Parent Child Relationships

The appearance of new ways of committing sexual violence via technological media and virtual spaces has produced countless situations where sexual abuse of minors may occur. This is the digital scenario surrounding the phenomenon of grooming. The present study focuses on analyzing grooming experienced by Spanish university students during childhood. The sample comprised 3293 students in higher education, 68.3% of whom were female, 30.5% were male, and 1.2% identified as non-binary. The mean age was 18.83 years (SD = 2.28). The results confirmed that sexual abuse of minors has moved towards virtual environments, indicating a prevalence of 12.2% for grooming, which was more likely to have affected women and non-binary people. In addition, student victims of grooming were more often also victims of sextortion. Consumption of pornography was also shown to be particularly important, with the results indicating that students who consumed it and started consuming it before they were 16 years old were more often victims of grooming. These findings should encourage the educational community to develop preventive actions that match the reality of online child sexual abuse. In summary, the only path towards preventing and detecting grooming is to invest in high-quality digital education and sex education from a gender perspective.

This research examines the concepts of altruism and self-reliance, with a focus on social defense mechanisms. It provides a detailed analysis of the "psychology of the giver" and the underlying psychological structures associated with hyper-independence and the rescuer schema within interpersonal dynamics.

In this article, I offer a child-centred account of the value of company-keeping relationships between children and adults. These are relationships enjoyed by a child and an adult who is neither a mere acquaintance nor integrally involved in that child's care or upbringing. The adult party might, for example, be a visiting grandparent, a neighbour the child likes to help with gardening, or a 'fun auntie' who occasionally babysits. After defining company-keeping relationships, I argue that their child-centred value varies significantly across contexts depending on how the adult party relates to the child and on the needs of the particular child. In some contexts, they promote the child's capacity for independent agency and mitigate undue shame. When these goods arise, it is not despite but because of the fact that the adult party is an outsider to routine family life and is not responsible for the child's 'training'. I then investigate whether such relationships should be protected or promoted to respect children's rights of association. While I conclude that most company-keeping relationships are excluded from these rights, I defend the more modest view that a child can be morally wronged by a parent who severs or prevents them from forming company-keeping relationships.

This document is an Extract of book 3 written by Nasasira Julius. It examines the necessary information above vivumishi vya pekee which means Special Adjectives. It also cites common mistakes made by learners as they try to learn their application in sentences

Practitioners are increasingly being faced with a phenomenon where children strongly align themselves with one parent while rejecting the relationship with the other, previously loved parent, in the context of high-conflict relationship breakdowns often referred to as ‘parental alienation’. This article provides a systemic theoretical-perspective to enhance our understanding and conceptualisation of family patterns and dynamics that result in the globally identified phenomenon of parental alienation.

Children with intellectual disabilities in Zimbabwe experience emotional development within complex cultural environments shaped by indigenous beliefs, parenting practices, stigma and limited professional support systems (Mukushi et al., 2019; Mundau & Chineka, 2023). The study found that cultural beliefs such as ancestral displeasure, ngozi (avenging spirits), and family curses strongly influence parenting styles and emotional socialisation practices (Mukushi et al., 2019).
Educational psychologists indicated that many parents employ highly protective and controlling parenting approaches, motivated by concerns about stigma and perceived spiritual threats. Although these practices may offer emotional security and physical safety, they frequently contribute to emotional suppression, heightened anxiety, and diminished emotional autonomy among children with intellectual disabilities (Moyo An Chikwanha 2024).
This policy brief recommends culturally responsive interventions designed to enhance emotional well-being while respecting indigenous belief systems. It advocates for improved training for educational psychologists, the development of culturally adapted assessment tools, family-centred interventions, and increased collaboration among schools, health services, and communities.

The current study focuses on parental perceptions of children's screen time, perceived cognitive, social and emotional developmental outcomes and parenting practices of mediation among Pakistani families. This was a quantitative descriptive survey design and 300 parent respondents were selected and data were gathered using a structured five point Likert scale questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions relating to demographic information, children's screen time habits, and parents' perceptions of cognitive development, social development, emotional development, and parental mediation strategies. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Results indicated that parents were mostly agreeable about the importance of screen time to children's developmental experience. The overall mean scores were high in cognitive development (M = 4.25), social development (M = 4.26), emotional development (M = 4.12), and parental mediation practices (M = 4.13). Parents felt that using screens for educational purposes and interactive purposes were potentially supportive of vocabulary development, language comprehension, logical reasoning, collaboration, and emotional expression. However, too much or inappropriate screen time was seen to be associated with feelings of anxiety, frustration, less face-to-face interaction, social isolation and lower levels of engagement in group activities. Respondents strongly endorsed parental mediation practices such as co-viewing, structured screen schedules, explaining rules, parental controls, screen breaks, selection of educational content, and balanced parental modeling. The study concludes that screen

