Rhetoric

While it can be criticised for polemic and hyperbolic language, the casual and inconsistent use of statistics and the trailing of unsupported conspiracy theories, commentary on the use of CCTV analytics by campaigning groups and others can raise important points. There is clearly a need for a defined regulatory approach to developing appropriate processes and safeguards to permit such analytics to be accountably incorporated into legitimate surveillance practices in public and private sectors. The problems with the nature of such commentary lie in its largely undiscriminating and scattergun approach to the technologies, and in the tendency of legislators and regulators to respond to its polarising rhetoric rather than promote critical review. The danger is that by conflating the capabilities of technology with wider systemic problems of poor organisational processes, lax regulatory standards and inadequate oversight, campaigning groups consistently overlook the fact that advances in the technology may contain the seeds of effective regulatory control. A more nuanced and thoughtful approach is required to the issue of CCTV analytics to avoid potential regulatory gains via the technology itself being lost in a wave of underinformed and poorly focused reaction.

Tuwim’s approach to the “Jewish question” has already been analyzed by Polish and foreign scholars. The article is intended to consider some “survival strategies” of the Polish poet from a slightly different angle. In Poland, in the period between the wars Jewish writers were persuaded to accept total polonization and a rejection of their ethnic identity; yet, at the same time they often suffered a rejection from the circles of Polish artists. Any attempt of highlighting their Jewish identity or even a slight interest in Jewish culture incited brutal Jew-bashings. Tuwim considered his being a Polish Jew not only as a fact to be proud of, but also as an opportunity for engaging with self-criticism. He painfully felt the Jewish question as “a powerful wedge cleaving [his own] worldview”. However, like many other Polish-Jewish writers he masked its enduring presence in his own psyche, constructing his public persona through a process of self-fashioning. This paper tries to follow the t...

This article covers a particular form of Wisława Szymborska conceptism, her Thought fugues, which turns the world's elements upside down and deconstructs them, uncovering their antinomies. The described reality takes the form of a concatenation, it is elliptic, based on seemingly symmetric tessellations, but in essence triggers some logic turns. It is possible to discern a similarity with advertising rhetoric and its constant variations of sense based on oppositions, such as double meaning, antiphrasis, paradox, or tautology. In all of which Szymborska is able to notice the condensing of meaning, or even some oxymoronic properties. It is perhaps this reason why her poetry is accessible to such a wide audience across the world. Though frequently condemned by 20th-century thinkers as a mere pleonasm, tautology becomes for the poetess a fluid material useful for her dialectics of imagination. Szymborska does not see language as a mirror of the world, but rather as an act of creating new worlds and new forms of life, like Wittgenstein did in his theory of language games. This is why she prefers such word games more than other poets. Due to their dual nature, tautologies constitute a potential and permanent element of Szymborska's conceptual games. Być może ustalając, że piasek to piasek, a słowa to słowa, moglibyśmy przybliżyć się do zrozumienia, jak i w jakim stopniu potłuczony i erodujący świat jest jeszcze w stanie znaleźć fundament i model. Italo Calvino, Kolekcja piasku 1 W 1991 roku Wisława Szymborska z okazji nadania jej Nagrody Goethego wyraziła explicite refleksję o zależnościach między poezją a ideologiami i o szkodliwym wpływie tych ostatnich na umysły intelektualistów. Ściślej mówiąc, przypomniała pewien gag z filmu niemego, w którym Chaplin z trudem zamyka nieprawdopodobnie wypchaną walizkę: kiedy jednak uświadamia sobie, że z walizki wystają różne fragmenty garderoby, to łatwo rozwiązuje problem, przycinając je nożyczkami ________________________

