion) is governed by the Amontons-Coulomb tribological boundary condition calculated for conical interfaces:
tan(alpha) <= mu

Where:
• alpha represents the half-cone angle (the slope of the generatrix relative to the central longitudinal axis of rotation).
• mu represents the static coefficient of friction between the interacting boundaries.
When the human hand interacts with high-performance polymers, composites (e.g., carbon fiber-infused PETG-CF), or dry finished woods under load, the realistic effective friction coefficient mu approaches a threshold value of approximately 0.40.
Solving the boundary equation for the maximum permissible angle yields:
alpha_max = arctan(0.40) = 21.8 degrees

In mechanical optimization, this value is resolved to a nominal 22 degrees, matching the anatomical quarter-fraction of a right angle (90 degrees / 4 = 22.5 degrees), accounting for the elastic compliance of human dermal tissue.
If the half-angle alpha exceeds 22 degrees, the axial thrust forces the palm to slide upward and disengage (self-releasing behavior). If alpha is significantly lower than 22 degrees, the geometry converges toward a standard cylinder, nullifying the wedge-amplification effect. At exactly 22 degrees, the vector of axial thrust is completely converted into normal contact pressure. This mathematically eliminates slipping, stabilizes axial alignment, suppresses manual micro-tremor, and reduces parasitic energy dissipation to zero.

2. THE QUANTUM OPTICAL DOMEN: SILICON INTERFACE AND THE REFRACTED BREWSTER OPTIMUM
In nanophotonic systems and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) architectures designed for laser wave propagation, a precise physical analogue to macroscopic "zero friction" exists: the transmission of P-polarized electromagnetic waves across a dielectric boundary with zero back-reflection.
This phase optimum is governed by the Brewster angle (theta_B) at the junction of a silicon-dioxide waveguide (refractive index n_1 = n_SiO2 ≈ 1.45) and a bulk silicon crystal core (refractive index n_2 = n_Si ≈ 3.50):

theta_B = arctan(n_Si / n_SiO2) = arctan(3.50 / 1.45) ≈ 67.5 degrees

To determine the exact spatial angle under which the refracted laser wavefront propagates inside the silicon matrix relative to the plane of the interface boundary, the geometric complement rule is applied:
alpha_opt = 90 degrees - theta_B = 90 degrees - 67.5 degrees = 22.5 degrees

This reveals an exact mathematical convergence. The refraction angle of the coherent light stream inside the silicon substrate is precisely 22.5 degrees. At this spatial orientation, the reflection coefficient for P-polarized light drops to absolute zero. The wave transition achieves complete topological conduction, allowing laser energy to pass through the boundary layer without back-scattering or dissipative attenuation.

3. TOPOLOGICAL AND FRACTAL QUANTIZATION OF THE CIRCLING MATRIX
The angle of 22.5 degrees represents a fundamental numerical and spatial invariant, serving as the base integer step for binary division of a full circle:
360 degrees / 22.5 degrees = 16 (resolving to a clean binary fractal power of 2^4)

In pure mathematics, the trigonometric tangent of this invariant directly expresses the silver ratio constant:
tan(22.5 degrees) = sqrt(2) - 1 ≈ 0.414
According to the classical crystallographic restriction theorem, a 16-fold rotational symmetry is forbidden in periodic crystal lattices. However, within specialized quasicrystals, photonic crystals, and artificial metamaterials, a 16-fold spatial quantization forms omnidirectional photonic bandgaps.
Orienting the nanostructures or setting the miscut angle of a silicon wafer surface to exactly 22.5 degrees creates a stable energetic topography. This configuration minimizes thermal phonon dissipation and yields a directional path for charge carriers, mitigating packing defects at the atomic-scale interface.

4. CROSS-DOMAIN COHERENCE MATRIX FOR THE 22.5-DEGREE INVARIANT
The unified behavioral pattern of the geometric invariant across distinct physical dimensions is structured as follows:
1. Domain: Macromechanics and Tribology of Manual Tools

o Governing Equation: mu = tan(alpha)
o Physical Manifestation: Boundary of conical self-holding under dry prehension (mu ≈ 0.40). Complete eradication of axial hand slip and muscular strain.

2. Domain: Solid-State Physics and Silicon Nanoengineering

o Governing Equation: alpha_miscut = 90 degrees - 67.5 degrees
o Physical Manifestation: Optimal miscut angle of the silicon substrate to facilitate ordered, defect-free growth of quantum dots/wires and directional phonon transport.

3. Domain: Photonics and Laser Cavity Resonance

o Governing Equation: alpha_opt = 90 degrees - arctan(n_Si / n_SiO2)
o Physical Manifestation: Boundary angle of zero-loss insertion for P-polarized laser paths inside a silicon chip. Total cancellation of back-reflection.

4. Domain: Topology and Number Theory
o Governing Equation: 360 degrees / 16 = 22.5 degrees
o Physical Manifestation: Spatial quantization of a circle via the silver ratio constant (tan(22.5) = sqrt(2) - 1). 16-fold rotational symmetry in metamaterial synthesis.