Micro-Cults: Intimate Governance as a Mechanism of Allegiance examines the formation of psychological allegiance, emotional dependency, and behavioral conditioning within intimate human relationships and small-scale social structures. Drawing from interdisciplinary perspectives in sociology, psychology, political theory, anthropology, philosophy, communication studies, and cultural criticism, the manuscript explores how mechanisms commonly associated with cultic organizations may emerge within ordinary domestic, romantic, familial, professional, and communal environments.
The work introduces the concept of “micro-cults” to describe localized systems of influence in which authority, emotional attachment, identity formation, ritualized behavior, loyalty expectations, and dependency structures shape individual perception and conduct. Rather than focusing exclusively on extremist sects or isolated ideological movements, the manuscript argues that cultic dynamics frequently operate through normalized social relationships and culturally accepted institutions. Within this framework, allegiance is understood not simply as political or ideological commitment, but as an emotionally reinforced process of psychological governance maintained through repetition, approval, fear, obligation, validation, and belonging.
The manuscript further examines how intimate governance functions through language, social rituals, moral expectations, surveillance behaviors, emotional regulation, and systems of reward and punishment embedded within everyday interactions. Family systems, romantic partnerships, educational institutions, religious communities, workplaces, and digital social environments are explored as potential sites of behavioral conditioning and identity management. Particular attention is given to the role of media systems, digital communication platforms, algorithmic influence, and information saturation in intensifying emotional conformity and collective behavioral reinforcement within contemporary society.
Additionally, the work analyzes how fear, isolation, dependency, social validation, and ideological repetition contribute to maintaining allegiance structures while simultaneously shaping concepts of morality, identity, loyalty, and self-worth. The manuscript situates these dynamics within broader discussions concerning authority, autonomy, emotional manipulation, and the psychological architecture of social control.
At the same time, the work emphasizes the importance of discernment, emotional self-awareness, critical reflection, and cognitive autonomy in recognizing potentially coercive relational dynamics. Rather than portraying all human attachment as inherently manipulative, the manuscript explores the complex tension between connection, belonging, influence, protection, dependency, and control within human social systems.
Ultimately, Micro-Cults: Intimate Governance as a Mechanism of Allegiance contributes a speculative and interdisciplinary framework for understanding how systems of emotional governance and psychological allegiance operate not only within formal cultic movements, but throughout the intimate structures of everyday social life.

The Partition of British India in August 1947 produced the largest forced migration in recorded human history, displacing between twelve and twenty million people. Yet its psychological legacy in the descendants of survivors remains one of the most under-investigated topics in global trauma research. This paper proposes a conceptual framework integrating epigenetic transmission of stress responses, developmental psychology, and sociocultural pathways to examine how this historical event continues to shape the psychological and biological architecture of Pakistani families across generations. Drawing on Yehuda et al.'s landmark findings on FKBP5 methylation in Holocaust survivors and Kaur and Jaggi's 2023 empirical study of Partition intergenerational trauma, the paper situates these findings against contemporary mental health epidemiology in Pakistan where depression and anxiety prevalence ranges from sixteen to fifty-seven per cent. A multi-level conceptual framework is proposed alongside methodological pathways for future empirical work and clinical implications for Pakistan and the South Asian diaspora including Gulf migrant populations.

In this article, the authors present an extensive review of the research conducted to date on filial therapy. Filial therapy, first described by Bernard Guerney, Jr. (1964) 50 years ago, is an innovative outgrowth of child-centered play therapy in which parents receive training, supervision, and support as they embark on a process of learning how to conduct therapeutic play sessions with their own children. The authors reviewed quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research studies in which researchers investigated the outcomes and experiences of filial therapy with participating children, parents, and families. Results are synthesized according to the following areas: general effectiveness and the reported outcomes and experiences related to participating children, participating parents, parent-child relationships, and family functioning.

The call for family-centered therapeutic services, especially for families of young children, has come from governmental organizations, professional associations, practitioners, and families. Play therapists and family therapists are prime candidates to provide such services, but professional research and literature suggest that practitioners within these fields tend to exclude members of the family system. This had led some to propose filial therapy, an outgrowth of child-centered play therapy, as a means of meaningfully integrating parents and children in treatment. However, play therapists may have difficultly conceptualizing from a family systems lens, while family therapists may struggle to see the theoretical compatibility of filial therapy with their systemic views. This article demonstrates the conceptual overlap between filial therapy and the major family therapy models with the goal of encouraging play therapists and family therapists to answer the call to provide family-centered services.

This study investigates the science learning experiences of British Bangladeshi students in a secondary school in England, focusing on their classroom engagement, attitudes toward science, and parental involvement at home. Using a predominantly qualitative multi-case study design, and drawing on interviews, classroom observations, and questionnaires, the research examines how students’ school experiences intersect with their family environments and wider sociocultural contexts.

To frame this investigation, Bourdieu’s concepts of social and cultural capital are used, alongside complementary perspectives such as science capital, Community Cultural Wealth, Funds of Knowledge, and self-efficacy theory. Together, these theoretical tools help illuminate how parents mobilise their resources whether linguistic, educational, relational, or aspirational to shape their children’s confidence in science, their engagement in lessons, and their broader educational aspirations.

The study focuses on six individual case studies, each centred on one student and their parents, allowing for a detailed exploration of how home-based cultural practices, parental education levels, prior experiences with science, and the presence (or absence) of science-related role models influence students’ perceptions of science and their motivation within the subject. Across these cases, the findings highlight the central role of family dynamics, migration histories, language practices, and everyday home interactions in shaping students’ attitudes and achievement in science.

By integrating classroom observations with rich family narratives, this study reveals how British Bangladeshi students’ enjoyment, participation, and aspirations in science are shaped not only by their classroom experiences but also by the social and cultural resources available within their homes. The findings show that while families demonstrate strong educational commitment and meaningful forms of support, structural barriers such as language limitations, migration histories, and misalignments between home and school cultures often restrict the development of science confidence and long-term science aspirations.

