Power and Energy Systems Engineering

This paper presents the modeling of electrical I-V verification of photovoltaic modules using fiveparameter models based on the minimum usage of input data, which are usually provided by manufacturer's datasheet. However, we vary them with a step of 10 -4 , the ideality factor γ be- tween 0.0 and 4 for each iteration in order to choose the γ value, which gives a minimal relative error of the maximum power point. Moreover, when γ is known, the other four parameters (i.e., R s , I 0 , I ph and R sh ) are known. Finally, the effectiveness of this approach is then validated through comparison of the experimental results data under outdoor weather conditions.

This paper presents a new approach for determining the effective control signals for damping of oscillations by using fuzzy logic based Interline Power Flow Controller [IPFC]. The IPFC performance is tested with PI controllers in comparison with fuzzy logic based controller on Modified Phllips-Heffron Model of Single Machine Infinite Bus system to achieve improved damping performance by selecting effective control signals such as as Δm i1 is the deviation in pulse width modulation index m i1 of voltage series converter 1 in line 1, Δm i2 is the pulse width modulation index m i2 deviation of voltage series converter 2 in line 2, Δα 1 is the deviation in phase angle of the injected voltage of convertor 1, Δ α 2 is the injected voltage phase angle deviation of convertor 2. Investigations reveal that coordinated tuning of Interline Power Flow Controller with Fuzzy Logic controller provide the robust dynamic performance. The Fuzzy Logic Based Interline Power Flow Controller [IPFC] is designed with simple fuzzy rules to coordinate the additional damping signal. The proposed controllers for IPFC are able to achieve improved designed performance of the power system. Validity of effective control signals has been done by eigen value analysis.

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic model of a multi machine power system incorporated with Interline Power Flow Controller [IPFC] has been developed for improvement in damping of power system oscillations and transient stability. The IPFC performance is tested with PI controllers in comparison with fuzzy logic based controller under healthy and abnormal operating conditions. The IPFC fuzzy controller is design to coordinate two control inputs: change in voltage and change in capacitor voltage to improve the transient stability of the multimachine system. The Interline Power Flow Controller [IPFC] with fuzzy logic controller is designed with simple fuzzy rules to coordinate the additional damping signal. The proposed controller for IPFC is able to achieve improved designed performance of the power system. Digital simulations are carried out in MATLAB environment.

This paper aims at analyzing the impact of the neutral conductor absence at specific sections over the performance of the power distribution lines, and proposing alternative solutions to mitigate the problems caused by the neutral conductor theft. Simulations are made by the software Interplan and show that the absence of neutral conductor at specific sections of power distribution lines may increase the neutral-to-ground voltages, which compromises the system's safety. The solution developed keeps the technical performance of the power distribution system at satisfactory levels, regarding the voltage profile, or, at least, close to the level before the neutral conductor's theft.

The operation of distribution system with the components in deteriorating condition makes the system reliability worsen. It is important to find the solution for balancing failure cost and maintenance benefits such as downtime and reliability. In this paper, time to replace the components in optimum condition based on constant-interval replacement mode is investigated. The optimal replacement time is mainly depended on component's reliability and the cost ration of preventive replacement and failure replacement. In this paper, equipment inspection method and Weibull Analysis is applied to obtain the accurate reliability estimation. Weibull Analysis is applied with constant-interval replacement model to investigate the optimum replacement time for each component considering the different cost ratios. According to the quantitative results, the determination of the optimal replacement time (OPT) can minimize the total downtime and failure cost. Consequently, the reliability of the system is maximized and estimation also becomes more accurate due to sufficient approach.

The operation of distribution system with the components in deteriorating condition makes the system reliability worsen. It is important to find the solution for balancing failure cost and maintenance benefits such as downtime and reliability. In this paper, time to replace the components in optimum condition based on constant-interval replacement mode is investigated. The optimal replacement time is mainly depended on component's reliability and the cost ration of preventive replacement and failure replacement. In this paper, equipment inspection method and Weibull Analysis is applied to obtain the accurate reliability estimation. Weibull Analysis is applied with constant-interval replacement model to investigate the optimum replacement time for each component considering the different cost ratios. According to the quantitative results, the determination of the optimal replacement time (OPT) can minimize the total downtime and failure cost. Consequently, the reliability of the system is maximized and estimation also becomes more accurate due to sufficient approach.

