Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP

Deploying small macrocell base stations, hence called femtocells, enhances the level of service provided to consumers inside as well as outside. However, the effective management of user mobility poses a significant challenge in their implementation. This paper focuses extensively on this challenge, specifically emphasizing a critical aspect of mobility management: handovers. Regarding macrocell femtocell 5G A-LTE two-tier networks, the decision-making process during handovers holds paramount importance. This research classifies and thoroughly examines decision algorithms concerning handovers, considering factors such as the speed of user equipment, financial considerations, interference, and received signal strength. Nevertheless, a significant number of these described decision algorithms overlook crucial aspects. Firstly, they often fail to account for cell selection when employing a scenario with just one macrocell and numerous femtocells; a hybrid access policy is used. Secondly, a significant number of those methods do not take the retention parameter for the user equipment into account, resulting in an increased occurrence of unnecessary handovers. To address these shortcomings, we propose a sophisticated handover decision algorithm. This novel approach considers various factors, including the individual's speed, received signal strength, time spent there, and the femtocell base station's access policy. Comparing our suggested algorithm to traditional decision algorithms that are only based on simulation, data shows that our proposed approach significantly lowers the frequency of unwanted handovers on received signal strength in the 5G network to improve the Energy Efficiency of the network by over 85%.

The continuous evolution of wireless communication networks, fueled by advancements in 5G and the envisioned potential of 6G technologies, has introduced significant challenges in mobility management and handover (HO) optimization. The frequent HOs due to network densification, particularly at high frequencies like millimeter waves (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands, can lead to increased latency, and potential service disruptions. To address these issues, artificial intelligence (AI) driven approaches are emerging as promising alternatives. This paper explores the use of deep learning techniques for predictive HO management. An encoderdecoder long short-term memory (ED-LSTM) model is proposed to generate multistep predictions of future reference signal received power (RSRP) values. The model was trained and evaluated on two distinct real-world drive-test datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed ED-LSTM model achieves lower prediction error, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.07 for dataset 1 and 2.33 for dataset 2, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.80% for dataset 1 and 2.96% for dataset 2. Overall, the ED-LSTM outperforms the bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) and standard LSTM (S-LSTM) model, achieving improvements of 33-38% on dataset 1 and 48-50% on dataset 2 in terms of MAE and MAPE, respectively.

Beyond 5G (B5G) networks require advanced handover algorithms to guarantee seamless connectivity and optimum quality of service. Traditional handover methods are not sufficient to meet the stringent latency and reliability requirements of next-generation networks. To meet these challenges, the integration of fuzzy logic into handover algorithms offers a viable solution. The proposed approach utilizes parameters such as reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and user equipment (UE) speed as inputs, while dynamically adjusting the time-to-trigger (TTT) and handover margin (HOM) as outputs. To assess the effectiveness of this algorithm, handover latency (HOL) and handover interruption time (HIT) are evaluated and compared with existing algorithms in the literature. The results show better and more efficient performance in both terms of latency and interruption time.

The received signal strength of any cellular network system at the user equipment terminal is dependent on the propagation environment and the path loss model used during the network planning stage. One of the most commonly used empirical model for predictive path loss analysis and estimation is the COST231 model. Despite the popularity of this model, its precision performance is usually poor when engaged for propagation prediction modelling outside the intended environment wherein it was originally developed. To cater for such limitation, an adaptive path loss model for optimal path loss prediction is developed in this paper using a hybrid Wavelet-Genetic genetic algorithm (Wavelet-GA). For the purpose of comparative analysis between wavelet-GA, GA, and COST231 models, three evaluation indicators based on root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (R), were engaged. The results showed that the estimated RMSEs attained with the proposed wavelet

The frequent poor service network experienced by some mobile phone users within some deadlock areas in Nigeria is an issue which has been identified by different researchers due to wrong positioning and planning of the evolved NodeB (eNodeB) transmitter using existing propagation loss models. To effectively contribute towards this potential issue constantly experienced in some part of Nigeria, an adaptive hybrid propagation loss model that is based on wavelet transform and genetic algorithm methods has been developed for cellular network planning and optimization, with the capacity to resolve the problems absolutely. First, the signal strengths were measured within four selected eNodeB cell sites in long term evolution (LTE) at 2600MHz using drive-test method. Secondly, the measured data were denoised through wavelet tools. Thirdly, COST231 model was optimize and deduced to generic model with parameters. Fourthly, genetic optimization algorithm automatically developed the propagation loss models for denoised signal data (designated as wavelet-GA model) and unprocessed signal data (designated as GA model). The hybrid wavelet-GA propagation loss model, GA propagation loss model, and COST231 propagation loss model were compared based on three error metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient (R). The developed hybrid wavelet-GA model estimated the lowest RMSEs of 2.8813 dB, 3.9381 dB, 4.7643 dB, 6.9366 dB, whereas, COST231 model gave highest value of RMSE. The developed hybrid wavelet-GA model also derived the least value of MAE as compared with COST231 and the GA models, such as, 2.2016 dB, 2.8672 dB, 3.4766 dB, 5.8235 dB. The correlation coefficients were also compared, and it showed that the developed hybrid wavelet-GA model were 90.04%, 78.61%, 92.21% and 91.23% for the four cell sites. The developed hybrid wavelet-GA model was also validated to account for the performance level by checking for the correlation coefficient using another measured signal data from different eNodeB cell sites other than the once used for the developed of the hybrid wavelet-GA model. It was noticed that the developed hybrid wavelet-GA propagation loss model is 97.41% valid. Existing standard COST231 model are not able to predict propagation loss with high level of accuracy, as such not efficient to be applied within part of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The proposed hybrid wavelet-GA model has proven to achieve high performance level and it is relevant to be utilized for cellular network planning and optimization. In future purposes, more regions and locations should be considered to form a broader view in the development of more robust propagation loss models.