Perhaps by coincidence, 2005-6 appears to have been a high point for conferences on queenship as two similar collections from conferences held during that period, The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe and Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England were also published in 2009.(1) All three books have a varied selection of papers and an interdisciplinary approach, with contributions from historians, literary specialists and art historians. Another shared attribute is multiple papers on the Tudor queens, particularly on the magnificent but over-represented Elizabeth I. Both Rituals and Rhetoric and The Rule of Women share a focus on the representation of female rule and the assessment of ruling women by their contemporaries. The major difference between the two works is geographical focus. The Rule of Women takes a pan-European approach which takes in several oft-neglected examples such as Catherine of Brandenburg, Prince of Transylvania and the Spanish regent Juana of Austria. Although it is not specifically indicated in the title, Rituals and Rhetoric has an entirely British thread running through to link the papers, even though some, such as the piece on Philippa of Lancaster's reign as Queen of Portugal, have a connection beyond the British Isles. Queens and Power also has a British focus with European connections and shares with Rituals and Rhetoric papers which examine Shakespeare's queens and representations of Elizabeth I 'on stage and page'. The primary difference between the two is not necessarily an emphasis on power over rituals and rhetoric, instead it is the subjects chosen beyond the Tudor queens. Rituals and Rhetoric includes papers on Plantagenet women and Mary Queen of Scots while Queens and Power encompasses work on the Empress Matilda and Stuart queens.

This essay theorizes venatic taste as a mode of rhetorical invention: phronesis exercised as perceptual acuity, situated judgment, and ecological responsiveness. Modern Industrial Agriculture preempts three topoi-place, edibility, and quantity-that any food system must address, foreclosing the situated judgments such questions invite. Against this molar foreclosure, we trace a genealogy of foraging molecularity through Epicurus, Cicero, Erasmus, and Carolyn Miller, illuminating taste as moderating, reflexive, discerning, and provisional. Alexis Nikole Nelson's "Black Forager" videos enact the phronimos/taster in (urban/civic) practice, weaving situated discovery, Black foodway reclamation, and phronetic restraint into a repeatable public pedagogy. This molecular disposition is what we call venatic taste.

situation du genre (ou sous-genre) de la Vie en France pendant cette période, voir Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, « D'Histoire en Vie. La biographie parmi les genres de l'histoire (XVII e -XVIII e siècles) », in Sarah Mombert et Michèle Rossellini (dir.), Usages des vies. Le biographique hier et aujourd'hui (XVII e -XXI e siècle), Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2012, p. 33-61.

In spite of its Western European core, and due to its decidedly problem-oriented nature, as well as the constant refinement and broadening of its analytical tools, Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) has progressively become appealing to the larger European continent, as well as to other Western and non-Western contexts such as the US, Australia, China or Brazil.This chapter provides an overview of the main contexts, concepts and methods employed by European CDS scholars working on migration politics.

This paper aims at investigating the relationship between rhetoric and grammar through the study of some question-and-answer treatises. Starting from Cicero’s Partitiones oratoriae, the research will investigate the possible models – both Greek and Latin – of this literary form and then focus on Donatus’ Ars minor and Fortunatianus’ Ars rhetorica, chosen as representative case studies from the IV century AD.

Italy has been a country both of emigration and immigration. In a past historical period, the nineteenth century Risorgimento, which brought about the Italian Unification, our country experienced a varied migration flood towards Europe and Americas. Apart from the Great Migration Wave at the end of the century, throughout the previous decades there were a remarkable number of Italian people who left the country for political reasons. That mass departure was often concealed by the home-leaving rhetoric. That migration was also bound for the Lusophone world, on the Continent and overseas, namely Portugal and Brazil. The former was the destination of liberal exiles in the first half of the century, escaping from the repression by the Restoration governments; the latter became a refuge for republicans, anarchists and socialists persecuted by the new Italian monarchy in the last quarter of the century. That migration was not a passive one, but, on the contrary, it gave an active contribu...

