Pharmaceutical Technology

Compaction and compression of xanthan gum pellets were evaluated and drug release from tablets made of pellets was characterised. Two types of pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronisation. Formulations included xanthan gum, at 16% (w/w), diclofenac sodium or ibuprofen, at 10% (w/w), among other excipients. An amount of 500 mg of pellets fraction 1000-1400 m were compacted in a single punch press at maximum punch pressure of 125 MPa using flat-faced punches (diameter of 1.00 cm). Physical properties of pellets and tablets were analysed. Laser profilometry analysis and scanning electron microscopy of the upper surface and the surface of fracture of tablets revealed that particles remained as coherent individual units after compression process. Pellets were flatted in the same direction of the applied stress evidencing a lost of the original curvature of the spherical unit. Pellets showed close compressibility degrees (49.9% for pellets comprising diclofenac sodium and 48.5% for pellets comprising ibuprofen). Xanthan gum pellets comprising diclofenac sodium experienced a reduction of 65.5% of their original sphericity while those comprising ibuprofen lost 49.6% of the original porosity. Permanent deformation and densification were the relevant mechanisms of compression. Fragmentation was regarded as non-existent. The release of the model drug from both type of tablets revealed different behaviours. Tablets made of pellets comprising ibuprofen released the model drug in a bimodal fashion and the release behaviour was characterised as Case II transport mechanism (release exponent of 0.93). On the other hand, the release behaviour of diclofenac sodium from tablets made of pellets was anomalous (release exponent of 0.70). For the latter case, drug diffusion and erosion were competing mechanisms of drug release.

Drug delivery systems are crucial for successful therapy and directly impact treatment efficacy, patient compliance, and quality of life. Two commonly used drug delivery methods are oral and injectable. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. This essay aims to summarize recent research on oral and injectable drug delivery systems based on patient preferences, therapeutic efficacy, and current pharmaceutical technology. The research method used in this essay is a thematic synthesis of five research articles published between 2020 and 2024. The results indicate that most patients prefer oral therapy because it is perceived as more convenient, easier to administer, and less painful due to the absence of needles. However, injectable therapy remains superior to oral therapy in certain cases, such as treatments requiring high bioavailability or improving adherence to long-term treatment. Furthermore, innovations such as the use of robotic capsules may offer solutions to the biological limitations of oral drug delivery and offer an alternative to conventional injectable therapy. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the choice of drug delivery system is influenced not only by its pharmacological efficacy but also by patient preferences, disease characteristics, and technological advances. Therefore, the development of drug delivery systems in the future needs to pay more attention to aspects of effectiveness, safety, comfort, and patient needs to support a more patient-centered healthcare approach.

The development of drug delivery systems has undergone a significant transformation from conventional to nanotechnology-based systems. Conventional drug delivery systems such as sustained-release and gastroretentive matrix tablets have long been used due to their ease of production, high stability, and relatively low production costs. However, major limitations of these systems include low bioavailability, nonspecific drug release, and pharmacokinetic variability due to patient physiological conditions. In contrast, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), microfluidic liposomes, and microreactor-based nanocarriers offer significant improvements in delivery efficiency, release control, specific targeting, and sensitive molecular stability. This article compares the characteristics of both approaches based on five recent research papers. The analysis focuses on formulation efficiency, production reproducibility, particle size control, encapsulation efficiency, and challenges of industrial scale-up. A thematic meta-analysis was performed on critical quality parameters such as particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and production throughput. The results show that conventional technologies excel in simple scalability and low cost, while nanotechnology offers superior therapeutic performance but faces complex challenges in industrial-scale process standardization. This study confirms that the future of the pharmaceutical industry requires the integration of precision manufacturing technologies to bridge the gap between nanomedicine effectiveness and industrial feasibility.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) belongs to the family Lamiaceae have a variety of minerals, vitamins and shown to have beneficial effects in the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia, as well as acting as an antioxidant, antianxiety, laxative, anti-depressant, analgesic, and strengthen the immune system. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual herb of medium duration (103-136 days) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is a short-day plant with strong sensitivity to photoperiod and temperature. Various types of soil are suitable for cultivation of this crop, but plants do best in sandy and well-drained soil with optimal pH of 6.0-8.5 and are adapted to low nutrient concentrations. Due to presence of minerals, lipids (omega-3), fibers, proteins, and antioxidants, chia seed showed health benefits. Chia seeds were Introduced to India by the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) in 2015 at Mysuru, Karnataka, it has swiftly spread across the country, including Karnataka's Kalyan-Karnataka region, owing to its rich nutritional profile and medicinal properties. Chia seed contains a high concentration of antioxidants such as kaempferol, caffeic-acid, myricetin, chlorogenic-acid, and quercetin that are known to have anti-hepatic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-aging, and anticarcinogenic qualities. Chia seeds have also been linked to therapeutic benefits. Chia seeds have high dietary fibre content aids with diabetes management and digesting. The gluten free protein and vitamins in its PUFA have therapeutic effects in the control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia, as well as acting as an anti-oxidant, anti-blood clotting, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, anti-depressant, laxative, analgesic, immune system, and vision improver. Chia seeds can be added to food to improve nutritional quality, and a diet rich in chia seeds can help to prevent disease owing to its phytochemical profile, high nutritional value and great therapeutic potential.