Research on parental engagement often portrays fathers as less involved in their children's lives compared to mothers. This paperchallenges such a perspective by examining fathers' engagement within the socio-cultural contexts of Tajikistan and Azerbaijan.We explore how fathers contribute to their children's everyday lives, using two complementary studies, one in rural Wakhan,Tajikistan, and one in urban Baku, Azerbaijan involving a total of ten families. Our analysis draws on qualitative data fromfieldwork, visual participatory methods, and interviews with mothers and fathers. The findings reveal three culturally embed-ded forms of fathers' engagement: (1) engaging beyond physical care, (2) creating spontaneous learning moments within dailyactivities, and (3) facilitating educational opportunities through fulfilling culturally assigned roles as family providers. In lightof these findings, we call for broadening the conceptualisation of fathers' engagement through a culturally responsive lens,urging researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to recognise and address fathers' role within sociocultural frameworks thatacknowledge and respect their diverse situations and contexts.

This study explored the relationship between mental health and parental self-efficacy among 55 parents from the Bukluran Headstart Community in Quezon City, Philippines. Using a quantitative correlational design, mental health was measured through emotional, social, and psychological well-being, while parental selfefficacy assessed parents' confidence in their parenting roles. Results indicated that respondents had moderate mental health across all dimensions of emotional well-being (M=4.39, SD=0.58), social well-being (M=3.07, SD=1.12), and psychological well-being (M=3.97, SD=0.83). Regarding parental self-efficacy, respondents obtained high scores (M=21, SD=2.32). In terms of the correlation between the two variables, a significant positive relationship was found between parental self-efficacy and emotional well-being (r = 0.276, p = 0.041), while no significant relationships were observed with social (r = 0.032, p = 0.817) and psychological well-being (r = 0.140, p = 0.30). The findings suggest that parental self-efficacy contributes to emotional functioning but may not fully explain broader mental health outcomes such as social connectedness and psychological growth. These results highlight the importance of developing interventions that not only strengthen parenting confidence but also enhance social support systems and overall psychological well-being. Culturally responsive, communitybased programs are recommended to promote holistic mental health and effective parenting among Filipino families.

Η Διαταραχή Παιχνιδιού αναγνωρίστηκε επίσημα ως κλινική οντότητα από τον Παγκόσμιο Οργανισμό Υγείας στην 11η αναθεώρηση της Διεθνούς Στατιστικής Ταξινόμησης Νόσων και Συναφών Προβλημάτων Υγείας (ICD-11) το 2018. Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζεται η σχέση μεταξύ της ενασχόλησης με τα βιντεοπαιχνίδια, όπως αυτή προκύπτει από τον ημερήσιο χρόνο και την εβδομαδιαία συχνότητα παιχνιδιού, και της Διαταραχής Παιχνιδιού με την επιθετικότητα 244 εφήβων από την Ελλάδα. Στους συμμετέχοντες χορηγήθηκε η Κλίμακα Διαταραχής Διαδικτυακού Παιχνιδιού – Σύντομη Έκδοση (Lemmens et al., 2015), το Ερωτηματολόγιο της Επιθετικότητας των Buss-Perry – Σύντομη Έκδοση (Buss & Perry, 1992) το οποίο απαρτίζεται από τέσσερεις παράγοντες (σωματική επιθετικότητα, λεκτική επιθετικότητα, θυμός και εχθρότητα), καθώς και μια φόρμα συλλογής δημογραφικών στοιχείων και δεδομένων σχετικά με την ενασχόληση με τα βιντεοπαιχνίδια. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, το ποσοστό επιπολασμού της Διαταραχής Παιχνιδιού στο δείγμα ήταν 0,4%. Ταυτόχρονα, παρατηρήθηκαν συστηματικές συσχετίσεις μεταξύ του ημερησίου χρόνου παιχνιδιού και της εβδομαδιαίας συχνότητας παιχνιδιού με το βαθμό Διαταραχής Παιχνιδιού, καθώς και του βαθμού Διαταραχής Παιχνιδιού με όλες τις διαστάσεις της επιθετικότητας. Κατ΄ επέκταση, βρέθηκε πως η εβδομαδιαία συχνότητα παιχνιδιού και η εχθρότητα μπορούν να προβλέψουν το βαθμό Διαταραχής Παιχνιδιού. Τα ευρήματα συζητούνται σε συνάρτηση με την πρόσφατη βιβλιογραφία και μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν στη διαμόρφωση εξειδικευμένων προγραμμάτων πρόληψης και παρέμβασης για τη Διαταραχή Παιχνιδιού σε εφήβους.

This paper introduces Visionary Parenting™ as a new parenting
style: a faith-integrated, gift-centred approach anchored in
Proverbs 22:6 (al pi darko — according to his way). Parents
function as strategic stewards of a child's God-given design,
discovering and deploying the child's unique gifts through four
developmental phases (the 4Cs) and four relational postures
(the 4Ds). Drawing on over 50 parenting styles, developmental
psychology, and African diaspora scholarship, the paper identifies
a gap: no existing framework integrates gift-centred development,
theological grounding, and culturally specific support for African
Christian parents in Western diaspora contexts. Visionary
Parenting™ addresses this gap.

The article discusses the historical Serbian custom known as “Lapot,” a form of senicide. According to the practice, when a parent (typically the father) reached the age of 60, a son or close family member would take him to a remote location and kill him, usually with an axe or club. A ritual element involved placing a piece of flatbread (pogača) on the elder’s head, symbolizing that he no longer deserved to eat bread. The custom is said to have existed until the late 19th century. The text references Serbian anthropological works and folklore that describe or analyze this tradition.