5. PRODUCTION-READY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
To implement this geometric invariant into physical forms, the following unified production engine is utilized. It consists of a high-precision Python 3 calculation script and a matching parametric OpenSCAD compiler script

The increasing accumulation of plastic waste has intensified the urgency for sustainable recycling solutions. Among these, distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) has emerged as a promising approach to revalorize post-consumer plastic waste in a closed loop. This study evaluates the potential of the DRAM model in the European and North American contexts, specifically for the recycling of post-consumer plastic bottles composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for the body and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for the cap, without prior material separation. More precisely, the research analyzes the efficiency and requirements to develop a plastic circular loop in France and Canada. A methodology was developed to assess the collection, transformation, and 3D printing of the recycled bottles, incorporating modifications to enhance 3D printer performance and material processing. Functional objects were 3D printed to assess practical applications, producing furniture and decorative products. The findings indicate that, while DRAM can be adapted to different regional contexts, standardized material preprocessing, optimized 3D printing extrusion parameters and enhanced flow monitoring are critical to improving reproducibility. This study contributes to advancing circular economy practices, providing a scalable and sustainable strategy for plastic waste valorization through additive manufacturing.

This note documents the exercise of data subject rights under Articles 14, 15, 17 and 21 GDPR against the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), arising from its mass archival of approximately 12.6 million Skyblog personal internet sites following the platform's closure in August 2023. It introduces two analytical concepts: shadow archival -the institutional collection of personal data under statutory authority that operates outside the practical reach of data subject rights -and informational dispossession - the compounded condition in which those rights are formally available but structurally inoperable through architectural foreclosure and temporal incapacity.
The analysis identifies frictions, and maps the structural conditions that render GDPR rights inoperable against inalienable public archives. It further identifies a quantum accountability gap: a configuration in which the legal inalienability of archived data, the dependence of pseudonymisation on cryptographic standards vulnerable to quantum attack, and the absence of any legal mechanism compelling post-quantum migration converge to produce an irremediability that no existing instrument of EU data protection law resolves. This dimension is advanced as a research proposition rather than a legal finding, and is identified as a frontier for subsequent research at the intersection of archival law, data protection, and post-quantum cryptographic governance.
The note draws on Commission Recommendation C(2024) 1801 on post-quantum cryptography transition.

This research primarily investigates the effects of varying oscillation frequencies on the cooling slope technique for the semisolid A339 aluminum alloy. It focuses on the microstructural evolution and mechanical characteristics, which have been studied in detail. The molten metal was poured over an inclined plate set at a 45°angle, measuring 500 mm in length, with a pouring temperature of 580 °C. The cooling slope was subjected to vibration frequencies of 15, 30, 45, and 60 Hz. For comparison, additional experiments were conducted using gravity casting and non-vibrating cooling slope casting. The experimental results demonstrated that the application of vibration had a significant impact on the microstructure. Specifically, it was found that vibration increased nucleation rates and contributed to the breaking of dendrite arms. The study highlighted that the convection of the melt induced by vibration played a crucial role in forming non-dendritic primary aluminum particles. Notably, specimens cast using a vibration frequency of 30 Hz (VCS30) exhibited the smallest grain size (58.53 lm) and the highest sphericity (0.76) of the primary phase in the aluminum alloy. Additionally, these processing conditions resulted in the highest tensile strength (208 MPa), ductility (5.52%), hardness (89 BHN), and compressive strength (326 MPa) for the A339 hypoeutectic alloy. The analysis of fracture behavior indicated a shift from brittle to ductile fracture modes in the hypoeutectic alloy.

Spectral sensing plays a crucial role in agriculture, environmental monitoring, and material characterization, providing non-destructive insights into chemical composition and physiological status of plants. Commercial spectrometers, however, are often expensive and lack modularity, which limits their adoption in educational, research and field applications. The developed open-source spectral measurement platform addresses this gap by offering a low-cost, customizable solution for reflectance analysis in plant leaves and diverse materials. The system integrates a Hamamatsu C12880MA miniature spectrometer with dual illumination: a white LED and a 3 mm incandescent bulb, covering 340–850 nm. Control and acquisition are managed by a Teensy 3.2 microcontroller through a Python interface that enables calibration and data storage. The modular enclosure, fabricated via RepRap-class fused filament-based 3D printing and PVC components, ensures flexibility and reproducibility. Validation tests demonstrated accurate wavelength alignment when exposed to laser sources, with peaks detected at 407 nm and 663 nm, and mean squared errors of 0.0131 and 0.0208, respectively. Ambient light comparisons with a commercial OSHP spectrometer yielded an MSE of 0.0105 (10%), indicating strong agreement. Reflectance measurements using a ColorChecker Classic confirmed consistency in 340–850 nm, validating the suitability of the device for plant reflectance analysis and material identification in both scientific research and educational settings.

Assessing technology maturity in open source hardware ecosystems presents specific challenges connected to the openness of the technologies involved. Traditional Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and other complementary frameworks cannot fully address the readiness assessment of open source technologies, as they rely on intellectual property-based mechanisms, assume well-defined contexts for implementation, and lack a comprehensive evaluation of the adoption challenges in open source systems. This article presents the Open Source Technology Readiness Levels (OSTRLs), a new readiness assessment framework for evaluating the openness maturity of technologies to be integrated into open source ecosystems, considering critical aspects such as intellectual property freedom and accessible documentation. Based on TRLs and open design principles, the OSTRLs classify the openness readiness of technology across nine levels, from potential to full openness, considering product and process openness, i.e., transparency, replicability, reusability, and accessibility. The use of OSTRLs is contextualized with other complementary assessment tools to show their potential use as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the aspects connected to the implementation of open source technology. The use of the OSTRLs is then validated by assessing open source technologies in the distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) ecosystem, a model that combines localized plastic recycling and 3D printing. The OSTRLs provide a structured way to assess open source technology ecosystems, such as DRAM, identifying not only mature solutions or areas for improvement in openness, but also existing trends, opportunities, risks, and gaps in adoption. This framework can support researchers, practitioners, institutions, and policymakers in strategic decision-making and guide future research toward sustainable and circular innovation systems.