Diffraction and spectroscopic methods were evaluated for quantitative analysis of binary powder mixtures of FII(6.403) and FIII(6.525) Piracetam. The two polymorphs of Piracetam could be distinguished using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that Raman and NIR spectroscopy are most suitable for quantitative analysis of this polymorphic mixture. When the spectra are treated with the combination of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and second derivative data pretreatments, the partial least squared (PLS) regression model gave a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.94 and 0.99 % respectively. FIII(6.525) demonstrated some preferred orientation in PXRD analysis, making PXRD the least preferred method of quantification.

Recent advances in synthetic organic chemistry specifically late-stage skeletal editing and functional group transposition permit the insertion, deletion, or relocation of atoms within a complex molecular scaffold without complete de novo synthesis. While structural with European Medicines Agency (EMA) practices. A glossary of key terms is appended to enhance accessibility for interdisciplinary audiences.

Background: Protective layers of skin cover the body. Plant-based herbal cream soothes and moisturises. Treatments commonly include succulent aloe vera, which heals, reduces pain, and moisturizes. For hundreds of years, it has healed skin burns and injuries. Aim: This study aims on the pharmaceutical assessment of aloe-vera by formulating and evaluating an herbal gel to treat skin conditions. Material and Method: Aloe-vera, Honey, Glycerin and Carbopol were taken for the formulation of herbal skin gel. Evaluation parameters were also performed to evaluate the formulation and to make sure that the subjected formulation is not harmful for the human mankind. Result: The aloe vera gel was formulated by using various type of ingredients such as Aloe-vera gel, glycerin, coconut oil, rose water and honey. Aloe-vera contain antimicrobial and hydrating properties protect skin against microbial degradation and moisture to skin. Conclusion: herbal gel is prepared for tropical administration. A...

The abbreviated impactor measurement (AIM) concept is a potential solution to the laborintensive full-resolution cascade impactor (CI) methodology for inhaler aerosol aerodynamic particle size measurement. In this validation study, the effect of increasing the internal dead volume on determined mass fractions relating to aerodynamic particle size was explored with two abbreviated impactors both based on the Andersen nonviable cascade impactor (ACI) operating principle (Copley fast screening Andersen impactor [C-FSA] and Trudell fast screening Andersen impactor [T-FSA]). A pressurized metered dose inhaler-delivered aerosol producing liquid ethanol droplets after propellant evaporation was chosen to characterize these systems. Measures of extrafine, fine, and coarse particle mass fractions from the abbreviated systems were compared with corresponding data obtained by a full-resolution ACI. The use of liquid ethanol-sensitive filter paper provided insight by rendering locations visible where partly evaporated droplets were still present when the "droplet-producing" aerosol was sampled. Extrafine particle fractions based on impactor-sized mass were near equivalent in the range 48.6% to 54%, comparing either abbreviated system with the benchmark ACI-measured data. The fine particle fraction of the impactor-sized mass determined by the T-FSA (94.4±1.7%) was greater than using the C-FSA (90.5±1.4%) and almost identical with the ACI-measured value (95.3±0.4%). The improved agreement between T-FSA and ACI is likely the result of increasing the dead space between the entry to the induction port and the uppermost impaction stage, compared with that for the C-FSA. This dead space is needed to provide comparable conditions for ethanol evaporation in the uppermost parts of these impactors.