This essay delineates the rhetorical strategies operative in the recent papal encyclical Magnifica Humanitas through a close reading of its textual organization, its selection of images and concepts, and its rhetorical pivots. The diagnosis offered here is not of MH's moral intentions, which are praiseworthy, but of the lineament of its rhetorical invocations and pivots that shapes what the document is able to do in outlining a pattern of moral thinking. The rhetoric strategies have en-framed artificial intelligence as a dangerous and morally problematic thing-like tool within a wider social-moral criticism against "technocratic paradigm." In so doing, AI as a genuinely novel emergent is folded into earlier forms of Catholic social teaching, rehearsing much of the same material developed over recent decades in critiquing capital, state power, and technologically dominant actors. In effect, the specificity of AI as a new kind of phenomenon is suppressed by a series of rhetoric moves that render it as a new "tool," and this rendering in turn licenses the papal argument for broader social and moral control over AI's development, deployment, and potential disarmament. The rhetoric faultline of Magnifica Humanitas lies largely in three rhetoric moves: by assimilating AI to a cluster of thing-like images, MH forecloses the possibility of receiving AI as a genuinely new emergent and instead folds it into the pastoral pedagogy and moral aegis of an already established teaching tradition.

The chapter introduces a novel method for identifying argument types (schemes) in multimodal arguments, called the ‘Multimodal Argument Type Identification Procedure’ (MATIP), based on the argument categorization framework of the ‘Periodic Table of Arguments’ (PTA) and inspired by the ‘Argument Type Identification Procedure’ (ATIP) that was originally developed for verbal arguments. By facilitating cross modal aggregation and analysis of argumentative elements, the procedure avoids the need for translating non-verbal information into its verbal counterpart(s) and mitigates the complexities of reconstructing arguments based on matching with predefined argument schemes. The author elucidates the theoretical and methodological starting points of the MATIP and exemplifies its functionality and outcomes through the examination of a sample dual code argument integrating verbal and visual components.

Kaiser Wilhelm II’s speech to a German contingent of the international expedition corps, sent to quell the so-called ‘Boxer Rebellion’ in 1900, is today remembered chiefly as an example of his penchant for boastful, sabre-rattling rhetoric that included a strange comparison of his soldiers with the ‘Huns under Attila’. According to some accounts, this comparison was the source for the stigmatizing labelHun(s)for Germans in British and US war propaganda in WW1 and WW2, which has survived in popular memory and continues to be used, though mainly in ironical senses, by British and German media to this day. This paper charts the history of theGermans-as-Hunsanalogy and argues first, that the usage data render highly improbable any ‘model’ function of Wilhelm’s speech for post-1914 uses. Furthermore, present-day uses presuppose an awareness of the WW1 and WW2 meaning on the part of readers, which serves as a platform for echoic allusions. In the British media these allusions often lead t...

This article reexamines the manuscripts and textual tradition of Moeris' lexicon, with particular attention to the so-called Vatican recension. It also discusses the structure of the lexicon and its relationship with the Ecloga of Thomas Magister. Finally, a new edition of the letter alpha is presented.

Understanding the people we meet in the Letter to the Hebrews (hereafter: Hebrews) with Western concepts of personality is misleading. This is because people in today's Western society are different from those who lived in Mediterranean societies during the first-century. This article uses personality as a social-scientific model to study Hebrews. It will be shown that first-century Mediterranean concepts of personality allow for a full appreciation of the author's rhetoric and appeal to the audience. After discussing social-scientific criticism and some models of first-century personality, the relevant aspects of the theories on personality are used as a lens through which to consider Hebrews' appeal to its readers. The study concludes that Hebrews portrays its readers as typical collectivist persons with a group orientation, who are concerned primarily with the pursuit of goals and interests related to the group. 1