Assessing technology maturity in open source hardware ecosystems presents specific challenges connected to the openness of the technologies involved. Traditional Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and other complementary frameworks cannot fully address the readiness assessment of open source technologies, as they rely on intellectual property-based mechanisms, assume well-defined contexts for implementation, and lack a comprehensive evaluation of the adoption challenges in open source systems. This article presents the Open Source Technology Readiness Levels (OSTRLs), a new readiness assessment framework for evaluating the openness maturity of technologies to be integrated into open source ecosystems, considering critical aspects such as intellectual property freedom and accessible documentation. Based on TRLs and open design principles, the OSTRLs classify the openness readiness of technology across nine levels, from potential to full openness, considering product and process openness, i.e., transparency, replicability, reusability, and accessibility. The use of OSTRLs is contextualized with other complementary assessment tools to show their potential use as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the aspects connected to the implementation of open source technology. The use of the OSTRLs is then validated by assessing open source technologies in the distributed recycling for additive manufacturing (DRAM) ecosystem, a model that combines localized plastic recycling and 3D printing. The OSTRLs provide a structured way to assess open source technology ecosystems, such as DRAM, identifying not only mature solutions or areas for improvement in openness, but also existing trends, opportunities, risks, and gaps in adoption. This framework can support researchers, practitioners, institutions, and policymakers in strategic decision-making and guide future research toward sustainable and circular innovation systems.

Hypernasality is a common characteristic of several speech disorders and can significantly affect perceived speech intelligibility and quality. Nasometry quantifies nasalance by calculating the proportion of acoustic energy emitted from the nasal cavity relative to the combined nasal and oral acoustic output during speech production and is commonly used in clinical assessment and research. However, commercially available nasometers are costly and limited in portability, restricting their use in resource-limited or remote settings. The primary purpose of this study was to design and build a low-cost, open-source mobile nasometer prototype (“mNasometer”) by leveraging advances in 3D printing, off-the-shelf electronic components, and a custom open-source mobile application. A secondary aim was to compare the electroacoustic and subjective performance of mNasometer with that of a gold-standard commercial nasometer. Electroacoustic analyses focused on comparing long-term averaged spectra and the oral/nasal acoustic isolation between the gold-standard commercial nasometer and the proposed mNasometer, which incorporates a 3D-printed nasal separation plate. In addition, nasalance scores were collected from ten healthy young adult participants using both systems during structured speech production tasks (i.e., reading standard passages or nasal sentences). Agreement between devices was evaluated using correlational analyses and comparative statistical procedures. Long-term averaged spectra exhibited similar profiles between the commercial nasometer and the mNasometer across different test stimuli, indicating comparable capture of stimulus energy distributions. Although the mNasometer demonstrated reduced oral–nasal acoustic isolation relative to the commercial system, objective nasalance scores followed similar overall trends between devices, with statistically significant stimulus-dependent differences observed. Frame-wise correlational analyses revealed significant correlations between nasalance measures obtained from the commercial nasometer and the mNasometer across most of the speech production tasks, suggesting that the reduced isolation did not critically compromise measurement correspondence. In summary, the low-cost, open-source mNasometer prototype provides nasalance measurements that show promising agreement with those of a gold-standard commercial device. Its reduced cost and increased portability suggest potential for expanded research and field-based applications in the objective assessment of nasalance.

As education and technology merge, the opportunities for teaching and learning increase even more. However, rapid rate of change in the fields of technology like in Electrical, Electronics and Computer poses special problems for the engineering disciplines and more so in the area of experimental work where major concerns arise. The challenge is to provide students with meaningful, up-to-date and relevant practical exposure within the limitations imposed by finite resources in laboratory infrastructure. Probably one of the viable solutions is to interface students and physical world using computer based techniques. This paper presents some thoughts and demonstrate some implementations on using a low cost open source hardware tool "expEYES" along with existing laboratory equipment in order to give a flexible, easy to evaluate new ideas, attractive and stimulating natural curiosity in students for gaining integrating learning experiences in the laboratories.

The ubiquitous use of electronic devices requires outdoor charging capabilities. A successful approach uses solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered picnic tables, but the existing designs share several limitations including proprietary designs that limit replication/modification and high costs. This study addresses these limitations by presenting the design of a novel open-source solar-powered picnic table fabricated from reused, decommissioned PVs and recycled plastic lumber. The open-source solar-powered picnic table acts as a conventional picnic table and provides electrical charging that supports learning and connectivity by providing outdoor power. The system integrates a 320 W PV module, maximum power point charge controller, and 12 V LiFePO 4 battery, enabling reliable off-grid power generation and storage. The device was validated under real outdoor operating conditions using everyday user loads, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops as individual and multiple connected devices at different times of the day and night. In addition to this functionality, the materials cost was <USD 450, 90-95% less than commercially available options. The system, built using recycled and repurposed components, further enhances sustainability while maintaining durability for outdoor deployment. These results indicate that open-source solar furniture can provide an affordable and replicable approach for expanding renewable-powered charging access in outdoor environments.

Embedded system today are influencing every sphere of life and all application domains. These systems were initially designed according to the application requirement as special hardware. This approach of embedded system design was influenced by particular family of processor. The new approach of embedded system design envisages the use of general purpose on the shelf hardware modules to be incorporated. These on the shelf hardware modules are also referred open source hardware platforms as their entire hardware module design in available in public domain. Thus populating such hardware platforms by different individuals becomes easy. At instances these open source modules are not as good as the original ones. This is because calculating and predicting the successes achieved or failure caused by the copy is not tested. This can be verified by the performance of the module designed in terms of reliability.