In the past few decades, world energy consumption grew considerably. Regarding this fact, wave energy should not be discarded as a valid alternative for the production of electricity. Devices suitable to harness this kind of renewable energy source and turn it into electricity are not yet commercially competitive. The work described in this paper aims to contribute to this field of research. It is focused on the design and construction of robust, simple and affordable hydraulic Power Take-Off using hydraulic commercial components.

This paper uses Levy's identification method to build linear, second-order models for the Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS), an off-shore, fully-submerged, point absorber wave energy converter, expected to behave much like a massspring-damper system, though with relevant non-linearities. Since very few experimental data is available, data from an accurate non-linear simulator of the AWS was used. One of the identified models yields a satisfactory performance, and can now be used for the development of control strategies for the AWS.

This work models a photovoltaic (PV) inverter connected to an IEC microgrid system. The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of symmetrical components before and after a high impedance single phase short-circuit fault. The IEC microgrid system is tailored to the distribution system in Indonesia, where the applied voltage is 20 kV. Only parameters related to the short-circuit study are included in the model. A second-order generalized integrator frequency-locked-loop is utilized to represent the 3-phase PV inverter. The inverter model, previously treated as an ideal current source, and positive sequence current are no longer employed, as they fail to depict the characteristics of symmetric components during a phase-to-ground short-circuit fault. The IEC microgrid system connected to the PV inverter is simulated using ATPDraw-electro magnetic transient program (EMTP). Simulation results reveal that the changes in the symmetric component values of current after a fault experience a very insignificant increase. Meanwhile, the positive sequence voltage values following the short-circuit fault exhibit a negligible decrease. In contrast, the negative sequence and zero sequence voltage components after the short circuit fault undergo a significant increase.

The utilization of wind generation equipment, such as DFIGs (double fed induction generators), interconnected to islanded power generation and distribution systems is investigated in order to determine their effects on the overall system operating characteristics and stability. The use of a stable power station (with high speed machines) will be critical in achieving fast and reliable transient response to network events, in particular, when large transient loads are expected on a continuous basis, i.e., industrial mining and mineral processing equipment. Simulation results of this paper assist in understanding how small power stations and wind generation equipment respond to large transients in an islanded network. In particular, detailed simulations and analyses will be presented on impacts of distributed wind generation units (1.5 MW DFIG) on the stability of a small weak network. The novelty of this paper is on detailed analyses and simulation of weak networks with interconnects DFIG's including their impacts on system stability under various transient operating conditions.

The utilization of wind generation equipment, such as DFIGs (double fed induction generators), interconnected to islanded power generation and distribution systems is investigated in order to determine their effects on the overall system operating characteristics and stability. The use of a stable power station (with high speed machines) will be critical in achieving fast and reliable transient response to network events, in particular, when large transient loads are expected on a continuous basis, i.e., industrial mining and mineral processing equipment. Simulation results of this paper assist in understanding how small power stations and wind generation equipment respond to large transients in an islanded network. In particular, detailed simulations and analyses will be presented on impacts of distributed wind generation units (1.5 MW DFIG) on the stability of a small weak network. The novelty of this paper is on detailed analyses and simulation of weak networks with interconnects DFIG's including their impacts on system stability under various transient operating conditions.