ABSTRAK Pada area Jakarta Pusat sering terjadi ganguan jaringan 3G dan pengguna jaringan tersebut dirasa sangat banyak. Selain itu di Jakarta pusat juga banyak gedung-gedung tinggi yang mengakibatkan banyaknya gangguan obstacle. Untuk itu dirasa perlu untuk diadakan drive test dan dilakukan optimasi. Pada Proyek Akhir ini, dilakukan pengukuran kualitas jaringan 3G dengan menggunakan metode drive test Pengukuran ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan software TEMS Investigation 11.0.1. Dari hasil pengukuran ini dilakukan analisis terhadap bad spot. Bad spot adalah daerah yang coverage dan quality tidak sesuai standar operator , jika ditemukan permasalahan maka dilakukan optimasi pada area tersebut. Setelah dilakukan optimasi pada 3 area bad spot, Nilai-nilai yang diperoleh adalah RSCP lebih dari -95 dBm, Ec/No lebih dari -15 db dan throughput diatas 33 kbps. Optimasi yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan re-azimuth dan tilting antenna kemudian telah diimplementasikan dan diperoleh data af...

Pemerintah menjanjikan akan segera menyediakan aturan terkait penyediaan layanan 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) di frekuensi 1800 Mhz. Sebelum aturan terkait tersebut dibuat, ada salah satu proses yang harus dilakukan, yaitu penataan alokasi frekuensi yang ditempati operator-operator telekomunikasi di frekuensi 1800 Mhz. Penataan ulang ini dilakukan agar operator bisa menempati blok pita frekuensi secara berurutan untuk dapat mengoptimalkan spektrum yang mereka miliki saat ini. Metode penataan ulang yang berkembang terpecah menjadi dua, yaitu direct dan indirect. Direct adalah skenario pemindahan kanal bertahap per wilayah dengan cara menggeser frekuensi serempak. Sementara indirect adalah pemindahan kanal bertahap per wilayah dengan cara menggeser frekuensi tetapi disediakan kanal kosong untuk transisi. Lebar pita di frekuensi 1800 Mhz secara keseluruhan adalah 75 MHz. XL memiliki 22,5 Mhz dalam 2 blok terpisah terpisah, Telkomsel memiliki total 22,5 MHz dengan 3 blok frekuensi yang terpisah, Indosat memiliki total 20 MHz dengan 2 blok frekuensi yang terpisah, dan Tri memiliki total 10 Mhz yang sudah bergabung. Proses realokasi ini perlu mekanisme perencanaan dan aturan yang jelas agar tidak menimbulkan terganggunya penyelenggaraan layanan telekomunikasi oleh operator terhadap pengguna dan menimbulkan resiko-resiko lainnya.

The work presented is aimed at studying the comparative error bound of Hata and Egli radio pathloss prediction model to determine which of the model will better suit television planning in the UHF band of Edo state. Signal strength measurement campaign of selected television stations in the Ultra high frequency UHF band in Benin City was conducted across some selected routes using a hand held spectrum analyzer. The results revealed that for all scenario, both the Egli and Hata pathloss models could not be relied on for effective radio planning in the region as both models exceeded the root mean square error RMSE of 6-7 dB acceptable for the adoption of existing radio propagation models for the planning of new radio communication systems. However the Hata pathloss model prediction gave a better fit to the measured pathloss.