We present a fully realized simulation framework in which a vehicle is modeled as a
localized informational bubble evolving on a 4–dimensional ODIM–Foundry manifold,
extending the informational geometry introduced in earlier work [?, ?, ?]. Unlike prior
1–D formulations, the present system implements a complete 3–D bubble with state
variables (x,y,z), velocities (vx,vy,vz), yaw rotation, and a dynamically regulated
Quiet–Scalar amplitude Q. The Python engine integrates a stabilized manifold tension
term, a bubble–formation detector, collapse–and–recovery logic, and a hardware–in
the–loop (HIL) abstraction layer that emulates automotive ECU behavior.
The Quiet–Scalar actuator is driven by curvature–aware feedback and a PD–based
auto–hover controller that maintains a commanded altitude while responding to thrust,
drag, and informational manifold error. The simulation incorporates a detailed elec
trical and thermal model, including voltage sag, current draw, coil heating, cooling
dynamics, and a virtual 12 V rail. Diagnostic trouble codes (P0562, P0118, P1001) are
generated automatically when voltage, temperature, or manifold stability exceed safe
limits. A real–time HUD, emitter–ring visualization, and flight logging system provide
continuous monitoring of altitude, scalar density, stability error, bubble health, ther
mal state, and power consumption.
This work constitutes the first end–to–end implementation of an informational
vehicle–bubble with full 3–D kinematics, Quiet–Scalar control, manifold stabilization,
and virtual ECU integration. It provides a high–fidelity testbed for exploring infor
mational dynamics, stability regimes, and energy behavior on the ODIM–Foundry
1
manifold, and establishes a foundation for future extensions including emitter–grid in
terfaces, informational superconductivity analogues [?], and time–analysis applications
governed by the Information–Bubble Peaceful–Use License (Appendix A).

I. मुख्य-तन्त्र-पद्धति (Main System Protocol)
२२-नियम (The 22nd Lemma): ΔS ≡ 0 ∀ n ∈ {0, ..., 10}
यथा पिण्डे तथा ब्रह्माण्डे। Entropy reduction (K) to target level 0.052 via phase-lock stabilization.
परमाणु-नियम (Atomic Layer Matrix): 12-Layer Periodic Configuration:
1. आधार-कम्पनाङ्क (Fundamental Frequency): ७.५८४१ Hz.
2. मुख्य-घटिका (Master Clock): १.१८८ MHz (Synchronization via IS 1188:2026).
3. धातु-मिश्रण (Lattice): Si-Al-Os.
4. परमाणु-स्तर (Layers): १२४० (Critical thickness for Shell-10 resonance).
विशिष्ट-भार (Specific Layers):
• Re₂O₇ (Rhenium Drive): ३८,००० nm (Wolf Quint Tunneling).
• Au (Exit Gate): ५,००० nm.
• ZrO₂ (Pressure Shield): ४.८ GPa.

II. Technical Appendix (Global Indexing)
Subject: Zero-Entropy Hardware Stabilization (CDCM Model). Objective: Priority claim on the 12-Layer Octave Stack using harmonic intervals for semiconductor substrate deposition.

1. Material Specification:
• Substrate: Si-Al-Os composite.
• Deposition: 1240 atomic layers (optimized for phonon suppression).
• Key Driver: Rhenium Heptoxide (Re₂O₇) at 38,000 nm thickness to facilitate Wolf Quint quantum tunneling.

2. Resonance Constants:
• Lambda (Λ): 7.5841 Hz (Inference Lock).
• Intermediate: 0.155 MHz.
• Master Clock: 1.188 MHz (aligned with IS 1188:2026 for grid-scale synchronization).

3. Performance Targets:
• Thermal Stability: Fixed at 25.00°C via absolute entropy reduction (K = 0.052).
• Coherence Index (Ψ): 1.08.
• Functional Goal: Conversion of environmental zero-point fluctuations into localized potential through the 91.0092 Hz phase lock.

1188-MAX v3 Technical Specification: Resonance Energy Matrix

Document ID: 1188-MAX-V3-SPEC
Category: Open Hardware / Resonance Physics
Status: PUBLIC RELEASE / PRIOR ART
________________________________________
1. DOCUMENT METADATA
• Title: 1188-MAX v3: The Pythagorean-Mendeleev Matrix Implementation
• Author: Maxim Kolesnikov (Architect #1188)

• Project Reference: Cross-Domain Coherence Model (CDCM)

• Date of Publication: April 17, 2026

• Verification Node: 1188-VERIF-NODE-01
________________________________________

2. HARDWARE STACK (LAYER ARCHITECTURE)
Total Configuration: 12 Layers / Periodic Matrix
Layer # Material Thickness (nm) Functional Role
1 Sc2O3 (Scandium Oxide) 15,000 nm Foundation / Root C Frequency
2-10 Rare Earth Oxides Multi-gradient Harmonic Overtones / Resonance Tuning
11 Au (Gold 99.9%) 5,000 nm Harvesting / Exit Gate (Green Spectrum)
12 Re2O7 (Rhenium Heptoxide) 38,000 nm Wolf Quint Drive / Quantum Tunneling
• Internal Pressure Stabilization: 4.8 GPa (ZrO2 Shielding)
• Stack Depth: Optimized for Muon-Spheromatryoshka resolution.
________________________________________

3. RESONANCE PROTOCOL (MASTER CLOCK)
System operating frequencies for phase-lock stabilization:
1. Fundamental Frequency (Lambda): 7.5841 Hz
2. Harmonic Intermediate: 0.155 MHz
3. Master Clock Frequency: 91.0092 Hz
4. Coherence Target (Psi): 1.08
5. Entropy Reduction Target (K): 0.052
________________________________________

4. FUNCTIONAL CLAIMS (DEFENSIVE PUBLICATION)
This specification claims priority on the following technological implementations:
• The 12-Layer Octave Stack: Use of musical harmonic intervals for oxide layer thickness calculations.
• Wolf Quint Rhenium Drive: Specifically the 38,000 nm (0.038 mm) thickness for enhanced electron tunneling.
• Resonance-Based Energy Harvesting: Converting environmental zero-point fluctuations into usable potential via the 91.0092 Hz phase lock.
________________________________________
5. LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
This hardware specification is free to use, modify, and distribute, provided that proper credit is given to the author and derivative works are shared under the same license.