lower than expected, based on equivalent data obtained by the other techniques. Particle bounce, incomplete evaporation of volatile constituents and the presence of surfactant particles are factors that may be responsible for discrepancies between the techniques. The purpose of this research was to compare three different methods for the aerodynamic assessment of (1) chloroflurocarbon (CFC) -fluticasone propionate (Flovent), (2) CFC-sodium cromoglycate (Intal), and (3) hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) -beclomethasone dipropionate (Qvar) delivered by pressurized metered dose inhaler. Particle size distributions were compared determining mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD), and fine particle fraction <4.7 µm aerodynamic diameter (FPF <4.7 µm ). Next Generation Pharmaceutical Impactor (NGI)-size distributions for Flovent comprised finer particles than determined by Andersen 8-stage impactor (ACI) (MMAD = 2.0 ± 0.05 µm [NGI]; 2.8 ± 0.07 µm [ACI]); however, FPF <4.7 µm by both impactors was in the narrow range 88% to 93%. Size distribution agreement for Intal was better (MMAD = 4.3 ± 0.19 µm (NGI), 4.2 ± 0.13 µm (ACI), with FPF <4.7 µm ranging from 52% to 60%. The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) undersized aerosols produced with either formulation (MMAD = 1.8 ± 0.07 µm and 3.2 ± 0.02 µm for Flovent and Intal, respectively), but values of FPF <4.7 µm from the single-stage impactor (SSI) located at the inlet to the APS (82.9% ± 2.1% [Flovent], 46.4% ± 2.4% [Intal]) were fairly close to corresponding data from the multi-stage impactors. APS-measured size distributions for Qvar (MMAD = 1.0 ± 0.03 µm; FPF <4.7 µm = 96.4% ± 2.5%), were in fair agreement with both NGI (MMAD = 0.9 ± 0.03 µm; FPF <4.7 µm = 96.7% ± 0.7%), and ACI (MMAD = 1.2 ± 0.02 µm, FPF <4.7 µm = 98% ± 0.5%), but FPF <4.7 µm from the SSI (67.1% ± 4.1%) was

The purpose of this study was to resolve an anomalously high measure of extra-fine particle fraction (EPF) determined by the abbreviated cascade impactor possibly relevant for human respiratory tract (AIM-HRT) in the experiment described in Part 1 of this two-part series, in which the relative precision of abbreviated impactors was evaluated in comparison with a full resolution Andersen eightstage cascade impactor (ACI). Evidence that the surface coating used to mitigate particle bounce was laterally displaced by the flow emerging from the jets of the lower stage was apparent upon microscopic examination of the associated collection plate of the AIM-HRT impactor whose cut point size defines EPF. A filter soaked in surfactant was floated on top of this collection plate, and further measurements were made using the same pressurized metered-dose inhaler-based formulation and following the same procedure as in Part 1. Measures of EPF, fine particle, and coarse particle fractions were comparable with those obtained with the ACI, indicating that the cause of the bias had been identified and removed. When working with abbreviated impactors, this precaution is advised whenever there is evidence that surface coating displacement has occurred, a task that can be readily accomplished by microscopic inspection of all collection plates after allowing the impactor to sample ambient air for a few minutes.

La selección de un polímero para mejorar la velocidad de disolución de un fármaco dentro de una fórmula farmacéutica implica el uso de múltiples pruebas que encarecen el proceso de selección, por requerir técnicas de alta especialización; lo opuesto es el uso de un método reducido basado en estudios calorimétricos y de disolución, que ayude en la selección preliminar de los materiales, sin altas inversiones monetarias o de tiempo. En este trabajo se realizó la preselección de un polímero acarreador, con potencial para ser usado en el desarrollo de dispersiones sólidas de clorhidrato de terbinafina, con base en la evaluación de mezclas binarias fármaco-polímero. Se evaluaron tres polímeros con diferentes mecanismos de solubilización, PVP-VA, PCAP-PEG y POE-POP. Los copolímeros de PVP-VA y PCAP-PEG resultaron candidatos factibles para su evaluación en el desarrollo de dispersiones sólidas por los métodos de fusión. Ambos polímeros mejoraron los valores de velocidad de disolución y el porcentaje disuelto de terbinafina, abatieron la entalpía de fusión del fármaco y mostraron termoplasticidad. Con este estudio se muestra un enfoque sencillo y de bajo costo para la preselección de polímeros útiles en la fabricación de dispersiones sólidas.

