Restoration Strategies

Introduction
As a result of droughts and human interventions, the Urmia Lake basin has faced increasing unallowable withdrawal of water resources and environmental requirements share. Over the past two decades, a series of natural and human factors have gradually changed the water balance of Lake Urmia. In addition, decreases in precipitation have been the main reason for the gap between water resources and increasing water consumption in the basin, especially in the agricultural sector. In order to deal with the Urmia Lake catastrophe, a working group was formed for the Urmia Lake restoration. The working group planned and proposed solutions to reach the ecological level of the lake in three stages within 10 years through in-basin water supply and inter-basin water transfer programs. The present research, while investigating the solutions for providing the environmental water requirement of Lake Urmia using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, changes in the water volume of Lake Urmia in the scenarios of water transfer from the surface flow of each entering river in the lake in the years of high intensity severe to mild drought, the implementation of the approvals of the national working group to restore Urmia Lake, including a 40% reduction in agricultural consumption from the sources of dams and other rivers without dams, releasing water from dams in non-agricultural seasons, transferring water from urban wastewater and finally transferring water between the Zab basin has quantitatively been evaluated using the MODSIM simulation model. This research will help to predict the amount of transferable water in drought, normal, and drought conditions and to plan the water accounting of the Urmia catchment.

Introduction
As a result of droughts and human interventions, the Urmia Lake basin has faced increasing unallowable withdrawal of water resources and environmental requirements share. Over the past two decades, a series of natural and human factors have gradually changed the water balance of Lake Urmia. In addition, decreases in precipitation have been the main reason for the gap between water resources and increasing water consumption in the basin, especially in the agricultural sector. In order to deal with the Urmia Lake catastrophe, a working group was formed for the Urmia Lake restoration. The working group planned and proposed solutions to reach the ecological level of the lake in three stages within 10 years through in-basin water supply and inter-basin water transfer programs. The present research, while investigating the solutions for providing the environmental water requirement of Lake Urmia using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, changes in the water volume of Lake Urmia in the scenarios of water transfer from the surface flow of each entering river in the lake in the years of high intensity severe to mild drought, the implementation of the approvals of the national working group to restore Urmia Lake, including a 40% reduction in agricultural consumption from the sources of dams and other rivers without dams, releasing water from dams in non-agricultural seasons, transferring water from urban wastewater and finally transferring water between the Zab basin has quantitatively been evaluated using the MODSIM simulation model. This research will help to predict the amount of transferable water in drought, normal, and drought conditions and to plan the water accounting of the Urmia catchment.
Materials and Methods
The watershed of Lake Urmia, located in the northwest of Iran, with an area of 51,876 square kilometers, is one of the six main watersheds of the country, which is located between the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan. In terms of its territorial location, the catchment area of the Zab Kochak river is in the western part of the international border with Iraq and in the catchment area of the Western Border River basin. A significant part of the Zab watershed (source of water transfer) is located outside the country and in Iraq. The route of water transfer between the basins of the Zab basin is from the place of two dams, Silweh and Kaniseeb, which after entering the Godarchai river will eventually enter the Urmia lake water body. The different solutions from the working group’s approval have been selected for developing six scenarios. Then, the Scenarios have been evaluated by the MODSIM model and AHP analysis method. The scenarios are including reducing agricultural expenses from dams in operation, saving by reducing agricultural expenses from other rivers, transferring water between basins, transferring effluent to Lake Urmia, releasing water from dams in operation to Lake Urmia. A hierarchical structure was developed with the aim of evaluating solutions to save Lake Urmia through internal sources and transfer water sources. In this structure, there are four criteria of climate, consumption, economic-social, and environmental status. Sub-criteria of drought, surface water extraction from rivers, extraction from dam sources, extraction from groundwater resources, development of agricultural lands, and ensuring the sustainability of river flow. and providing solutions for inter-basin water transfer, a 40% reduction of agricultural water consumption from surface water sources of rivers and dams, wastewater transfer, and a 40% reduction of agricultural water consumption from underground water sources in Expert Choice software, were analyzed.
Results and Discussion
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the defined scenarios, the simulation model was implemented for future conditions during the next 10 or 15 water years for different scenarios. The results show that the implementation of scenarios 4 and 6, will bring the largest increase in the volume of lake water, of course, with the occurrence of precipitation and proper input. Regarding the results of scenario 1 and the sameness of its results in two periods of 10 and 15 years, it can be stated because in the definition of the scenario, it is a dry year and the amount of evaporation of the lake water is more than the amount of input into the lake. There has been no increase in the lake's water volume for several consecutive years. Also, the results show that in wet and dry years, if the maximum transfer flow scenario is implemented, we will not have a flow from the Zab river to the downstream side, and it will not be accepted from the hydrodiplomacy point of view for the neighboring country in terms of influencing the use of the Dukan dam. Therefore, water diplomacy solutions are needed to reduce environmental threats. Therefore, the issue of transferring water from the Zab basin to Lake Urmia cannot be considered guaranteed in the long term due to the impossibility of reducing the outflow of water from the country to zero.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in order to evaluate all scenarios to satisfy the environmental needs of Lake Urmia shows that the protection of the lake requires correcting the mistakes of the path traveled in the current and past years, and preferably with a 40% reduction in agricultural consumption from dams and other rivers, groundwater in the basin is the main supplier of Urmia Lake. Inter-basin water transfer is the next priority because the source catchment is able to transfer water in the face of droughts due to the reduction of runoff and related challenges as well as its negative economic and social effects. It will not be as much as predicted and included in the program (600 million cubic meters per year). In addition to that, water diplomacy is necessary in terms of impacting downstream transboundary uses and reducing environmental threats. The results of this research and the high costs of water supply requirements, in parallel with the investigation of controversial options and costs of inter-basin water transfer projects, macro-management of water resources towards demand and consumption management and water saving programs and the modification of water consumption patterns and the legality of the behavior of water users from within the catchment area of Lake Urmia should be low-cost, sustainable and reliable solution.