Esta pesquisa problematiza o imaginário da sexualidade de professoras das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental da rede pública do município de Cascavel (PR). Busca a compreensão dos diálogos/conflitos estabelecidos com as instituições sociais na construção desse imaginário. Em suas vivências, as professoras abrem novos caminhos ou apenas vivem de acordo com os princípios institucionais apreendidos no decorrer de suas vidas? Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, optou-se pela metodologia da História Oral, associando os gêneros da História Oral de Vida e da História Oral Temática. As professoras narraram suas vidas, suas experiências, suas memórias, suas histórias, que, nas entrevistas, foram balizadas por um assunto específico e previamente estabelecido: a construção e a vivência de sua sexualidade. Após transcriação das narrativas e análise, concluiu-se que a religião e a família são marcas expressivas no imaginário da sexualidade dessas mulheres. No entanto, elas constroem, no decorrer de suas vidas, minúsculas criações, pequenos desvios, fugas imperceptíveis e formas astutas de driblar os princípios institucionais. A circularidade entre o "dever-ser" e o "quererviver" evidencia que, apesar das imposições sociais da igreja e da família, as professoras criam vivências de sexualidade que escapam do instituído.

张祥龙先⽣融合胡塞尔与海德格尔的现象学时间性理论，提出了孝意识⽣成的内时间意识阐释，其核⼼论断为：⽗⺟之慈是孝意识产⽣的必要条件。该阐释强调，⽗⺟慈爱蕴含过去-现在-未来的统⼀时间性体验，⽽当⼦女为⼈⽗⺟施予慈爱时，会触发时间性“反转”(Kehre)，使其回溯理解⽗⺟艰辛，从⽽⽣发孝⼼。本⽂旨在重思张祥龙先⽣“慈为孝之必要条件”这⼀核⼼观点。通过分析⽗⺟缺位、亲⼦虐待（如舜之案例）、弃⼉收养、无后（丁克）等实践反例，本⽂论证：孝意识之产⽣可独立于接受或施予⽗⺟之慈。本⽂在肯定内时间意识理论价值的同时，主张其解释⼒不应囿于⽣育⾏为或慈爱经验。本⽂尝试提出⼀种修正性现象学阐释：孝意识虽植根于内时间意识结构（过去-现在-未来的交织），但其激活机制或具多元性，既可源于⾎缘“向来我属”(Jemeinigkeit)的⽣存论指引，亦可⽣于相似⼈⽣困境中对⽗⺟处境的⽣存论共情。此模型或可回应张祥龙先⽣阐释遇到之挑战，亦为理解现代多元家庭结构中的孝道实践提供⼀种哲学思考维度。

Keluarga merupakan madrasah pertama bagi seorang anak. Di dalam rumah tangga, anak pertama kali mengenal nilai, adab, iman, dan arah kehidupan. Apa yang ditanamkan oleh orang tua sejak masa kecil akan menjadi fondasi bagi kepribadian anak hingga dewasa. Karena itu, Islam memberikan perhatian yang sangat besar terhadap pendidikan dalam keluarga, sebab dari keluarga lahir generasi yang akan menjaga agama dan membangun peradaban.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se revisó el currículo del cuarto curso de educación primaria en la normativa de todas las comunidades autónomas de España para comprobar la presencia o ausencia de la competencia mediática en el documento. El método utilizado fue el análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que todas las dimensiones de la competencia mediática quedan reflejadas en dichos contenidos. Asimismo, en todas las áreas del currículo, se aprecia una relación entre los descriptores de la competencia mediática y los contenidos curriculares.

Currently, Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) has become a relevant and important
focus in the education sector. This article explores the importance of self-management, one
of the core components of SEL as defined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and
Emotional Learning (CASEL), with a particular focus on goal-setting. Students from grades
3 to 11 aim to acquire English language proficiency at A1, A2, B1, and B2 levels according to
the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Key questions arise:
Do students use effective strategies for learning the language? Are they studying English out
of personal interest, due to parental expectations, or societal pressures? This article analyzes
students’ motivation for learning English, their time management, the application of SMART
strategies, and their ability to set and pursue learning goals. A survey was conducted among
10th and 11th-grade students in public schools in Bishkek. The research examines whether
students set learning goals voluntarily and how effectively they apply strategies (such as
SMART) that facilitate foreign language acquisition.

Kemajuan dalam bidang perubatan telah menyebabkan berlakunya peralihan peranan di dalam aktiviti penjagaan pesakit kronik terutamanya pesakit yang berada pada fasa terminal ini. Peralihan penjagaan dari hospital ke rumah memerlukan penjaga utama yang terdiri daripada ahli keluarga untuk melakukan pelbagai usaha dalam berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran dan isu yang melibatkan penjagaan saat akhir selain daripada perlu menerima hakikat akan pemergian ahli keluarga mereka. Tanpa pengetahuan dan persediaan yang rapi, penjaga utama cenderung untuk merasa terbeban dengan peranan baru yang perlu mereka galas dan sekaligus memberikan kesan secara tidak langsung kepada kehidupan penjaga terutamanya ke atas beberapa dimensi dalam kualiti hidup mereka. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti pengaruh beban penjagaan terhadap dimensi kualiti hidup dan melihat peranan kawalan diri yang berperanan sebagai mediator terhadap beban penjagaan dan dimensi kualiti hidup dalam kalangan penjaga utama p...