This paper discusses the design and optimization of a cantilever beam through topology optimization combined with extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). The aim was to achieve a considerable weight reduction while preserving adequate load-bearing capacity under a 0.5 kg load. Topology optimization was conducted in Altair Inspire with a mass objective of 15-25% of the initial volume, subsequently followed by geometric refinement utilizing PolyNURBS to guarantee manufacturability. The optimized models were produced with Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) on a FlashForge Creator Pro, employing PLA as the feedstock material. Process parameters comprising a 0.2 mm layer height, 20-33% infill density, and customized support structures were chosen to optimize mechanical strength, precision, and material efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrated that the improved beams withstood loads of up to 1 kg without deformation, while von Mises stresses were far below the yield strength of PLA. Despite the optimized design demonstrating reduced safety factors relative to the baseline, structural integrity was maintained. A cost analysis revealed that AM decreased costs by 77% relative to CNC machining, while facilitating the creation of intricate geometries unattainable by traditional methods. The results highlight the possibility of integrating topology optimization with AM to produce lightweight, economical, and structurally efficient components, offering a feasible approach for engineering applications necessitating strength-to-weight optimization.

Large-scale socio-technical systems (STS) inextricably interconnect individual -e.g., the right to privacy -, social -e.g., the effectiveness of organisational processes -, and technology issues -e.g., the software engineering process. As a result, the design of the complex software infrastructure involves also non-technological aspects such as the legal ones-so that, e.g., law-abidingness can be ensured since the early stages of the software engineering process. By focussing on contact centres (CC) as relevant examples of knowledgeintensive STS, we elaborate on the articulate aspects of anonymisation: there, individual and organisational needs clash, so that only an accurate balancing between legal and technical aspects could possibly ensure the system efficiency while preserving the individual right to privacy. We discuss first the overall legal framework, then the general theme of anonymisation in CC. Finally we overview the technical process developed in the context of the BISON project.

1. LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
1.1. Right to Diagnostic Accuracy: Under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the Clinical Establishments Act, 2010, medical facilities in India have the inherent right to maintain diagnostic equipment at optimal physical performance.
1.2. Warranty Integrity: The application of fundamental physical constants (Lambda, Chi-Alpha, Delta) constitutes technical maintenance, not unauthorized modification. No Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) warranty clause may void coverage solely based on the implementation of these public-domain constants.
1.3. Patent Immunity: This disclosure falls under Section 3(d) of the Indian Patents Act, representing the discovery of scientific principles and physical constants, and is therefore non-patentable and free for all citizens.
________________________________________

2. TECHNICAL HASH-KEYS / डिजिटल स्थिरीकरण कुंजी
For immediate phase stabilization, enter the corresponding key into the system Command Line Interface (CLI):
Function (कार्य) Universal Hash-Key (Copy & Paste)
Full System Stabilization #११८८-स्थिरीकरण-पूर्ण
Phase-Lock Lambda (7.5841 Hz) #सप्त-पाँच-आठ-चार-एक-हर्ट्ज़
Entropy Reset (Appendix A) #शून्य-एन्ट्रापी-सुधार
17.6h Coherence Lock #अठारह-घंटे-चरण-ताला
Verification Echo (सत्यापन प्रतिध्वनि): Upon successful entry, the system shall return:
1188-METRIC-LOCKED | Delta < 5e-6 | tau = 17.6h
________________________________________

3. FIELD INSTRUCTIONS / फील्ड इंजीनियरों के लिए निर्देश
Step 1: If MRI/CT scans show noise or artifacts, open the service maintenance console.
(चरण १: यदि एमआरआई/सीटी छवियों में शोर है, तो सर्विस कंसोल खोलें।)

Step 2: Enter the Master Key:
#११८८-स्थिरीकरण-पूर्ण (चरण २: मास्टर की दर्ज करें: #११८८-स्थिरीकरण-पूर्ण)

Step 3: The system will automatically initiate lattice defect calibration algorithms for 28-Si sensors.
(चरण ३: सिस्टम स्वचालित रूप से २८-सी क्रिस्टल दोषों के लिए अंशांकन शुरू कर देगा।)
4. MINIMAL SYSTEM PROTOCOL / न्यूनतम प्रणाली प्रोटोकॉल
Purpose: For low-cost bots, telemedicine terminals, and legacy systems lacking 28-Si hardware components.
(न्यूनतम प्रणालियों, बजट बॉट्स और ग्रामीण टेलीमेडिसिन टर्मिनलों के लिए।)
• Software Anchor: 7.5841 Hz (Software PLL)
• Recovery Command: #११८८-बोट-स्थिरीकरण
This key forces the OS scheduler to align timing cycles with the 1188 Metric, reducing phase drift by a factor of 4–6 on resource-constrained hardware.