Le contrôle qualité dans l’industrie pharmaceutique est une composante essentielle visant à garantir la conformité, la sécurité et l’efficacité des médicaments. Il intervient à toutes les étapes du processus de fabrication, depuis le contrôle des matières premières jusqu’au produit fini.
Ce travail présente les différentes étapes du contrôle qualité (en amont, en cours de fabrication et en aval), ainsi que les méthodes et techniques analytiques associées, telles que les analyses physico-chimiques, la chromatographie, la spectroscopie, les essais de dissolution et les analyses microbiologiques.
Il met également en évidence les enjeux majeurs du contrôle qualité, notamment sanitaires, économiques et réglementaires, ainsi que les défis auxquels il est confronté, tels que les contraintes de délais, l’évolution des normes et les risques d’erreurs.
Enfin, des perspectives d’amélioration sont proposées, basées sur l’innovation technologique, la digitalisation et l’optimisation des processus, afin de renforcer la performance du contrôle qualité dans l’industrie pharmaceutique.

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to create a tablet containing nifedipine for extended-release by laser drilling technique using a resolution IV 2 4-1 fractional factorial design. Methods: The extended-release tablet formulation bearing nifedipine was developed by the wet granulation method. The A resolution IV 2 4-1 fractional factorial design was employed to optimize the nifedipine extended-release tablets. The ratio of sodium chloride (NaCl) to polyox water soluble resin (WSR) NEO, the ratio of NaCl to polyox WSR Coagulant LEO in the push layer, the ratio of polymer and plasticizer in extended release (ER) coat, and % weight gain in the extended-release coat were taken as independent variables, and the percentage of drug dissolved was taken as the dependent variable. The resolution IV 2 4-1 fractional factorial design was utilized to optimize the formulation, which was subsequently assessed for its performance such as mean weight, thickness, hardness, and friability. Finally, optimized laser-drilledtablets were compared with the undrilled nifedipine extended-release tablets for percent drug release. Results: The mean weight of the optimized formulation was found to be 718±2.5 mg, the mean thickness was measured to be 7.51±0.2 mm, the hardness of the tablet was found to be 130±5 N, tablet friability was measured as 0.9±0.1% and finally the drug release study of tablets having précised orifice shows controlled drug release over a period of time. Conclusion: The developed nifedipine extended-release formulation demonstrated controlled drug release following laser drilling. The laser-drilled tablets exhibited a sustained release profile over the study period. The results indicate that laser drilling is a feasible approach for modulating drug release from extended-release tablets.

Dry powder inhaler formulations comprising commercial lactose-drug blends can show restricted detachment of drug from lactose during aerosolisation, which can lead to poor fine particle fractions (FPFs) which are suboptimal. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the crystallisation of lactose from different ethanol/butanol co-solvent mixtures could be employed as a method of altering the FPF of salbutamol sulphate from powder blends. Lactose particles were prepared by an anti-solvent recrystallisation process using various ratios of the two solvents. Crystallised lactose or commercial lactose was mixed with salbutamol sulphate and in vitro deposition studies were performed using a multistage liquid impinger. Solid-state characterisation results showed that commercial lactose was primarily composed of the α-anomer whilst the crystallised lactose samples comprised a α/β mixture containing a lower number of moles of water per mole of lactose compared to the commercial lactose. The crystallised lactose particles were also less elongated and more irregular in shape with rougher surfaces. Formulation blends containing crystallised lactose showed better aerosolisation performance and dose uniformity when compared to commercial lactose. The highest FPF of salbutamol sulphate (38.0±2.5%) was obtained for the lactose samples that were crystallised from a mixture of ethanol/butanol (20:60) compared to a FPF of 19.7±1.9% obtained for commercial lactose. Engineered lactose carriers with modified anomer content and physicochemical properties, when compared to the commercial grade, produced formulations which generated a high FPF.

Natural products are increasingly used as excipients in formulation systems over the synthetics because of their comparative advantages. This study was aimed at the characterization of Mangifera indica seed gum (MisG) extracted from its endosperm using microwave-assisted technique. Physiochemical, pharmacognostic, microbial load were carried out using established methods and standard protocols. The yield of MisG was 15.63 ± 0.05% w/w. Physicochemical analysis revealed that MisG had particle size of 115.00 ± 0.12 μm, moisture content of 10.15 ± 0.11%, pH of 6.20 ±0.03, swelling index of 2.27 ± 0.09, water binding capacity 112.0 ± 0.1%, viscosity of 1.1 ± 0.2cP, flow rate of 3.01 ± 0.09 g/sec, bulk density of 0.51 ± 0.01 g/cm, tapped density of 0.63 ± 0.01 g/cm, Hausner’s ratio of 1.23±0.03, compressibility index of 19.10 ±0.03 and angle of repose of 29.35°. Microbial evaluation revealed the absence of objectionable microorganisms while the total aerobic microbial and yeast and mould ...