Резюме: В студията се коментира въздействие на съдържанието на четените книги при формиране на личността и светогледа на читателя. Предложени са заглавия на книги от съвременни автори и с различна тематична насоченост: надграждане на изучавани в училище знания, енциклопедии, книги за българските празници и традиции. Поставен е акцент към книги, свързани с формиране на емоционалната интелигентност и етикетно общуване, обноски в публичното пространство. В книги за деца се засягат и „трудни теми“  – развод, смърт, полово възпитание. Коментира се как съдържанието на четените книги влияе при формиране на мотивацията, светогледа и усещането за социално приемливо поведение у подрастващите. Изразява се убеденост, че е по-добре у децата да се поддържа положителна мотивация и да се препоръчват за самостоятелно четене книги, в които сюжетът насърчава любопитството на читателя, съдействат за формиране на социално приемливо поведение и езиковият изказ в книгата е образец за подражание.
Ключови думи: книги, четене, формиране на личността
Abstract: The study comments on the impact of the content of the books read on the formation of the personality and worldview of the reader. Titles of books by contemporary authors and with different thematic focus are proposed: building on knowledge studied at school, encyclopedias, books about Bulgarian holidays and traditions. Emphasis is placed on books related to the formation of emotional intelligence and etiquette communication, manners in public space. Books for children also touch on “difficult topics” – divorce, death, sex education. It comments on how the content of the books read influences the formation of motivation, worldview and the feeling of socially acceptable behavior in adolescents. It is expressed that it is better to maintain positive motivation in children and to recommend for independent reading books in which the plot encourages the reader’s curiosity, contributes to the formation of socially acceptable behavior and the language in the book is a role model.
Key words: books, reading, personality formation

This study aimed to investigate the proportion of agreement between parents and children on oral health knowledge, self-perception, and behavior in students aged 8–14 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 elementary school student-parent dyads. The participants completed a structured questionnaire that included closed questions with dichotomous and 5-point Likert scale items covering aspects related to their knowledge, beliefs, and myths about oral health, as well as their self-perception and behaviors.  The proportion of child-parent agreement was calculated for each variable. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to evaluate predictors of agreement. Child-parent dyads had significant agreement levels in most responses regarding oral health knowledge/beliefs than oral health self-perception and behaviors. The proportion of agreement was higher in questions about the relationship between sugar and dental caries (0.95, 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), the preventability of dental caries (0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–97), and the protective effect of tooth brushing (0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–0.97). In the multivariate regression model, the child’s older age (Beta = 0.552, P = 0.003) and the higher parent education level (Beta = 0.254, P = 0.023) were predictors for greater agreement on oral health knowledge. The findings suggest that children and parents have high agreement on oral health knowledge; however, their agreement regarding oral health self-perception and behavior is low.

«Бракът» е една от най-важните категории за разбирането на културната особеност и социалните структури във всяко общество. Вариативността на тази категория в исторически и етнически измерения позволява да приемем разнообразието от мирогледни идеи за елементарното ниво на социалния живот – семейството. «Ако понятието «брак» е социална институция, то понятието «встъпване в брак» характеризира индивидуално събитие при формирането на съюз между жена и мъж. «Брачност» означава масов процес на формиране на двойки сред определено население като група от поколения или в едно поколение като съвкупност от хора». В широк смисъл «брачността» е множественост от процеси на сключване на брак и прекратяването му поради развод или смърт на един от съпрузите (в такива случаи категорията «брачност» обхваща и процеси като развод и вдовство). Или «процес на формиране на брачни двойки сред населението, което включва встъпване в първи и втори брак».

The place attachment of mobile groups to non-residential locations is inherently dynamic. However, comprehensive investigations into the attachment of migrant youths-a key mobile group in China's urbanrural transition-to their rural hometowns are still limited. This study aims to explore the factors of rural hometown attachment among migrant youths in the Pearl River Delta, China. Through principal component analysis and multiple logistic regression, the study uncovers several key findings: (1) migrant youths show meaningful attachment to their rural hometowns, though at a moderate level; (2) their urban-rural perceptions emphasize the urban living environment alongside the cultural and economic dimensions of their hometowns, which together reflect elements of fixity; and (3) rural hometown attachment is shaped by the dynamic interplay of mobility and fixity-mobility practices (including duration of residence in hometowns and cities, frequency and length of return visits, and geographic distance) interact with fixity, reflected in sustained perceptions of the cultural and economic environments of hometowns. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of migrant youths' place attachment and offer theoretical implications that the interplay of fixity and mobility within the urban-rural dual structure significantly influences rural hometown attachment in China and other developing countries.

Uşaqların təlim-tərbiyəsində folklorun rolu Özət Bu yazıda uşaq folklorundan bəhs edilir. Qədim adət-ənənələrlə yaşayan Havuş kəndinin folkloru bitib tükənmir. Nənnilərdə laylalarla, oxşamalarla, səvələmələrlə böyüdülən uşaqları xüsusi nəvazişlə, qayğıyla bəsləyərdilər. Böyük zəhmətlə böyüdülən bu körpələr gələcəyin ata-anaları, vətəni, torpağı qoruyan və ölkənin aparıcı qüvvələridir. Dünən nənnilərdə anaların, nənələrin xoş avazlı laylasına uyuyan körpələr bu gün vətən, torpaq fədailəridir. Laylay dedim yatınca, Gözlərəm ay batınca, Canım cəzana gəldi, Bala, sən hasilə çatınca. Nənni dövrü oxşamalar, laylalar, sevələmələrlə keçərdi. Böyüdükcə nağıllar, qaravəllilər, tapmacalar, acıtmalar, sicirrəmələr söylənərdi. Eyni zamanda uşaq oyunları da öyrədilərdi. Heydər babam, Fatma nənəm deyərdilər ki, uşağı pərvəriş böyüdün, nazın qayğısın çəkin ki, gözü tox olsun. Birdə deyərdilər ki, uşaq olan evdə dərd-qəm və küsülülük olmaz. Qədim adət-ənənələrə söykənərək, əsrlərdən süzülüb gələn türkçülüyümüzü unutmayaq, gələcək nəsillərə ərməğan edək.