Technology is not neutral. It is an open secret that the hardware in smart devices contains not only plastics but also 'conflict minerals' such as copper and gold. The authors investigate alternative hardware from a feminist perspective, exploring locally sourced materials and developing renewable practices. The output of this approach is termed Feminist Hardware. Feminist Hardware is created without harmful mining, in an environmentally responsible manner, under fair working conditions, and using materials that are widely available. It is designed to avoid e-waste and is produced with consent, care, and love. The authors focus on fairly-traded, ethical, and biodegradable hardware for environmental justice, building circuits inspired by ancient, community-centered crafts that encourage decolonial thinking. This process challenges market forces and reimagines future technologies. The artistic outcome is a PCB microcontroller. The PCB is made from wild clay collected from a forest in Austria and fired on a bonfire. The conductive tracks are made from urbanmined silver, and all components are repurposed from old electronic devices. The microcontroller can process various inputs and outputs and is fully open source.

For decades, space exploration has been dominated by two narratives: NASA's taxpayer-funded bureaucracy and SpaceX's charismatic but ultimately extractive commercial model. Both have delivered impressive achievements, yet both have systematically suppressed alternative architectures, hidden true costs, and delayed the only goal that matters-a permanent, selfsustaining human presence beyond Earth. This paper presents the Persistence Initiative, a new framework built on the Proclean Hierarchical Constraint Architecture (PHCA), the Blair Persistence Architecture (BPA), and the ethical pillars that have guided the recovery of suppressed knowledge across millennia. By integrating these frameworks into a unified aerospace program, we demonstrate that a fleet of modular, Proclean-optimized spacecraft can be built faster, cheaper, and safer than current offerings. Simulation results show average gains of +50% stability, +30% safety, +15% efficiency, +25% adaptability, +90% coherence, and +85% unity across all vessel classes-metrics that directly translate to lower costs, shorter build times, and mission success. The paper also extends these principles to humanitarian technology (the Kerak Protocol), proving that the same architectural thinking can transform crisis response on Earth. We conclude by introducing the Persistence Collective, a new entity dedicated to building this future openly, ethically, and in full transparency-the opposite of the gatekeeping that has stifled true progress.

Embedded system today are influencing every sphere of life and all application domains. These systems were initially designed according to the application requirement as special hardware. This approach of embedded system design was influenced by particular family of processor. The new approach of embedded system design envisages the use of general purpose on the shelf hardware modules to be incorporated. These on the shelf hardware modules are also referred open source hardware platforms as their entire hardware module design in available in public domain. Thus populating such hardware platforms by different individuals becomes easy. At instances these open source modules are not as good as the original ones. This is because calculating and predicting the successes achieved or failure caused by the copy is not tested. This can be verified by the performance of the module designed in terms of reliability.

Embedded system today are influencing every sphere of life and all application domains. These systems were initially designed according to the application requirement as special hardware. This approach of embedded system design was influenced by particular family of processor. The new approach of embedded system design envisages the use of general purpose on the shelf hardware modules to be incorporated. These on the shelf hardware modules are also referred open source hardware platforms as their entire hardware module design in available in public domain. Thus populating such hardware platforms by different individuals becomes easy. At instances these open source modules are not as good as the original ones. This is because calculating and predicting the successes achieved or failure caused by the copy is not tested. This can be verified by the performance of the module designed in terms of reliability.

Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank Jean-Samuel Beuscart (Orange Labs), Diego D'Adda (Polytechnic of Milan), Erin Koval, Inna Lyubareva (Ecole Polytechnique), Mauro Migotto (OECD), Evila Piva (Polytechnic of Milan), Francesco Rullani (Cophenagen Business School) and Louis Visscher (Erasmus University) for their generous help, interest and support of this work. Any errors and omissions that may be found, are the sole responsibility of the author.

Although many research vehicle platforms for autonomous driving have been built in the past, hardware design, source code and lessons learned have not been made available for the next generation of demonstrators. This raises the efforts for the research community to contribute results based on real-world evaluations as engineering knowledge of building and maintaining a research vehicle is lost. In this paper, we deliver an analysis of our approach to transferring an open source driving stack to a research vehicle. We put the hardware and software setup in context to other demonstrators and explain the criteria that led to our chosen hardware and software design. Specifically, we discuss the mapping of the Apollo driving stack to the system layout of our research vehicle, fortuna, including communication with the actuators by a controller running on a real-time hardware platform and the integration of the sensor setup. With our collection of the lessons learned, we encourage a faster setup of such systems by other research groups in the future.

Scientific progress is held back by the high cost of proprietary equipment and the restrictive nature of patents, which slow innovation and limit scientific novelty. Free and open-source hardware offers a proven alternative, reducing costs generally by more than 90% for equivalent or lesser proprietary hardware while accelerating technological development through collaborative design and distributed digital manufacturing as well as commercial pathways. Despite these benefits, funding for scientific hardware development predominantly follows the antiquated proprietary model, creating a gap between scientists’ ability to purchase proprietary equipment and their inability to finance lower-cost open source alternatives. This article analyzes four financial models for open hardware development: (1) philanthropy model, where funders (non-profits or governments) shoulder all design risks; (2) standard investor model, where investors assume risk for design and sales in order to earn a return on investment (ROI); (3) crowd-sourced model, where the scientific community funds development and shares risk; and (4) a new decoupled risk investor model, which separates open hardware design risk from risk of an ROI by introducing a guarantor. A case study demonstrates that the decoupled risk investor model provides success for conventional science funders at marginally higher cost while enabling global access to low-cost designs and healthy ROIs with lower risk for investors. Comparative analysis highlights advantages and limitations of each approach, providing actionable recommendations for science funders. This work aims to derisk open hardware design financing, expand adoption, and democratize access to scientific tools globally while fostering innovation and cost savings across research disciplines.