In June 2009 the conference Changing Societies -Values, Religions, and Education took place at Umeå University. More than sixty participants from the Nordic countries as well as from other European countries came together. The keynote speakers came from South Africa, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Norway and Sweden and addressed the conference theme from different perspectives. This was the tenth Nordic conference in a row since 1977 where people in the field of religious education and values education met. A Nordic network, NCRE, Nordic Conference on Religious Education and Values, exists. In this issue of Working Papers in Education, no. 7 we have gathered eight of the conference papers. They mirror the variety of approaches to the conference theme that was noticeable during the conference itself. They also demonstrate the vitality in the field of research on values and religious education in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. In this short introduction we will give a glimpse of the content of these contributions. We will also indicate where presentations from the conference are to be found in other publications. During the conference each presenter received a response by a colleague who in advance had read the paper and who shared her or his views. Concerning a stricter peer review with anonymous readers, the texts here have not gone through such a peer review process. As editors what we have done is to compile the texts. Each author is consequently responsible for their own text. Let us now turn to the contributions themselves. In the first one, Religious education as a tool towards enhancing diversity by Andersen and Laudrup, Denmark, the results of a survey from 1999 are presented and discussed. It took place among Danish first-year upper-secondary pupils. It asked for their views on the influence of the religious education they have received. Andersen and Laudrup put the results into the framework of the policy recommendations by the Council of Europe towards more of diversity in education. In general they find education to be in line with this. In their interpretation of the aspects of the results they also include changes in attitudes and religious patterns among the pupils. Religion in new places: Rhetoric of the holy in the online virtual environment of Second Life is the title of the next paper, by Jim Barrett, Sweden. The setting of Barrett's paper is Second Life, an Internet-based, interactive multi-user platform, and the different forms of religious life enacted there. Barett describes, discusses and interprets different expressions of religious activity through the

Cette étude examine le rôle de la publicité dans le développement de la compétence argumentative des apprenants en classe de FLE (Français langue étrangère). Un corpus composé de 35 publicités a été constitué, parmi lesquelles trois ont fait l’objet d’une analyse approfondie. L’analyse s’appuie sur les concepts d’ethos, de pathos et de logos d’Aristote ainsi que sur les fonctions du langage de Jakobson, tout en intégrant des perspectives rhétoriques, sémiotiques et pragmatiques.

Alexander et al. (2023) reported that, between 2021 and 2022, there were 563 measures introduced by government officials aimed at restricting teaching about race and racism; of those, 241 were passed. Given this reality, there has never been a more important time to help our English education
preservice teachers understand that nothing is apolitical. In this article, the authors share findings from a two-year study that explored the following question: What kind of political vision do preservice teachers develop in a structurally and conceptually coherent English education program? Findings
show that a cohered program around a shared political vision helped the PSTs highlighted in this article develop their own political vision for teaching, which included the understanding that students are citizens, teaching is relational work, and perspective taking is foundational to teaching.

Rhetoric, considered for a long time as reserved only for a verbal discourse, is applied to image in advertising. Rhetoric figures act on consumer responses to advertisement. This study proposes to verify, through experimentation, the effect of visual and verbal rhetoric on experiential responses to advertising. We set out to measure the impact of visual and verbal figures within an advertising context on emotions; imagery, immersion, attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand. The moderating role of involvement is also tested. We report an experiment that isolates the effect of figures, which is applied to picture and text. Results suggest that using figures can significantly enhance the effectiveness of a print advertising. Rhetorical figures have a positive effect on emotions, immersion and attitude toward the brand. Attitude toward the ad, mental imagery are partially influenced by figures. Visual figures have a better effect on emotions. Verbal figures led to a more f...

In this study, I set out to investigate the motivations and reasons which induce Muslims to invoke the recitation of Qur'anic verses in their ordinary discourse. Based on the analysis of the data complied, Muslims seem inclined to recite Qur'anic verses for a host of pragmatic functions. These pragmatic functions range from mitigating one's commitment for carrying out a future action or failing to honor one's commitment, to avoiding the effects and adverse consequences of one's actions on others. In addition, the recitation appears to function as a confirmation of the participants' religious, cultural, and linguistic identities. Furthermore, the findings of this study underlie the multifaceted functions that Muslims attach to and associate with use of Qur'anic verses. Muslims can exonerate themselves from the responsibilities of rejecting directives or turning down offers or avoiding staking the self-image of their recipient particularly when their actions are face-threatening or have undesirable consequences on their recipients. Moreover, the findings of this study reveal that Muslims are inclined to use Qur'anic verses as a rhetorical strategy of indirect persuasion to lend credibility to the claims they wish their prospective audiences to act upon them.