Sebagai manusia yang lemah dan kurangnya ilmu pengetahuan mengenal Tuhan, pastinya semasa diuji dengan kehilangan, keletihan atau rasa dizalimi, merasakan Tuhan itu menjauhi diri yang sedang sakit, lemah dan sunyi. Kita rasa Allah tak dengar dan tak mahu makbulkan apa yang kita minta, dan kita seperti orang yang terlalai,terleka dan terculas dengan pemberian yang Tuhan berikan selama ini. Kita sering memberi fokus kepada peristiwa yang sedih berbanding peristiwa yang gembira. Kita

This work presents a multilingual dictionary covering German, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, and Khalaj. It aims to contribute to the documentation and preservation of lesser-studied Turkic languages while facilitating linguistic and cultural exchange. The dictionary is based on extensive research and comparative linguistic analysis. It is intended for scholars, students, and anyone interested in Turkic languages, Iranian studies, and intercultural communication. Special attention has been given to lexical accuracy, usability, and cross-linguistic equivalence.

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Frymier, Wanzer ve Wojtaszczyk
(2008), tarafından geliştirilen ve orijinal adı “Teacher Humor Scale“ olan
likert tipi ölçeği eğitim örgütleri için Türkçe’ye uyarlamak, geçerlik ve
güvenirlik analizini yapmaktır. Frymier ve arkadaşları (2008) tarafından
geliştirilen Öğretmen Mizah Ölçeği (ÖMÖ), likert tipi bir ölçek olup, 20
maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek, “ders içeriğine ve materyallerine uygun
mizah yapma tarzı”, “kendinden mizah katma tarzı ve alçak gönüllülük”,
“öğrencilerle alay edici mizah yapma tarzı” ve “ders içeriğine uygun
olmayan mizah tarzı” olmak üzere altı alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Dil
çevirisi, ölçeğin İngilizce orijinal metni, ilk önce Yabancı Diller Meslek
Yüksekokulu’nda görev yapan beş öğretim elemanı tarafından Türkçe’ye
çevrilmiştir. Türkçe’ye çevrilen metin Eğitim Fakültesi Türkçe Öğretmenliği
programında görev yapmakta olan bir doktor öğretim üyesinden Türkçe dil
düzenlemesi biçiminde katkı alınmıştır. Son olarak tekrar alan uzmanları
olan iki profesör, bir dr. öğretim üyesi unvanına sahip üç öğretim üyesinin
görüşleri alındıktan sonra, katılımcıların görüşünü almak amacıyla,
uygulanmak üzere oluşturulan ölçek taslağına son şekli verilmiştir. Ölçek
için gerekli veriler, Türkiye’de bir vakıf üniversitesinde Yabancı Diller
Yüksekokulu’nda eğitim almakta olan öğrencilerden elde edilmiştir. Bu
öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler ile dil eşdeğerliğine yönelik analizlerin yanı
sıra, yapı geçerliğine yönelik madde analizi, faktör analizi ve güvenirlik ve
iç tutarlılığın belirlenmesine yönelik güvenirlik katsayısının belirlenmesi için
analizler yapılmıştır. Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin
orijinalinde bulunan 3. ve 16. maddeler diğer faktörlerle de ilişkili
olduğudan dolayı araştırmacılar tarafından bu maddeler çıkarılmıştır.

Parent-child scaffolding interactions are foundational yet fleeting, making self-monitoring difficult for caregivers. We present GABRIEL, a multi-agent generative AI (GenAI) pipeline conceived as a reflective mirror to augment parental agency in dialogical book-sharing. This work is a proof-of-concept that establishes feasibility, traceability, and preliminary reliability rather than a fully validated monitoring tool. The evaluation uses 52 recordings from 42 predominantly mother-child dyads in a single Colombian region, which constrains generalizability. Agreement with a human-coded benchmark (trained undergraduate raters under supervision) is reported against a priori criteria defined in the Methods: exact and within-±1 agreement on a 1-9 scale, ordinal concordance (Kendall's τ b /Spearman's ρ), and calibration (slope/intercept). While exact and within-±1 agreement remain modest, the system's evolution reveals a critical trade-off: Stage 2 achieves the lowest point-wise error (MSE), whereas Stage 3 offers a more theoretically grounded architecture at the cost of slightly higher error. This tension is central to our findings. Ordinal concordance and calibration are mixed and generally below our a priori thresholds; we therefore restrict claims to cautious, reflective (non-judgmental) use and highlight the need for further calibration. We also outline system governance, minimal computational requirements, and pathways for cultural/linguistic adaptation. Future work will benchmark against expert developmental psychologists and conduct cross-cultural replications to consolidate measurement validity. A related external validation study is currently under review (blinded) and is not reported here.

Arrêt TF 2C_567/2024 (d) du 9 septembre 2025*
Seul le détenteur est admis à déposer une demande de levée du secret médical d'une personne décédée auprès des autorités. Absence d'intérêt manifestement prépondérant pour les proches à avoir accès au dossier médical du défunt.