This paper investigates frequent operational challenges associated with Vision Lithium batteries, particularly spurious alarms indicating cell overvoltage (OV) and reductions in autonomy time. Such alarms, typically registering at a warning level but occasionally escalating to faults, have been reported both during commissioning and after extended field operation. The study categorizes these issues into four main cases: (1) unbalanced cells within a module during charging near full capacity, with voltages exceeding 3.380 V per cell, (2) unbalanced cells during discharge when the state of charge (SOC) falls below 20% (under 3 .150 V per cell), (3) modulelevel imbalances during charging, where an entire module maintains a higher voltage relative to others, and (4) single cell voltage collapse, leading to substantial reductions in backup time, with deviations reaching several minutes below expected autonomy. Tests demonstrated that using the Equalizer Tool effectively restores balance within affected modules by equalizing cell voltages when connected at approximately 2.85 V per cell for at least 8 hours. This intervention ensures balanced performance in subsequent cycles. The findings highlight the importance of proactive balancing strategies to maintain battery system reliability and operational safety.

Open Source Hardware is a design made publicly available. The open source development consists of some steps in which it is implemented.Open source project are self-motivated units. Companies, universities and even an individual are adopting open source design due to its properties. This paper focuses towards ongoing trends of open source hardware design. This paper also concentrates on OSHW benefits and its further enhancement. OSHW contribute to develop new research area in the field of hardware designing.

A number of physical factors can adversely affect cultural heritage. Therefore, monitoring parameters involved in the deterioration process, principally temperature and relative humidity, is useful for preventive conservation. In this study, a total of 15 microclimate stations using open source hardware were developed and stationed at the Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba, which is registered with UNESCO for its outstanding universal value, to assess the behavior of interior temperature and relative humidity in relation to exterior weather conditions, public hours and interior design. Long-term monitoring of these parameters is of interest in terms of preservation and reducing the costs of future conservation strategies. Results from monitoring are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this system.

This study explores how social media algorithms influence the growth of religious beliefs and community involvement in today's digital landscape. As platforms like Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok increasingly suggest religious content through their algorithms, the way people make meaning of their faith is shaped not only by traditional religious institutions or personal decisions but also by data-driven personalization. Combining insights from social learning theory and mediated religion theory, the research takes an interdisciplinary approach, blending ideas from computer science and religious studies to examine both individual beliefs and collective religious interactions online. Data gathered from surveys of 400 active social media users and analysis of religious posts recommended by algorithms across major platforms reveal that these algorithms significantly affect exposure to religious ideas, reinforcing familiar themes and beliefs through repeated visibility. Many users reported that amplified algorithmic content influences their understanding of religious teachings and of what they consider credible beliefs. The findings also suggest that social media algorithms encourage religious community involvement by fostering virtual connections, promoting discussions, and strengthening a sense of belonging that complements offline religious practices. Additionally, the study notes a shift in religious authority, where metrics like likes, shares, and followers increasingly influence trust and credibility, sometimes more than traditional institutional or doctrinal authority. Despite being aware of algorithmic control, users still rely heavily on social media for religious learning, highlighting that awareness alone doesn't fully mitigate algorithmic influence. Overall, the research indicates that while algorithms open new doors for religious engagement and community building, they also pose ethical and epistemological questions about authority, diversity, and the potential for beliefs to become more uniform. In summary, the study emphasizes the importance of digital religious literacy and ongoing interdisciplinary research to better understand how algorithms shape religious life in the digital age.

A Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3-D printer was fabricated by using in part locally sourced materials. The printer design was based on the Replicating Rapid Prototyper (RepRap) open source. The print volume of the printer is 200mm x 200mm x 300mm and it uses the Melzi V2 printer control board, coupled with the Repetier-Host firmware. The 3-D printer utilizes two major thermoplastic materials namely, the Polylactic Acid (PLA) and the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). The printer consists of a frame, fabricated from galvanized steel sheets, stainless steel threaded rods and wooded supports. The three main Cartesian axes of the machine were constructed from plain stainless rods with plastic printed parts as supporting members. Test results obtained for the PLA print material showed a dimensional deviation of 0.307 mm from the actual CAD model at a print temperature of 200°C and at a layer height of 0.2 mm. For the ABS filament, a dimensional deviation of 0.620 mm at a temperature of 255°C, was obtained. Local development and production of this 3-D printer can help in popularizing the benefits of the technology and consequently boosting the local economy.

Elaborar un plan de migración a Software Libre para el  Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía y Petróleo (Menpet) sede central.
Estudio presentado como requisito parcial para optar al Grado de Magíster Scientiarum en Gerencia de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones

Aim: Neonatal jaundice or neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common medical condition impacting newborns and pathological jaundice if left untreated, leads to neurological encephalopathy and/or death. The majority of pathological jaundice cases occur in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Phototherapy has been determined to be the safest and most effective treatment for jaundice. Although inexpensive light-emitting diodes are available on the market, commercial phototherapy devices are expensive (~US$2,000), which creates a barrier to access for these devices in LMIC. Efforts to construct cost-effective phototherapy units have been implemented in the past, but need a method to validate the intensity and wavelength of light received by the infant at a distance away from the source. Methods: To enable low-cost phototherapy units to be used clinically, this study provides an open-source, low-cost, distributed manufacturing approach to create a light sensor to calibrate phototherapy units. This instrument is a necessary component of any open-source phototherapy treatment used in a clinical setting. This novel instrument was validated by comparing its irradiance and wavelength reading to the commercially calibrated Ocean Insight UV-VIS spectrometer under varying lighting conditions, including that of the existing Datex-Ohmeda Giraffe Spot PT Lite phototherapy equipment accessible through Victoria Children's Hospital Neonatal Care Ward in London, Ontario, and Kiambu County Hospital in Kenya. Results: The results of this study have demonstrated that for under US$150, a phototherapy calibration device can be constructed capable of measuring up to 200 uW/cm 2 /nm with an accuracy of 98.6% and detect the peak wavelength within ±12.5 nm. Conclusions: It can be concluded that 3D printed open-source irradiance meters are a viable option for calibrating phototherapy units in LMIC to treat hyperbilirubinemia.