In this study, I set out to investigate the motivations and reasons which induce Muslims to invoke the recitation of Qur’anic verses in their ordinary discourse. Based on the analysis of the data complied, Muslims seem inclined to recite Qur’anic verses for a host of pragmatic functions. These pragmatic functions range from mitigating one’s commitment for carrying out a future action or failing to honor one’s commitment, to avoiding the effects and adverse consequences of one’s actions on others. In addition, the recitation appears to function as a confirmation of the participants’ religious, cultural, and linguistic identities. Furthermore, the findings of this study underlie the multifaceted functions that Muslims attach to and associate with use of Qur’anic verses. Muslims can exonerate themselves from the responsibilities of rejecting directives or turning down offers or avoiding staking the self-image of their recipient particularly when their actions are face-threatening or ha...

In 1951, Richard Ettinghausen, one of the founding fathers of the discipline of Islamic art history in the United States, explained, Muslim art can also have a special significance for the Muslim world of today. Since this is its one cultural achievement widely accepted and admired by the West, a rededication to it can compensate the East to a certain degree for its scientific and technological retardation, something which neither the oil fields nor strategic location can achieve. Be that as it may, there has been and still is no better ambassador of good will than art. If these considerations are more widely understood, Muslim art and its study will have an important role to play in the future. 1 Attitudes towards cultural diversity have become less patronizing over the decades, particularly among those who study cultures that are not their own. Nonetheless, historical objects from the Islamic world continue to be called upon regularly to reduce intercultural tensions in the contemporary world in a manner that often elides differences between past and present, religion and culture, geography and religion. This conjoining of art historical meaning with contemporary social function is not only an inevitable means through which the humanities often justify their funding and position within a broader public sphere, it also reflects the sociopolitical contexts in which all academic work, from the classical philology critiqued in Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) onwards, has been and continues to be conducted, underwritten and disseminated. While the rhetoric of civilizational hierarchies and alterity revealed in the words of Ettinghausen may have become socially unacceptable in the interim, the practice of using art to represent broader culture continues to the present day, as do perceptions of the Islamic 'other' as something that is radically different from the West. Survey exhibitions produce an apparently holistic vision of 'Islam,' most often glorifying the dynastic, or sometimes problematizing pan-regionalism through an emphasis on specific examples. Such exhibitions often offer a counterpoint to presumed contemporary prejudices through a sensory appeal to the splendour of * Many thanks are given for the extensive, challenging, and tireless engagement of the editors in the revisions to this essay.

The importance of mass media has increased as a result of the development of new communication technologies. By portraying only a portion of truth and via the constant repetition of the same visual and audio, the mass media affects our ideas of social reality. Although the form and content of the media have evolved significantly over the past years, the media has always supported the stereotypical perceptions of women and their social responsibilities. The news about women's struggles and the injustices committed against them has always cast a shadow over them and their social contributions. In a changing world, it is essential that the print and electronic media paint a fair picture of women's multifaceted lives and contributions to society. This study aims to provide a picture of how women are perceived in the popular media, primarily the Bollywood movies and soap operas based on an analysis of the shifting stereotypes in the media's projection of women. It contends th...