Treatment programs geared toward Hispanic culture are extremely rare, and programs involving the entire Hispanic family are virtually nonexistent. Two prospective studies test the hypothesis that a family-centered intervention is as effective with Hispanic families as it is with non-Hispanic families. First, the program (Celebrating Families!) was presented in English to non-Hispanic and Hispanic families. Second, the program was translated into Spanish and adapted to Spanish culture (¡Celebrando Familias!). Hispanic families were compared with non-Hispanic families in both studies. These studies indicate that a family-centered treatment model can be an effective treatment intervention for Hispanic clients.

Усенгазиева Г.С. педагогика илимдеринин кандидаты, доцент И. Арабаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик университети Бишкек ш. [email protected] Сманалиева М.А. магистрант И. Арабаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик университети Бишкек ш. [email protected] Абдыкеримова А.Ш. окутуучу И. Арабаев атындагы Кыргыз мамлекеттик университети Бишкек ш. "БИОЛОГИЯ" ПРЕДМЕТИН ОКУТУУДА ОКУУЧУЛАРДЫ КЕСИПКЕ БАГЫТТАП ОКУТУУ Аннотация: Макалада жаштарга кесип тандоодо педагогдун ролу жана анын таасири чоң экендиги кеңири жазылган. Жалпы билим берүүчү орто мектептерде предметтерди окутуу процессинде кесипке багыттап окутуу ар бир предметтин өзгөчөлүгүн эске алуу менен ишке ашырылып келет. Окуучулардын келечекте кесибин туура тандоо, бул мамлекеттин өнүгүшүнө түздөн-түз таасирин тийгизээрин авторлор баса белгилешет. Биология предметин окутууда кесипке багыттап окутуу изилденип, анын формалары, жаш өзгөчөлүктөрү эске алуу педагогикалык шарттары аныкталган. Кыргыз Республикасынын жалпы билим берүү уюмдарында 10-11 -класстары үчүн "Биология" боюнча предметтик стандартындагы коюлган милдеттер жана принциптерге таянып, окуучулардын кесипке багыттап окутуу маселелери камтылган. Окуучулардын келечектеги кесиптик кызыкчылыктарын жана жөндөмдөрүн эске алуу мүмкүнчүлүктөрдү уюштуруу системасы каралган. Негизги сөздөр: кесип, багыттап окутуу, биология предмети, мамлекеттик стандарт, экологиялаштыруу, жалпы билим берүүчү орто мектеп, окутуу процесси, педагогикалык шарт, окуучу, принцип. Усенгазиева Г.С. кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Кыргызский государственный университет имени И.Арабаева г. Бишкек

May angking hiwaga ang pagsasalin at may iba't ibang tungkuling ginagampanan ang tagasalin na lumalagpas sa interdisiplinaryo, multidisplinaryo o transdisiplinaryo nitong pamantayan. Kaakibat nito ang pagiging dalubwika, ng tagasalin upang magagap ang tekstong nais isalin. Mula sa pag-aayos ng sintaksis sa dulog na linggwistik nito. Kailangan ding tumayo bilang literari kritik ang tagasalin, upang matasa at mataya ang literaturang kaniyang sinasalin. Nilalangkapan din ito ng pilosopikal at politikal na gawain sa naisaling teksto. Matagal ko nang inabanduna ang proyektong pagsasalin ng Little Women. Naniniwala ako na dapat isang babae ang magsalin ng nobelang ito. Magiging bilasa, o palabas na pananaw lamang ang magiging salin ko. Naging hamon sa akin, ang karanasan ng isang babae, taliwas sa kung anong naranasan ko bilang isang batang lalaki, labas sa kombensiyonalidad na itinakda ng heteronormatibong pananaw na pinalamon sa akin ng lipunan.

The widespread adoption of social media among pre-teens (ages 8-12) has emerged as a major public health concern, with links to increased anxiety, depression, problematic use, and sleep disturbances. Parental digital mediation active discussion, restrictive rules, co-use, and monitoring represents a modifiable protective factor. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 28 studies published between 2021 and 2025 examining the relationship between parental mediation strategies and pre-teen mental health outcomes. Active mediation consistently shows the strongest protective associations with better emotional regulation and lower problematic social media use, while overly restrictive approaches without explanation can increase reactance, secrecy, and anxiety. Hybrid strategies (co-use and transparent monitoring) appear promising for building resilience. In low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Pakistan, cultural norms of high parental authority interact with limited digital literacy, making culturally adapted interventions urgent. Public health implications include the need for low-cost family programs, school-based digital literacy initiatives, and policy support for parents in resource-limited settings. Gaps in longitudinal and Global South research are highlighted.

Libri "Ema" (Emma) i shkrimtarit Jane Austen Romani "Ema" i Jane Austen u botua për herë të parë në vitin 1815 në Londër. Botimi u realizua nga John Murray, një nga botuesit më prestigjiozë të kohës, i cili kishte në katalog edhe emra si Lord Byron. Vepra doli në tre vëllime, siç ishte tradita e romaneve të epokës, dhe u prit menjëherë me interes për stilin e saj të mprehtë, ironinë sociale dhe analizën e hollë psikologjike. Në qendër të romanit është Ema Woodhouse (Ema Udhauzi), një vajzë e re, e bukur, inteligjente dhe shumë e pasur, që jeton në fshatin imagjinar Highbury. Ndryshe nga heroinat e tjera të Austen-it, Ema nuk është e detyruar të martohet për siguri ekonomike-ajo tashmë e ka atë. Kjo e bën atë një personazh të pazakontë për kohën: e pavarur, por edhe e vetëkënaqur dhe shpesh e verbër ndaj realitetit.