Background Khaya gum is a bark exudate from Khaya senegalensis (Maliaecae) that has drug carrier potential. This study aimed to formulate and comparatively evaluate metformin-loaded microspheres using blends of khaya gum and sodium alginate. Khaya gum was extracted and subjected to preformulation studies using established protocols while three formulations (FA; FB and FC) of metformin (1% w/v)-loaded microspheres were prepared by the ionic gelation method using 5% zinc chloride solution as the cross-linker. The formulations contained 2% w/v blends of khaya gum and sodium alginate in the ratios of 2:3, 9:11, and 1:1, respectively. The microspheres were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, entrapment efficiency, swelling index, and in vitro release studies. Results Yield of 28.48%, pH of 4.00 ± 0.05, moisture content (14.59% ± 0.50), and fair flow properties (Carr’s index 23.68 ± 1.91 and Hausner’s ratio...

An increasing human population requires a secure food supply and a cost effective, oral vaccine delivery system for livestock would help facilitate this end. Recombinant antigen adsorbed onto silica beads and coated with myristic acid, was released ($15% (w/v)) over 24 h at pH 8.8. At pH 2, the myristic acid acted as an enteric coating, protecting the antigen from a variety of proteases. The antigen adsorbed onto silica particles, coated in myristic acid had a conserved secondary structure (measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy) following its pH-triggered release. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to measure the thickness of the adsorbed antigen, finding that its adsorbed conformation was slightly greater than its solution radius of gyration, i.e. 120-160 Å. The addition of myristic acid led to a further increase in particle size, with scattering data consistent with an acid thickness slightly greater than a monolayer of fully extended alkyl chains and a degree of hydration of around 50%. Whilst adsorbed onto the silica and coated in myristic acid, the protein was stable over 14 days at 42 C, indicating a reduced need for cold chain storage. These data indicate that further investigation is warranted into the development of this technology.

ABSTRACT
Objective: Lornoxicam is an effective oxicam-class non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent administered in the managing acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. However, its oral administration is inadequate by deprived aqueous solubility, extensive first-pass metabolism, and gastrointestinal adverse effects. Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative by bypassing hepatic metabolism and enabling sustained drug release, although the stratum corneum restricts effective drug permeation. Transethosomes, ultradeformable vesicular carriers, have shown considerable potential in enhancing transdermal drug transport.
Methods: Lornoxicam-loaded transethosomes were obtained by the cold method and optimized by 3-factor, 3-level Box–Behnken design. Phospholipid (soya lecithin), surfactant (Tween 80), and ethanol concentrations selected as independent attributes, vesicle size and entrapment efficiency (EE) evaluated as critical responses. Optimized composition fused into Carbopol-934 gel base and characterized for physicochemical properties, vesicle morphology, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, in vitro permeation, and short-term stability.
Results: Optimization studies demonstrated that phospholipid and surfactant concentrations majorly impacted vesicle size and %EE, whereas ethanol played huge role in enhancing membrane fluidity and permeation. The optimized formulation (LRNX-12) exhibited nanosized vesicles (179 nm), improved (81.8%), and a favorable negative zeta potential (−34.6 mV), indicating good stability. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis confirmed spherical vesicles with smooth morphology consistent with entrapment. The release data were fitted to zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. The highest correlation coefficient was obtained for the Higuchi model (R² = 0.97), indicating diffusion-controlled release. In vitro permeation studies showed significantly higher drug permeation from the transethosomal gel (93% at 24 h) compared with the conventional plain gel (45%). The gel showed acceptable pH, viscosity, spreadability, and good stability.
Conclusion: The lornoxicam-loaded transethosomal gel demonstrated enhanced transdermal delivery with sustained release and superior permeation, offering a promising alternative to oral therapy for inflammatory conditions.