Marine propulsion is the ability of the vessel to move at a predetermined rate with minimal power or else a maximum speed for a given power of the main engine. To estimate it is necessary to know its two main components: the resistance to the movement of the vessel and hydrodynamic characteristics of the propeller. Their knowledge to associate the hydrodynamics of propulsion system the ship's hull, propellers with the characteristics of its main engines in the design and operation of the vessel, and thus makes it possible to assess the driving performance of the vessel. Resistance movement of the ship is the projection of the principal vector of the forces of pressure and friction shear stresses acting on the hull of the vessel and the projecting parts by water and air, in the direction of movement of the ship. Calculation mode of propulsion in the evaluation is a longitudinal steady motion, which coincides with the direction of CP. In turn, the magnitude of the force depends on the resistance of the main dimensions of the vessel, the shape of its contours, characterized by the ratio of the main dimensions and coecients of completeness, condition of the surface of the outer skin, speed and driving mode, the parameters of the landing and operating conditions. For surface displacement vessels is calculated Cruising mode, when acting on the ship gravity almost completely balanced by maintaining the buoyancy force. This mode occurs when the Froude number in displacement F r The second element of the propulsion system is the driver. The most common currently on the marine propulsion unit displacement vessels is the propeller of dierent modications: xed pitch propeller (FPP), controllable-pitch propeller (CPP), free and propellers in nozzles, single and tandem propellers with opposite rotation (CRP). Hydrodynamic characteristics of the propeller (thrust and torque) depend on their geometry, mode of operation, the mutual disposition of the propeller and the hull. And nally, one of the elements of the propulsion system is the main engine and apparatus for transmitting the power from the main engine to the propeller. Characteristic of this element is the dependence of developing power from the rotational speed of the propeller shaft. It should be noted that the ship's hull, propellers, main engine with means for transmitting power from the main engine to the propeller work together, making a single propulsion system. And if for some -any reason to change the characteristics of one of the elements of the complex, it will cause a corresponding change in the characteristics of other elements and thus established a new mode of operation of the complex. To do this, the complex has the following features of their work: -produced by the propeller thrust T B always more traction T E due to the additional resistance ∆R (suction force) arising to the hull due to sucked action working propeller; -velocity of ow before the propeller is less than the speed of the vessel through the retarding eect on the ow of the hull; -power P D , consumption propellers, more useful (towing) power P E due to hydrodynamic losses in the propulsion system. In this regard, the ratio P E P D = η, determines the magnitude of the hydrodynamic losses in the propulsion system, and referred to the propulsion eciency is the hydrodynamic characteristics of the eciency of this complex. The value of this coecient for marine displacement vessels is 0, 45 ÷ 0, 75. Calculation of ship propulsion is carried out in the following sequence. 1. Calculate the power and resistance to acceptance or medium-operating conditions.. In accordance with the type and purpose of the vessel is chosen for the calculation of the

Savonius vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) offer a promising solution for small-scale wind energy harvesting, particularly in environments characterized by low wind speeds, high turbulence, or spatial constraints. Their simple design, low manufacturing cost, and strong self-starting capability make them well-suited for urban areas and off-grid applications. However, inherent limitations, such as low aerodynamic efficiency and torque fluctuations, have restricted their widespread adoption. This review provides a comprehensive and focused analysis of recent advancements aimed at enhancing Savonius VAWT performance. It examines key developments in geometric design optimization, flow manipulation strategies, and the application of modern predictive and control methodologies. Unlike previous reviews that include both wind and hydrokinetic turbines, this study focuses exclusively on wind energy applications. It identifies and evaluates the primary parameters affecting performance, including blade configuration, flow velocity, turbine array arrangements, flow control mechanisms, and material selection. Emerging approaches, such as hybrid turbine concepts, turbulence mitigation techniques, and innovative energy harvesting enhancements, are also explored. By synthesizing current research trends and highlighting critical design and operational factors, this review addresses a significant gap in the literature and aims to support the development of more efficient, stable, and adaptable Savonius VAWTs for sustainable wind energy systems.

In the past, stainless steel was utilized as cladding in many PWRs (pressurized water reactors), and its performance under irradiation was excellent. However, stainless steel was replaced by zirconium-based alloy as cladding material mainly due to its lower neutron absorption cross section. Now, stainless steel cladding appears as a possible solution for safety problems related to hydrogen production and explosion as occurred in Fukushima Daiichi accident. The aim of this paper is to discuss the steady-state irradiation performance using stainless steel as cladding. The results show that stainless steel rods display higher fuel temperatures and wider pellet-cladding gaps than Zircaloy rods and no gap closure. The thermal performance of the two rods is very similar and the neutron absorption penalty due to stainless steel use could be compensating by combining small increase in U-235 enrichment and pitch size changes.

The fast variations in the source voltage can affect the performance of the loads such as (a) semiconductor fabrication plants (b) paper mills (c) food processing plants and (d) automotive assembly plants. The common disturbances in the source voltages are the voltage sags or voltage swells this can be due to (i) disturbances arising in the transmission system, (ii) adjacent feeder faults and (iii) fuse or breaker operation. Voltage sags of 10% lasting for 5-10 cycles can result in costly damage in the loads. To mitigate the problems of poor quality power supply, voltage source converters can be connected in series with transmission lines as compensators. These are known as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) or Static Voltage Restorer. In this paper, a new scheme to control DVR using adaptive neuro fuzzy logic is proposed. In this controller, Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy rules are trained using off-line neuro fuzzy system. Also, instantaneous power theory is used to calculate the phase voltage due to its high accuracy and less computation. The simulation and practical results show that real time application of the proposed controller is possible and robust compared to conventional controllers previously investigated. The experiment results obtained using the dSPACE data acquisition system and Matlab real time toolbox.