Në kufirin mes biologjisë dhe përvojës njerëzore, Charles Darwin ofron një nga interpretimet më të hershme dhe më të thella mbi natyrën e emocioneve. Përtej teorisë së evolucionit, ai zbulon një të vërtetë që mbetet aktuale edhe sot: trupi dhe truri nuk janë dy sisteme të ndara, por një organizëm i vetëm që mendon, ndien dhe reagon në mënyrë të pandashme. Trupi dhe Truri Analizë nga Revista Prestige Në një tekst të botuar nga Astrit Lulushi, rikthehet në vëmendje një nga veprat më pak të diskutuara, por thelbësore të Charles Darwin-it: "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872). Në fund të karrierës së tij, Darwin nuk u ndal vetëm te evolucioni biologjik-i trajtuar në "On the Origin of Species" (1859) dhe "The Descent of Man" (1871)-por depërtoi në një territor më të ndërlikuar: jetën emocionale si produkt i evolucionit. Ky studim përfaqëson një kthesë të rëndësishme në mendimin shkencor të kohës.

in Warsaw. Member of several scientific societies, scientific and editorial committees ("Przegląd Sejmowy"). Author of over 100 scientific publications, over 30 expert opinions and legal opinions, over 70 publishing reviews. Research interests (in the classical sense): constitutional law, religious law, human rights. The latest scientific passions: axiology of law, multi-centricity of legal systems, the principle of justice. Marek Andrzejewski (born in 1959) is a Professor of the Institute of Legal Sciences at the Polish Academy of Sciences (INP PAN) and the Head of the Centre of Family Law and Children's Rights. He obtained an M.A. degree from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, in 1982, and the Ph.D. degree in IPN PAN of Warsaw in 1987. After having been a tutor and caretaker in children's care home between 1987-1996, he awarded post-doctoral title (the so-called habilitation) in 2005 on the basis of scientific achievements and a book titled "Protection of children's rights in a dysfunctional family (Child -Family -State)" (Krakow 2003) by the Scientific Council of the INP PAN. Between 2004-2008, he was a member of the Codification Committee of Civil Law in the Ministry of Justice -a family law team. He specializes in the family law. NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS team of commentaries on the Family Law Book of the Civil Code of 2013, which was published by various publishers. She wrote a monograph in 2017 in the field of family law titled The Legal Order of the Hungarian Family. In addition, she has served as an attorney-at-law for more than two decades. Lilla Garayova is the Vice Dean for Bachelor and Master Studies and International Relations of the Faculty of Law of the Pan-European University. She is an Associate Professor of international law at the Pan-European University as well as the Comenius University in Bratislava, while also practising corporate law as a director at a global Fortune 500 company. Her professional and publishing practice focuses on international family law and the protection of human rights. She is a member of the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Law of the Pan-European University, the Slovak Association of European Law, the European Association of Private International Law and the International Society of Family Law. She is a member of the editorial boards of several national and international scientific journals, including the Central European Journal of Comparative Law; Institutiones Administrationis -Journal of Administrative Sciences and Paneurópske právnické listy. Currently, she is one of the working members of the Central European Professors' Network. Aleksandra Korać Graovac is a Full Professor, Chair of Family law, at the Faculty of Law, Zagreb. A member of several governmental commissions for the drafts of the family acts, the act of personal civil status and of the act on register partnerships persons of the same sex. Member of the National Commission for medically assisted procreation. Croatian representative of the Committee of Experts on Family Law (2006)(2007)(2008), and member of ad hoc Committees of Experts on Family Law (2011 and 2012) of the Council of Europe. Full member of the Croatian Academy of Legal Sciences, member of the International Society of Family Law, member of the Central European Professors Network. She is a Scientific Counselor of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.

This article explores the intersection of epigenetic science, parentification, and the relational wound of maternal favouritism as contributors to adult mental health challenges, including substance use, interpersonal violence, and suicidality. Drawing on a composite case study of a woman in her forties, the article examines how early biological adaptations to chronic childhood stress-formed in the context of emotional neglect, sibling inequity, and parentified roles-can produce lasting neurobiological and psychological consequences. Concepts from kaupapa Māori, including whakapapa and hau, are applied to extend the analysis beyond the individual and toward an intergenerational, relational framework. Te Poutama o te Ora (TPO), a nine-dimension Māori wellness framework, is proposed as a culturally grounded model for addressing these layered wounds. The article is written in plain language and is intended to be accessible to both professional and non-specialist readers.

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The present study examined the alignment of goals parents construct for their children with parent verbal sideline behavior at the earliest stage of youth sport. Semistructured interviews, parent journals, and in situ observation were employed with 4 parents over the initial 15 months of their children's organized sport participation. Parent goals were categorized within the multiple goals framework , verbal sideline behaviors were categorized using Holt, Tamminen, Black, Sehn, and Wall's (2008) framework, and case narratives were constructed to offer an interpretation of the interplay of parent goals and verbal sideline behavior. Parents largely wanted their children to learn about sport and have fun; however, parents also reported changing some of their goals over time based on child outcomes and their evolving perceptions of the youth sport context. Often parent goals did not seem to align with verbal sideline behaviors. Findings highlight the development of parent goals over the earliest stage of their children's organized youth sport participation, multiple forms of these goals (e.g., personal, conventional, task, ego), and both consistencies and inconsistencies between these goals and verbal sideline behavior.