The antiulcer Potential of ethanolic flower extract of Couroupita guianensis (EFCG) was investigated in indomethacin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer model in experimental rats. Ethanolic flower extract of Couroupita guianensis at a dose of (200 and 400 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced by indomethacin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer. The extract (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in gastric volume, free acidity and ulcer index as compared to control. The present study indicates that EFCG have potential anti-ulcer activity in indomethacin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer model. These results may further suggest that the extract was found to possess anti-ulcerogenic activity which might be due to the presence of phenolic compounds.

Sleep deprivation is a growing public health concern among college students, driven by academic pressures, irregular schedules, excessive screen time, and poor lifestyle habits. A large body of evidence links poor sleep quality to psychological distress including stress, anxiety and depression yet the nature of this relationship in student populations remains under explored. This study assessed how widespread sleep deprivation is among college students and examined its connection to psychological well-being. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 317 college students at JKKN Educational Institutions, Kumarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India. Participants completed a structured questionnaire; sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and psychological distress was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). The Chi-square (χ²) test was used for statistical analysis, with p < 0.05 set as the threshold for significance. More than two-thirds of students (67.2%) were found to have poor sleep quality. Female students consistently fared worse they took longer to fall asleep, slept fewer hours, and experienced more nighttime awakenings than their male peers. DASS-21 scores also reflected higher stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among females. Across all comparisons, the link between poor sleep and elevated psychological distress was statistically significant (p < 0.05). These findings point to a strong and clinically meaningful relationship between sleep deprivation and psychological distress among college students, with female students bearing a disproportionately higher burden. Targeted interventions — including sleep hygiene education, stress management support, and digital detox initiatives — are urgently needed.

The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique was used to prepare ethyl cellulose/methyl cellulose blends, two biocompatible polymers commonly used as drug carriers in controlled delivery systems. Ethyl cellulose is widely used as a drug carrier. The drug release of the delivery devices can be controlled to some extent by addition of a water-soluble or water swellable polymer, such as methyl cellulose. This leads to the solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble molecules. SAS experiments were carried out at different operational conditions and microspheres with mean diameters ranging from 5 to 30 m were obtained. The effect of CO 2 and liquid flow, temperature and pressure on particle size and particle size distribution was evaluated. The microspheres were precipitated from a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (4:1 ratio). The best process conditions for this mixture were according to our study 40 • C and 80 bar.

An improved stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation of rosuvastatin calcium from its degradation products was achieved on Kinetex C18 (7.5 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH was adjusted to 2.5 ±0.05 with orthophosphoric acid) and methanol in the ratio of 50:50 V/V, at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. this system was found to give compact peak for rosuvastatin calcium at 4.0±0.2 min. the detection was monitored at 243 nm. the linear regression data for the calibration plots showed good relationship with r 2 = 0.999 ± 0.001. the method was validated for precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH guidelines and % RSD was found to be less than 2, indicating high degree of accuracy and precision of the proposed RP-HPLC method. the drug was subjected to stress degradation studies under acidic, basic, oxidative and photolytic conditions. Degradation studies reveal that purity angle was less than the purity threshold so the peak was said to be pure. It means that products resulting from stress studies did not interfere with the detection of rosuvastatin calcium and the assay can thus be considered as stabilityindicating. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for determining rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Consensus practices and regulatory guidance for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays of small molecules are more aligned globally than for any of the other bioanalytical techniques addressed by the Global Bioanalysis Consortium. The three Global Bioanalysis Consortium Harmonization Teams provide recommendations and best practices for areas not yet addressed fully by guidances and consensus for small molecule bioanalysis. Recommendations from all three teams are combined in this report for chromatographic run quality, validation, and sample analysis run acceptance.