A proper characterization of catamarans performance in relation to demi-hull separation ratio (Sc/L) is imperative for optimal design and applications. Resistance, propulsion and good sea-keeping characteristics for various demi-hull separation ratios at different operating conditions are prime considerations. This work evaluates the Resistance and Propulsion (RAP) characteristics of a 72 m long catamaran for various values of Sc/L (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5). Both physical models and numerical methods are implemented for the analysis. The analysis shows that the frictional resistance (R F ) of catamaran is parabolic and slightly higher than those of monohulls. However, catamarans have superior sea-keeping performance. The R F of catamaran dominates the total resistance (R T ) at low speeds; however, at high Froude number (Fn > 0.25), wave-making resistance (Rw) becomes dominant, especially during humps. Consequently, the R T -curve and the effective power P E -curve oscillate in rhythm with the Rw-curve as the velocity increases. Again, the effect of residuary resistance interference due to demi-hulls separation ratio is marginal, except during humps. Also, four speed-regimes are identified such as: 1) Low-speed (Fn < 0.23); 2) 1 st hump (0.23 < Fn < 0.45); 3) Hollow-wave (0.45 < Fn < 0.60) and 4) 2 nd hump, high-speed (Fn > 0.60). The catamaran P E for Fn > 0.6 is very high and uneconomical. Therefore, for optimal performance, catamarans should have service speed limits not exceeding Fn = 0.6.

Installation of Distributed Generator (DG) is a well accepted method to improve power system operation from the point of reducing congestion and improving voltage profiles. For best results, Distributed Generators should be placed at strategic locations to exploit maximum benefits out of them. The (N-1) contingency criterion has been taken into account in this work. Most congested lines of the grids are ranked by congestion Index and considered to study the impact of DG penetration on congestion. The present paper proposes contribution factors of Distributed Generators for the placement of DG to keep the line flow within the capacity of each transmission line of the network. The results obtained from IEEE 30-bus test system indicate that the proposed methods are capable of identifying desirable DG location and its maximum allowable size. The influence of DG on bus voltage profile has also been demonstrated in this paper.

Ghana has been experiencing a lot of power outages over the years, mainly due to the heavy reliance on hydroelectric power plants, poor maintenance culture for existing plants as well as rising energy demand for development. These shortages have hindered the smooth running of businesses and academic institutions in the country. Institutions therefore operate with Genset for 12 hours with huge operational cost. This work therefore seeks to technically and economically assess a reliable alternative power supply for Koforidua Polytechnic. The building used in this assessment is the engineering block, which has five (5) floors with a total energy consumption of 227.520kWh/day for lights and fans. Homer software for micro grid and distributed generation power system design and optimization (NREL Homer) was used to do the optimization and sensitivity analysis with daily average electric demand of 9.48kW and peak power of 26.7kW with July, August and December having the highest mean values. The designed Photovoltaic (PV) system consists of 70kW monocrystalline PV modules of 250 Wp at a system voltage of 12V with 111 batteries and 17kW converter. The levelized Net Cost to install a renewable energy system (PV) divided by its expected time energy output of electricity from the optimized system at an annual real interest rate of ten (10%) percent is GHȻ2.38/kW. For the PV system designed to reach "Grid Parity", the levelized cost of energy is estimated to be GHȻ2.03/kW with an annual real interest rate of six (6%) percent.

This work is devoted to an experimental study of metallic pressure cooker insulated with kapok wool, a vegetal biodegradable fiber. Experiments conducted on the cooling of hot water in the equipment revealed very low heat losses and a time constant of 60 hours on average. As a result, the equipment makes it possible to finish cooking meals only thanks to the heat stored at the beginning of cooking and keeps cooked dishes warm for long hours. The thermal phase shift of the pressure cooker is around 7 h. Cooking tests conducted on some local dishes revealed about 70% butane gas savings for cooking cowpea and white rice, 38% for cooking fatty rice, 75% for pasta and couscous, and 30% for cooking potato stew. These results show that this technology can contribute to minimizing energy consumption in the restaurant sector.