Las fallas en las subestaciones pueden ocasionar pérdida de la continuidad del suministro de energía eléctrica desde las fuentes a las cargas. Por este motivo, es necesario el planteamiento de estrategias y la elaboración de procedimientos para atender estas circunstancias en el menor tiempo posible. En este articulo, se presenta la metodología utilizada para desarrollar las estrategias de atención de las fallas no destructivas en los equipos de patio, de servicios auxiliares, de control, de protección, de medida, de registro de fallas y de comunicaciones de subestaciones de transmisión bajo responsabilidad de ISA CTE Oriente. El objeto de estas estrategias es reducir el tiempo de indisponibilidad de los equipos, y con ello, los índices de energía no suministrada por el sistema de potencia.

Las fallas en las subestaciones pueden ocasionar pérdida de la continuidad del suministro de energía eléctrica desde las fuentes a las cargas. Por este motivo, es necesario el planteamiento de estrategias y la elaboración de procedimientos para atender estas circunstancias en el menor tiempo posible. En este articulo, se presenta la metodología utilizada para desarrollar las estrategias de atención de las fallas no destructivas en los equipos de patio, de servicios auxiliares, de control, de protección, de medida, de registro de fallas y de comunicaciones de subestaciones de transmisión bajo responsabilidad de ISA CTE Oriente. El objeto de estas estrategias es reducir el tiempo de indisponibilidad de los equipos, y con ello, los índices de energía no suministrada por el sistema de potencia.

Background: The human gut microbiota is assembled during infancy with an increase in diversity and stability. The correct colonization and the establishment of this microbiome are linked to the early and future health status of the individual. It is known that caesarean delivery alters this optimal microbial foundation. C-section (CS) is a common obstetrician surgery; however, it is not without risk for the mother/infant dyad. The World Health Organization recommends not exceeding 10–15% of the total deliveries; nevertheless, this rate has been increasing rapidly worldwide in the last decades. Summary: This review discloses the clinical parameters for correct CS recommendation. Moreover, the major microbial changes in the infant gut microbiome acquisition as a consequence of delivery mode and medical practices surrounding it, as well as, the early and long-lasting effects for both mother and babies are discussed. In addition, some strategies for the gut microbiota restoration are an...

Las fallas en las subestaciones pueden ocasionar pérdida de la continuidad del suministro de energía eléctrica desde las fuentes a las cargas. Por este motivo, es necesario el planteamiento de estrategias y la elaboración de procedimientos para atender estas circunstancias en el menor tiempo posible. En este articulo, se presenta la metodología utilizada para desarrollar las estrategias de atención de las fallas no destructivas en los equipos de patio, de servicios auxiliares, de control, de protección, de medida, de registro de fallas y de comunicaciones de subestaciones de transmisión bajo responsabilidad de ISA CTE Oriente. El objeto de estas estrategias es reducir el tiempo de indisponibilidad de los equipos, y con ello, los índices de energía no suministrada por el sistema de potencia.

Questions: Is there any theoretical model enabling predictions of the optimal tree-size distribution in tropical communities? Can we use such a theoretical framework for quantifying the degree of disturbance? Location: Reserve of Yangambi, northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: We applied an allometric model based on the assumption that a virtually undisturbed forest uses all available resources. In this condition, the forest structure (e.g. the tree-size distribution) is theoretically predictable from the scaling of the tree crown with tree height at an individual level. The degree of disturbance can be assessed by comparing the slopes of the tree-size distribution curves in the observed and predicted conditions. We tested this tool in forest stands subjected to different degrees of disturbance. We inventoried trees>1.3 m in height by measuring the DBH in three plots of 1 ha each and we measured tree height, crown radius and crown length in a sub-sample of trees. Results: All tree species, independently of the site, shared the same exponents of allometric relationships: tree height vs. tree diameter, crown radius vs. tree height, crown length vs. tree height and consequently crown volume vs. tree height, suggesting that similar trajectories of biomass allocation have evolved irrespective of species. The observed tree-size distributions appeared to be power laws (excluding the finite-size effect) and, as predicted, the slope was steeper in the less disturbed forest (-2.34) compared to the most disturbed (-1.99). The difference in the slope compared to the theoretical fully functional forest (-2.65) represents the metric for assessing the degree of disturbance. 4 Conclusions: We developed a simple tool for operationalizing the concept of "disturbance" in tropical forests. This approach is species-independent, needs minimal theoretical assumptions, the measurement of only few structural traits and requires a low investment in equipment, time and computer skills. Its simple implementation opens new perspectives for effectively addressing initiatives of forest protection and/or restoration.