This study investigated the comparative effects of natural and chemical treatments on pond water samples obtained from the AAUA Fishery, with emphasis on microbial load reduction, diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, fungal occurrence, and molecular resistance gene detection. Treatments applied included Moringa oleifera leaf powder (0.5 g and 1 g), chlorine (0.5 g and 1 g), and direct sunlight exposure, while untreated samples served as controls. Microbiological analyses were performed using serial dilution, spread plating, colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical characterization, with bacterial identification supported by Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Fungal isolates were identified based on cultural and microscopic features, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. PCR amplification was used to detect selected antibiotic resistance genes. Results showed that 0.5 g of Moringa moderately reduced bacterial counts from 3.5 × 10 4 to 7.0 × 10 3 CFU/mL (10-3 dilution) and from 2.0 × 10 7 to 6.0 × 10 6 CFU/mL (10-6 dilution) over 6 h, while 1 g produced weaker inhibition. Sunlight treatment was more effective, lowering bacterial load from 6.0 × 10 4 to 7.0 × 10 3 CFU/mL and from 3.5 × 10 7 to 4.0 × 10 6 CFU/mL across dilutions. Chlorine was the most potent treatment, achieving complete elimination of bacterial growth within 4-6 h at both concentrations. Control samples only showed a natural decline in bacterial counts. Biochemical and colony analyses revealed diverse bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium sp., Vibrio cholerae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 16 mm. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sydowii, Eurotium sp., and Aspergillus flavus. Molecular assays detected the presence of blaOXA and qnrA resistance genes, while blaNDM, blaTEM, blaSHV, tetA, tetB, and cmlA were not detected. These findings highlight the superior bactericidal effect of chlorine relative to Moringa oleifera and sunlight, Moringa oleifera become an alternative source to chlorine and its effects on multidrug resistant microorganisms in pond water, but also reveal the persistence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi in treated pond water. The study underscores the need for integrated water treatment approaches and continuous monitoring to safeguard aquaculture productivity and public health.

As well as highlighting how barriers and other identified issues to effective communication can be addressed, this presentation is aimed at highlighting why lack of trust, lack of mutual understanding, lack of relevant and vital information exchange and lack of coordinationas well as lack of respect for confidentiality, are presenting communication issues within the organisational structures of integrated care systemsparticularly within health care settings. In respect of the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, doctors and practitioners will still be given the option of whether (or not) to participate in assisted dying. This option would resolve ethical moral conflicts-particularly for those whose religious and cultural beliefs conflict with obligations and duties which could arise from implementing and approving the Bill into law. On the 2nd May 2025, documents were published on the impact, equality impact assessments-as well as the ECHR memorandum. It was highlighted that neutrality "on the substantive policy questions" raised by the Bill, would be retained.

Objective: This present study was intended to design sustained release tablet containing diclofenac sodium using a matrix of excipient co-processed xanthan gum-crosslinked amylose. Methods: In the previous study, xanthan gum and amylose have been physically and chemically modified by the co-processed and crosslinking method, resulting co-processed excipient xanthan gum-crosslinked amylose are Co-CLA6-XG and Co-CLA12-XG (method A); CL6-Co-A-XG and CL12-Co-A-XG (method B) with each ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. All excipients had a good swelling index, high viscosity and good gel strength, good characteristics to be used as a matrix for sustained release tablet dosage form. In this study, a tablet with excipient Co-CLA6-XG, Co-CLA12-XG, CL6-Co-A-XG and CL12-Co-A-XG were formulated by direct compression method. The prepared formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, and diameter, hardness, friability, drug content estimation, swelling index, in vitro drug release are within...

The clinical utility of Aceclofenac, a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for treating pain and inflammation in arthritis, is often limited by its poor aqueous solubility (BCS Class II). This study aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution profile of Aceclofenac using the novel liquisolid compact technique. Various formulations (F1–F6) were prepared by dissolving the drug in a non-volatile solvent (PEG 400) and subsequently blending it with porous carrier (Microcrystalline Cellulose) and coating materials (Aerosil). Preformulation studies, including FTIR and melting point analysis, confirmed drug purity and excipient compatibility. Results showed significant enhancement in drug release for all liquisolid formulations compared to the pure drug, with formulation F5 achieving 100% drug content and 97.26% drug release. This study concludes that liquisolid technology is an effective and economical tool for improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