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are crucial for improving the control, monitoring, and observability of modern power systems. This research presents an optimal PMU placement strategy for the Shiroro 330 kV grid network using the Binary Grey Wolf Optimization (BGWO) algorithm. The objective is to minimize the number of PMUs required while ensuring full system observability under both normal and contingency conditions. The BGWO algorithm, inspired by the hunting behavior of grey wolves, is a powerful metaheuristic for solving binary optimization problems. Applied to the Shiroro grid, this method demonstrates enhanced observability and system reliability. Compared to other optimization techniques, BGWO achieves higher accuracy and reduced computational time. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in achieving cost-effective and reliable PMU deployment for the 330 kV network.

The microstructural processes occurring in metals and alloys during hot deformation are: DRX (dynamic recrystallization), superplastic deformation, dynamic recovery, wedge cracking, void formation, inter-crystalline cracking, prior particle boundary (FFB) cracking, and flow instability processes. Deformation characteristics of materials are interpreted as follows: in the low temperature (T ≤ 0.25 of melting temperature) and high strain rate regime of 10 to 100 s -1 , void formation occurs at hard particles and leads to ductile fracture. Many researchers used the currently defined statistical approaches to characterize images and extract useful information from the captured images. For more suitable of specific tasks, some researchers are introducing new texture features. HOS (higher-order statistics) estimate properties of three or more pixels occurring at specific locations relative to each other. GLRLMs (gray level run-length matrices) are popular method of HOS to extract texture features. This paper deals with texture features of GLRLM to predict strain rate values for Aluminum/Silicon Carbide.

The availability of non-renewable energy sources such as crude oil, natural gas, coal etc., is fast diminishing. So the renewable energy sources such as solar, hydropower, geothermal, wind, tidal energy, are gaining more and more importance. Many new developments to convert these renewable energy sources into usable forms are taking place. Most renewable energy sources are used to produce electricity. In this paper, a performance and efficiency simulation study of a smart-grid connected photovoltaic system using Chroma DC programmable power supply, AC programmable source and an Aurora Inverter is proposed. The simulation is performed in MATLAB environment where the Current-Voltage (I-V) and Power-Voltage (P-V) curves from the solar array simulator are generated and plotted. The proposed topology has been verified with satisfactory results. In addition, temperature and irradiance effects on I-V and P-V characteristic curves are verified. Also, the efficiency curves of the photovoltaic grid interface inverter are generated in the study. The MATLAB code developed in this paper is a valuable tool for design engineers comparing different inverters, calculating the optimum efficiency of a given inverter type.

The Evaluation of performance characteristic  of Gas Turbine was done and it comprises of the evaluations, effects and comparison. The results after the study of the various performance parameters and its      effects on
the Trans-Amadi Gas Turbine Power Station Phase II  (GT-II) show that the ambient       
temperature affects the performance of the turbine.
Comparison between the percentage actual average power output    generated by the   
turbine (Table 4.2:11.11MW) to the design power output (Table 4.1:25.0 MW) shows
that 44.44% power generated and 55.56% power        differential.
The average of the performance parameters  like thermal efficiency (24.19%), work
ratio (0.855), thermal discharge index (3.13), net plant heat rate (14.90MJ/KW) and
net work ratio (0.25) were computed as shown and    compared favourably  with their 
respective design values  (26.6% ,
          0.4-0.8,3.42, 10-20MJ/KW and 0.25) .
Furthermore, this study also shows that as the ambient temperature  increases, the
power output decreases, the power differential increases, the thermal efficiency ratio
decreases, the specific fuel consumption increases and the heat rate increases. Also,
for every     
  increase in the heat rate, there is a decrease in the thermal efficiency.