Pada sistem komunikasi baik analog maupun digital, suatu sistem komunikasi memerlukan proses modulasi. Modulasi merupakan proses pengkodean informasi dari sumber pesan menggunakan cara yang sesuai dengan proses transmisi. Hal ini dilakukan agar sinyal informasi dapat dikirimkan dan diterima dengan baik di penerima. Pada teknologi 4G LTE terdapat 3 jenis modulasi yang digunakan yaitu Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM), dan 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM). Modulasi tersebut akan berpengaruh terhadap data rate yang diterima di pelanggan. Pelanggan akan menerima data rate yang optimal, jika pelanggan mendapatkan modulasi 64-QAM. Akan tetapi, tidak semua pelanggan bisa mendapatkan kondisi 64-QAM. Terdapat beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi tipe modulasi yang dapat diterima oleh pelanggan, salah satunya adalah level sinyal yang diterima oleh pelanggan. Pada penelitian ini, penelitian dilakukan di area Kota Cimahi yaitu area sekitar site Puri Fajar Cibeber. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, didapatkan bahwa tipe modulasi QPSK selalu mendukung untuk disemua kondisi level sinyal baik level sinyal yang bagus yaitu RSRP >-90 dBm dan SINR > 0 dB maupun kondisi level sinyal yang kurang bagus yaitu RSRP <-90 dBm dan SINR < 0 dB. Sedangkan untuk tipe modulasi 64-QAM sebanyak 40,4% didapat jika kondisi level sinyal RSRP-nya berada di atas-90 dBm.

Nowadays, everybody use handphones to communicate or surf the internet. In order to cope with the users demand and capacity, Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been introduced as the new technology which is consists of macrocell, picocell and femtocell heterogeneous networks. The deployment of this femtocell will help to offload traffic in macrocell LTE heterogeneous network. However, this deployment has negative impact on the handoff performance especially when mobile devices roam across heterogeneous access networks. Therefore; this research presents frameworks to minimize the unnecessary handover for femtocell to femtocell and macrocell to femtocell in LTE heterogeneous network. Two parameters are used which are speed and handoff types in order to see the variation of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). The simulation results show that the value of distance should be adaptive to the velocity and handoff types of UE in order to reduce the unnecessary handover and hence improved the...

Kemajuan Informatics, Communication Technology (ICT) banyak membantu pengguna dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Perkembangan teknologi berkembang secara cepat dari generasi ke generasi. Dari generasi Fixed Wire line sampai kepada generasi Broadband. Untuk saat ini sendiri terdapat 3 kandidat pengusung teknologi 4G, yaitu Long-term Evolution (LTE), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) dan Wimax (Worldwide Interoperability for microwave access II). Namun dari ketiganya LTE adalah kandidat terkuat yang dipercaya akan memberikan keuntungan baik bagi operator maupun kepada pengguna. Beberapa kelebihan teknologi LTE adalah kecepatan download hingga 100 Mbps, hemat biaya bagi operator. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui, menganalisa dan membandingkan kinerja jaringan 4G untuk operator TELKOMSEL, XL dan INDOSAT di Inner Kota Palembang untuk periode Mei 2017. Hasil penelitian ini menjadi masukan untuk tiap operator dan menjadi edukasi kepada tiap konsumen mengenai Jaringan 4G. Penelitian ini hanya membandin...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) refers to state of the art of technology in mobile telecommunication. It has an uplink capacity up to 50 megabits per second (Mbps), and 100 Mbps of the downlink. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the development of LTE in Makassar, and provide information on the LTE network optimization capacity for data access fulfillment in Makassar. This research was conducted from October 2015 until January 2016. The location of the research was conducted in one of telecommunication provider service provider company in Makassar, Telkomsel Tbk, which inaugurated LTE service in Makassar Commercial. As for technical aspect which is needed to determine area coverage is the width of the predetermined area. Makassar city has awidth of 175,77 km2 and comprises of 14 districts. Each cell coverage of the LTE design is 2,3

Heterogeneous deployment of access points is considered as a promising technique for improved network performance in 4G networks. While the heterogeneity of the network results in reduced cell sizes thereby improving network coverage, inter-cell handover process becomes more complex and frequent. Therefore, the different velocities and angles of movement of the mobile users leads to excessive scanning process between neighboring cells and poses an inherent delay in the handover decision. In this paper, we present a modified handover decision algorithm whereby pedestrians and motorcyclists access the same small cell thereby reducing the scanning for different target small cells. Signal to interference plus noise ratio was considered to mitigate neighbor cell interference and introducing mobility vector prediction to accurately execute handover process. Probability of unnecessary handover and network throughput were used as metrics.

Mobile communication systems present an actuality subject in academic and industrial research activities due to several phenomena such as interferences, multipath, fading and shadowing. All this lead to a severe perturbation on handover mechanism which depends on specific reports, essentially, reference signal received power (RSRP) and signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR). In this paper, we design a new technique in handover domain; it consists of combining energy detection method used in cognitive radio with least mean square (LMS) process in order to prognosticate the handover impact in a realistic scenario of heterogeneous LTE network. More exactly, technique sense of the word "triggering" will be changed to a probability of detection. The proposed algorithm cycle follows two main steps; Firstly, predict at what time the absence of spectrum (primary user) will occur, using a predicted sensing probability. Secondly, search others spectrums in this time by calculating the probability of detection for each sensed signal and hand-off secondary user in the best spectrum. The results achieved of the simulation are evaluating, it shows that the proposed method predict the original probability of detection correctly with minimal errors and select the best spectrum successfully contraly to standard handover process.

The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quali...