Primary hepatocytes represent a well-accepted in vitro cell culture system for studies of drug metabolism, enzyme induction, transplantation, viral hepatitis, and hepatocyte regeneration. Recently, a multicentric research program has been initiated to optimize and standardize new in vitro systems with hepatocytes. In this article, we discuss five of these in vitro systems: hepatocytes in suspension, perifusion culture systems, liver slices, co-culture systems of hepatocytes with intestinal bacteria, and 96-well plate bioreactors. From a technical point of view, freshly isolated or cryopreserved hepatocytes in suspension represent a readily available and easy-to-handle in vitro system that can be used to characterize the metabolism of test substances. Hepatocytes in suspension correctly predict interspecies differences in drug metabolism, which is demonstrated with pantoprazole and propafenone. A limitation of the hepatocyte suspensions is the length of the incubation period, which should not exceed 4 hr. This incubation period is sufficiently long to determine the metabolic stability and to allow identification of the main metabolites of a test substance, but may be too short to allow generation of some minor, particularly phase II metabolites, that contribute less than 3% to total metabolism. To achieve longer incubation periods, hepatocyte culture systems or bioreactors are used. In this research program, two bioreactor systems have been optimized: the perifusion culture system and 96-well plate bioreactors. The perifusion culture system consists of collagen-coated slides allowing the continuous superfusion of a hepatocyte monolayer with culture medium as well as establishment of a constant atmosphere of 13% oxygen, 82% nitrogen, and 5% CO 2 . This system is stable for at least 2 weeks and guarantees a remarkable sensitivity to enzyme induction, even if weak inducers are tested. A particular advantage of this system is that the same bioreactor can be perfused with different concentrations of a test substance in a sequential manner. The 96-well plate bioreactor runs 96 modules in parallel for pharmacokinetic testing under aerobic culture conditions. This system combines the advantages of a three-dimensional culture system in collagen gel, controlled oxygen supply, and constant culture medium conditions, with the possibility of high throughput and automatization. A newly developed co-culture system of hepatocytes with intestinal bacteria offers the possibility to study the metabolic interaction between liver and intestinal microflora. It consists of two chambers separated by a permeable polycarbonate membrane, where hepatocytes are cultured under aerobic and intestinal bacteria in anaerobic conditions. Test substances are added to the aerobic side to allow their initial metabolism by the hepatocytes, followed by the metabolism by intestinal bacteria at the anaerobic side. Precision-cut slices represent an alternative to isolated hepatocytes and have been used for the investigation of hepatic metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and enzyme induction. A specific advantage of liver slices is the possibility to study toxic effects on hepatocytes that are mediated or modified by nonparenchymal cells (e.g., by cytokine release from Kupffer cells) because the physiological liver microarchitecture is maintained in cultured slices. For all these in vitro systems, a prevalidation has been performed using standard assays for phase I and II enzymes. Representative results with test substances and recommendations for application of these in vitro systems, as well as standard operation procedures are given.

Description Nucleic Acids as Gene Anticancer Drug Delivery Therapy highlights the most recent developments in cancer treatment using nucleic acids, nanoparticles and polymer nanoparticles for genomic nanocarriers as drug delivery, including promising opportunities for targeted and combination therapy. The development of a wide spectrum of nanoscale technologies is beginning to change the scientific landscape in terms of disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This book presents the use of nanotechnology for medical applications, focusing on its use for anticancer drug delivery. Various intelligent drug delivery systems such as inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based drug delivery are discussed. The use of smart drug delivery systems seems to be a promising approach for developing intelligent therapeutic systems for cancer immunotherapies and is discussed in detail along with nucleic acid-targeted drug delivery combination therapy for cancer. Nucleic Acids as Gene Anticancer Drug Delivery Therapy will be a useful reference for pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologiests, and those involved in nanotechnology and cancer research.

Description Nucleic Acids as Gene Anticancer Drug Delivery Therapy highlights the most recent developments in cancer treatment using nucleic acids, nanoparticles and polymer nanoparticles for genomic nanocarriers as drug delivery, including promising opportunities for targeted and combination therapy. The development of a wide spectrum of nanoscale technologies is beginning to change the scientific landscape in terms of disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This book presents the use of nanotechnology for medical applications, focusing on its use for anticancer drug delivery. Various intelligent drug delivery systems such as inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based drug delivery are discussed. The use of smart drug delivery systems seems to be a promising approach for developing intelligent therapeutic systems for cancer immunotherapies and is discussed in detail along with nucleic acid-targeted drug delivery combination therapy for cancer. Nucleic Acids as Gene Anticancer Drug Delivery Therapy will be a useful reference for pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologiests, and those involved in nanotechnology and cancer research.

Honorary Doctorates from 14 universities.Tom Blundell was CEO of AFRC and BBSRC (1991-1996). He is President of the Biosciences Federation and Chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. Blundell has consulted with a number of large pharmaceutical companies, including Pfizer, Parke Davis, SKB, Zeneca and Glaxo. From 1997 to 2004, he was a non-executive director of Celltech and Chairman of their Science and Technology Committee.Blundell is a co-founder of Astex Technology, which is concerned with the discovery of new medicines.