The performance appraisal of the Trans-Amadi Gas Turbine Power Station has been done. The studied which encompasses collection of data from actual plant operational logsheets: turbine log sheets, plant/Auxiliaries logsheets and generator logsheets for the months of February, 2011 to November 2011. Parameters which could not be directly measured or determined were derived utilizing appropriate thermodynamic equations and principles. The work also reveal that an increment of ambient temperature from 25 0 C to 34 0 C , the power output decreases by 0.08MW, the thermal efficiency decreases by 3.77%, the heat supplied decreases by 421KW, the air fuel ratio increases by 5.22, the specific fuel consumption increases by 0.102Kg/KWh and the heat rate increases by 0.23KCal/Wh respectively. The performance of the gas turbine plant revealed that the plant will consume much fuel for small amount of workdone: that is, there is tendency for poor power supply. It is recommended that routine maintenance should be carried out periodically and if the symptoms persist, intercoolers should be introduced in order to control the ambient temperature which is the cause.

The influence of turbine inlet temperature of the performance of a gas turbine power plant utilized for electricity has been done. The investigation which comprises of recorded turbine data that were used to compute the parameters of power output, power differential, compressor work, turbine work, heat supplied, net work, SFC, AFR, and thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant. Correlation of these parameters with the turbine inlet temperature showed close dependence on this temperature. The resulting equations are therefore useful in predicting any of the parameters with known values of turbine inlet temperature for the particular type of this turbine plant excepting that of the power output, air-fuel ratio and thermal efficiency which showed decreasing trends with increase of turbine inlet temperature.

Uncrewed stealth aircraft operate in highly adversarial, sensor-degraded environments where classical deterministic control laws fail because of structural and parametric uncertainties arising from low-observable airframe dynamics, radar-absorbing material variation, and hostile electronic countermeasures. This paper proposes a novel Type-3 fuzzy logic controller (T3-FLC) architecture for real-time dynamic guidance and control of uncrewed stealth platforms. Drawing on the probabilistic framework of Type-3 fuzzy sets, wherein membership degrees are modeled as full probability distributions rather than crisp scalars or interval bands, the Bayesian Beta-conjugate inference pipeline is extended to handle multi-axis flight dynamics. The controller simultaneously addresses: 1) unknown aerodynamic perturbations in lowobservable flight regimes; 2) faulty or jammed sensor–actuator channels; and 3) time-varying control-gain uncertainty induced by variable-geometry stealth configurations. Lyapunov-based stability proofs guarantee asymptotic convergence of the tracking error under the proposed adaptive compensator. Controller parameters are optimized using a Type-3 fuzzy differential evolution (T3-DE) algorithm with dynamically adapted crossover rate. The inference mechanism employs α-plane decomposition of three-dimensional membership functions. Simulation results on a six-degrees-offreedom stealth UAV model demonstrate superior tracking accuracy (RMSE = 0.0094), robustness to Gaussian actuator noise, and improved calibrated uncertainty estimation compared with Type1 and Type-2 fuzzy baselines.

Energy system adequacy has traditionally been addressed through physical capacity expansion, relying on new generation assets, grid reinforcement, and reserve margins calibrated against peak demand. In structurally constrained and import-dependent energy systems, however, this supply-centric paradigm faces increasing limitations due to regulatory complexity, long development timelines, geographical constraints, and persistent global instability. This paper advances a system-level reinterpretation of energy efficiency as a form of virtual capacity, functionally equivalent to physical infrastructure expansion from an adequacy and reserve-margin perspective. By formally linking demand reduction to capacity metrics, the analysis demonstrates that peak-oriented energy efficiency produces the same structural effects as additional installed capacity, while offering superior speed of deployment, spatial distribution, and resilience benefits. Beyond conceptual equivalence, the paper examines the systemic advantages of virtual capacity in terms of flexibility, risk diversification, and stability under repeated external shocks. Particular attention is given to constrained energy systems, such as those characterizing Mediterranean countries, where physical expansion options are structurally limited. The paper concludes that energy efficiency should be treated as an infrastructure-level design variable and integrated into core system planning and project management decisions, rather than framed as a secondary demand-side measure.

The paper presents detailed comparisons between CRM (critical conduction mode) and CCM (continuous conduction mode) control schemes used for Boost PFC converter. The two schemes are analyzed and compared under the chips of L6561 and UC 3854 which are commonly used for CRM and CCM respectively. Both schemes are based on multiplier; however, the CCM is more complex and needs more periphery components which increase the cost. The Boost PFC under CRM is easier to be implemented. Nevertheless, the variable switch frequency makes the system (including the power-stage inductor and capacitor) hard to design. It seems that the CRM PFC is more attractive in low power applications which only need to meet IEC61000-3-2 D standard. Some experiment results are also presented for the comparison.