The notion that art, like science, contributes to scholarly discourse remains a contentious issue in academic debate. However an increased interest in the visual image within intellectual inquiry and a shift in the scholarly position concerning the image as a valid form of inquiry has provided an avenue in which to argue that art is a legitimate form of knowledge. This argument is premised on the notion that images are significant to both artistic and scientific discourse in that both disciplines have long utilised the image as a means to construct meaning and communicate concepts. Consequently the key insights derived from this study's research findings are understood through a framework of visual rhetoric. This study, through a constructivist grounded theory approach, presents a substantive theory of the visual image in academic discourse and in doing so advances the understanding that art is an authoritative way of knowing. In this way this study identifies the image, which is the product of an image-making process, as knowledge artefact whereby knowledge exists through a plurality of practices involving both verbal and visual forms of representation. For this study the image-maker is considered significant to the production, representation and dissemination of knowledge. This is because as rhetor the image-maker, whether artisan or artist, utilises the image to bring forth new findings and thus new knowledge. ii This thesis is entirely the work of Karen Ann Austin except where otherwise acknowledged. The work is original and has not previously been submitted for any other award, except where acknowledged. Student and supervisors signatures of endorsement are held at USQ iii As much as a work is one person's undertaking, it takes the dedication and support of many to work through and complete. It is a privilege to thank the many who made this thesis possible. I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisors. I offer my thanks to Dr David Akenson for his enthusiasm and support and for his provision of guidance and advice. I also thank associate professor Dr Lawrence Johnson for his generous feedback, insightfulness and support. My sincere appreciation to the USQ Library for their invaluable assistance during this research. I also wish to acknowledge the members of the Faculty for making this process enjoyable, in particular my fellow scholars for their ongoing encouragement. This project was undertaken with the generous support of an Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship and the University of Southern Queensland, for which I am extremely thankful. Finally, my sincere gratitude to my family without whose unconditional love and support this project would have been extremely challenging, if not impossible.

Corruption is one of the crucial problems in Indonesia which until now has not been able to be addressed. Corruption occurs in almost all lines and structures of government, from the executive, legislative to judiciary, from government at the central to regional levels. This research has a specific aim to examine the regulation of social sanctions in eradicating corruption in Indonesia from a sociological perspective. Methodologically, this research is library research conducted using a qualitative approach. After analyzing field data using the perspective of the sociology of law and the sociology of corruption, this research found that the idea of eradicating corruption through establishing social sanctions in a sociological perspective means exile or castration. Social sanctions in this context mean maximizing social structures and community institutions in an effort to control, prevent and take action. Both prevention and action are direct, for example making them street sweepers, or indirect, but provide a long-term deterrent effect, for example, marking their identity card (KTP) with writing or a corruptor's stamp, revoking their political rights so they can no longer hold public office.

El Arauco domado, poema épico compuesto por Pedro de Oña y publicado en 1596, se ajusta a las convenciones de su género en el uso de la mitología clásica, a pesar de que el tema es contemporáneo y americano y de que su autor nunca salió de Sudamérica. Las alusiones a personajes de la mitología grecolatina son frecuentes para establecer comparaciones con las situaciones narradas y se acude también a referencias mitológicas para la descripción de escenas típicas; además, aunque dentro de ciertos límites, los dioses aparecen directamente en la acción del poema e incluso intervienen en ella. Este recurso a la mitología es una decisión de orden retórico, pues Oña asume plenamente el código tradicional de la epopeya, que incluye también la elaboración de los discursos que pronuncian los personajes. A este respecto, el autor del poema despliega su habilidad literaria para caracterizar a sus personajes a través tanto de las intervenciones que pone en su boca como de la interpretación de los efectos de las mismas, jugando con dos tipos de retórica moralmente opuestas, una «buena» y otra «mala». El culmen del uso recto y virtuoso de la retórica estaría personifi cado en el héroe protagonista de la obra, don García (virrey del Perú), en quien se conjugan inusualmente la fuerza física y el valor militar con la elocuencia natural y la destreza oratoria.