To reverse the effects of deforestation, tropical areas have expanded restoration efforts in recent years. As ecological restoration positively affects the structure and function of degraded ecosystems, understanding to what extent restoration recovers ecosystem services (ES) is an important step in directing large-scale restoration actions. We evaluated the effect of restoration in increasing the provision of ES in tropical forests. We performed a global meta-analysis of ecological indicators of the ES provided in restored areas, degraded areas and reference ecosystems. We tested for the effects of different restoration strategies, different types of degradation and for the effects of restoration over time. Overall, restoration actions contributed to a significant increase in levels of ecological indicators of ES (carbon pool, soil attributes and biodiversity protection) compared to disturbed areas. Among the restoration strategies, the natural regeneration was the most effective. Biodiversity protection and carbon recovered better than soil attributes. All other restoration strategies recovered ES to a substantially lesser degree, and reforestation with exotics decreased the ES of areas degraded by agriculture. In areas degraded by pasture, restoration was more effective in recovering the biodiversity protection, whereas in areas degraded by agriculture, the restoration recovered mainly the carbon pool. Our results show that by choosing the correct strategy, restoration can recover much of the ES lost by the degradation of tropical forests. These results should be considered for large-scale conservation and management efforts for this biome.

Las fallas en las subestaciones pueden ocasionar pérdida de la continuidad del suministro de energía eléctrica desde las fuentes a las cargas. Por este motivo, es necesario el planteamiento de estrategias y la elaboración de procedimientos para atender estas circunstancias en el menor tiempo posible. En este articulo, se presenta la metodología utilizada para desarrollar las estrategias de atención de las fallas no destructivas en los equipos de patio, de servicios auxiliares, de control, de protección, de medida, de registro de fallas y de comunicaciones de subestaciones de transmisión bajo responsabilidad de ISA CTE Oriente. El objeto de estas estrategias es reducir el tiempo de indisponibilidad de los equipos, y con ello, los índices de energía no suministrada por el sistema de potencia.

Decrease of saline lakes, which comprise 44% of all available lake water, is a major concern. It additionally accelerates the desertification process of the region. Thus, various countries have taken different actions in protecting their lake water levels. The aim of this paper is to assess different strategies directed to tackle the decreased lake water levels in Lake Urmia and the Aral Sea, which split into the North Aral Sea and South Aral Sea. These are among the world’s largest and fastest drying saline lakes observed in the past 50 years and have both reduced to 10% of their original size. The paper presents a thorough review of academic reports, official documents, and databases. Although the dry-up of a lake is a natural process, it has been sped up by human interventions in the hydrological cycle. Dust storms (strong winds) cause problems in the surroundings. In the case of the Aral Sea, they transmit the pollutants from the dry lake bed causing severe health issues. Variou...

Thus far, researchers have made significant strides in identifying maintenance behaviors and articulating the impact of maintenance behaviors on salient relational characteristics. This study seeks to identify those variables which best predict the enactment of particular maintenance strategies among married individuals. Data were collected from 520 married individuals. relational schemata, perception of spouse's use of maintenance behaviors, and one's own satisfaction and commitment served as the independent variables. typology of maintenance behaviors served as the dependent variables. Results indicate that the most potent predictor of an individual's enactment of a selected maintenance behavior is his or her perception of the spouse's use of that same behavior. The variance explained ranged from a low of .04 to a high of .49.

Citation
Riforgiate, S. E., & Boren, J. P. (2015). “I Just Can’t Clean the Bathroom as Well as You Can!”: Communicating domestic labor task resistance and equity restoring strategies among married individuals. Journal of Family Communication, 15(4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1076421

Abstract
Women generally perform the majority of domestic labor despite changes in demographics and household income allocations, contributing to relational conflict and prompting the use of communication strategies to reallocate tasks. This study examines the strategies individuals use to reduce personal
or increase partner domestic labor performance. Married individuals (N = 228) responded to a questionnaire assessing perception of hours spent on household tasks, global equity, relationship length, and equity-restoring and equity-resistance strategies specific to domestic labor. Data indicate that perception of time spent on household tasks is related to equity-restoring and equity-resistance strategies. Global assessment of relational underbenefitedness or overbenefitedness was not associated with equity-restoring and equity-resisting strategies when characterized as a continuous variable; however, significant results occurred when equity was characterized categorically, highlighting the importance of methodological choices in equity research. Marriage length was negatively associated in a curvilinear function with the use of equity-restoring and equity-resistance strategies.