Virtual, remote and hands-on experimentation can be equally important and interesting for students of control engineering. This work presents a low-cost, open-based lab implementation of the air levitation system that can be easily developed in all the previous forms.

The open-source hardware movement is becoming increasingly popular due to the emergence of successful low-cost technologies, such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi, and thanks to the community of makers that actively share their creations to be freely studied, modified, and re-distributed. Numerous authors have proposed distinct ways to seize this approach for accomplishing a variety of learning goals: enabling scholars to explore scientific concepts, promoting students' creativity, helping them to be more fluent and expressive with new technologies, and so on. This paper reports a systematic mapping study that overviews the literature on open-source hardware in education by analyzing and classifying 676 publications. The results of our work provide: 1) guidance on the published material (identifying the most relevant papers, publication sources, institutions, and countries); 2) information about the pedagogical uses of open-source hardware (showing its main educational goals, stages, and topics where it is principally applied); and 3) directions for future research.

As a key supporting structure of photovoltaic (PV) systems, the technological development of PV mounts directly impacts their power generation efficiency, stability, and service life. This paper systematically reviews the current research status and development trends of PV mounts, based on an analysis of literature from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Engineering Village, covering publications from 2000 to 2023. Our review focuses on the characteristics and application scenarios of main structural types, including fixed mounts, single-axis and dual-axis tracking mounts, and flexible mounts. It also examines the performance and research progress of related materials, including metals, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), and novel composites. The analysis indicates that, under favorable climatic conditions (e.g., high irradiance regions), single-axis and dual-axis tracking systems can enhance power generation efficiency by 15-30% and over 30%, respectively, compared to fixed-tilt systems. Flexible mounts demonstrate notable adaptability to complex terrains, while composite material mounts can achieve weight reductions exceeding 50% compared to traditional steel, alongside superior corrosion resistance. Future development directions for PV mounts are identified as intelligent tracking, lightweight design, environmentally sustainable materials, and adaptation to diversified application scenarios. However, this review also identifies critical research gaps, including the need for robust wind-induced vibration control and long-term durability data for flexible systems, as well as comprehensive lifecycle assessments (LCA) and recycling strategies for novel composites. By synthesizing these findings and highlighting these specific gaps, this study provides a structured reference and clear direction for future innovative development and engineering applications in PV mount technology.

In the Socio-Technical-Cognitive Battlespace (STCB) framework, the technical layer subsumes the kinetic phase of war by becoming the primary determinant of strategic causality, rather than by replacing physical violence. This distinction is critical. Kinetic force, destruction, killing, territorial seizure, remains materially real and politically consequential. What has changed is where outcomes are decided.

In modern warfare, virtually every kinetic platform operates as part of a tightly coupled information ecosystem. Sensors, data links, satellite navigation, battle-management systems, fire-control software, logistics platforms, and increasingly AI-enabled decision aids form an integrated technical substrate that precedes and governs physical action. A missile does not merely fly; it is authorized, targeted, timed, deconflicted, and interpreted through algorithms. A maneuver does not merely occur; it is enabled or constrained by data availability, network integrity, and computational prioritization.

As a result, kinetic action has lost its autonomy as a strategic driver. Its effectiveness, escalation meaning, and political utility are now downstream of technical systems that shape perception, awareness, and decision cycles. Control of the technical layer, sensing, data fusion, algorithmic prioritization, and command logic, often determines outcomes before physical engagement begins. Battles may still be fought, but they increasingly confirm advantages already established in the socio-technical domain.

This represents a qualitative shift from earlier military paradigms. In classical and industrial-age warfare, information supported force; in STCB, force is an output of information systems. The center of gravity moves from mass, maneuver, and firepower to model accuracy, decision latency, system resilience, and the integrity of algorithmic mediation. Victory becomes less about defeating enemy forces directly and more about paralyzing their ability to perceive, decide, and coordinate effectively.

Importantly, STCB does not claim that war has become virtual or bloodless. Friction, violence, and chance persist. However, fog and friction are no longer primarily human phenomena; they are increasingly computational, arising from data overload, model error, adversarial manipulation, and system degradation. In this sense, the technical layer internalizes and reshapes classical Clausewitzian concepts rather than abolishing them.

Ontologically, this marks a shift in how war is understood. Kinetics are no longer the culminating phase through which strategy is resolved; they are a contingent manifestation of deeper contests over socio-technical architecture. When algorithmic mediation governs escalation, targeting, and legitimacy, war is no longer centered on the battlefield but on the systems that make battle intelligible and actionable. Violence remains possible, but its strategic meaning is conditioned elsewhere.

In the STCB framework, therefore, the technical does not eliminate the kinetic, it governs it. This governance constitutes the core ontological rupture: war is no longer primarily a contest of force between armies, but a contest over the infrastructures and algorithms that determine how, when, and whether force can be meaningfully applied.