Dos notas sobre Quintiliano: genera causarum vs. genera rhetorices (Inst. 3, 3-4) y decorum estilístico vs. decorum moral (Inst. 11, 1) JORGE FERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ Universidad de la Rioja Resumen: 1. Es casi un lugar común que los tres tradicionales géneros retóricos establecidos ya por Aristóteles (forense, deliberativo y epidíctico) se encuentran muchas veces mezclados entre sí; esta idea, sin embargo, obedece en cierta medida a la confusion entre genera rhetoricae y genera causarum: estos últimos, tal y como aparecen distinguidos por Quintiliano (Inst. 3, 4), no son susceptibles de mezcla alguna. 2. Quintiliano dedica un amplio apartado al asunto del decorum (Inst. 11, 1) dentro de su tratamiento de la elocutio; sin embargo, hábil e intencionadamente amplía el radio de acción de ese decorum desde el campo del estilo al de la moral, con lo que el pasaje resulta un punto clave de la Institutio en el que se consuma la subordinación de oratoria a moral que preside la obra.

Purpose The goal of this study is to explore how memes are used as tools to expose and shame corruption in Ghana. The Ghanaian media has used memes to criticize unhealthy governmental and social practices and advocated for alternative approaches to addressing these issues. Thus, we explore the qualities memes possess in contributing to the anti-corruption discourse in Ghana. Methods Using visual rhetoric and metaphorical analysis of five media memes purposively collected from the Facebook page of Tilapia Da Cartoonist of TV3, this study discusses the approaches memes employ to ridicule and humorize the fight against corruption in Ghana and suggests remediations for governmental corruption. Results We find that memes play crucial anti-corruption roles. As such, they criticize corruption by showing the impact of corruption on the average citizen. Memes reveal the suppression of anti-corruption agents and agencies and the lack of real commitment to the fight against corruption in Ghana...

The results of the project “Testing AI as a Rational Theologian” carried out from 2023 to 2024 show that leading chatbots powered by large language models, such as ChatGPT based on GPT-4o and Gemini based on Gemini 1.5, possess the core skills of a rational theologian. Testing, based on Christian theological materials, has revealed that these chatbots accurately interpret biblical passages—providing context, conveying the correct meaning (including according to the theory of the four senses of Scripture), and solving logical puzzles related to difficult passages. The chatbots can also clarify  theological  problems,  critically  assess  theological  reasoning  and formulate such reasoning, as well as logically link biblical utterances to theological statements. The chatbots are capable of discussing natural the -ology and can provide theological guidance. Finally, they have proven that they can apply the concept of a rational theologian by creating their own criteria for such a figure, and that they are able to evaluate the theological
skills of other language models. Some limitations have been detected, such as hallucination when quoting theological sources and mistakes in logical inference. Moreover, the chatbots gave different answers when asked a practical question within the framework of the Islamic tradition, according  to  the  Hanafi  school.  A  simplified  benchmark  for  theological skills assessment enabled us to measure their performance: ChatGPT achieved an overall score of 86%, while Gemini scored 84%. This report presents the study’s methodology and tools (tasks and assessment criteria), which
can also be used to evaluate other chatbots. It includes a discussion of the results and an assessment of the theological skills of both chatbots. An appendix contains the full transcripts of conversations with ChatGPT and
Gemini analysed in the study.

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مقدمة كتاب خرافة التقدمية في الأدب الإسرائيلي والذي تناول أحد تيارات الصهيونية الرئيسة وتمثلاته الأدبية،  ووضعها في دائرة الدرس الثقافي الحر، من خلال قياس منظومة القيم التي يطرحها هذا التيار قياسا للمنظومة القيم الإنسانية التي تشمل الحق والحربة والعدالة، وليس قياسا لثنائية القيم السائدة وقيم الهامش في المجتمع الصهيوني.

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is increasingly being recognized as a critical element of education systems and facilitator of sustainable development. This is because its ultimate goal is to foster ideal teaching, learning, policies and practices needed to enhance social, economic, ecological viability and wellbeing for the present and future generations. Embracing ESD could therefore, facilitate realization of objectives of the Competence- Based Curriculum (CBC) that Kenya has rolled out. Particularly, the CBC is expected to foster acquisition of core competencies like creativity, problem-solving, and self-efficacy. But, limited understanding, inappropriate pedagogical approaches, and weak collaboration among key stakeholders are some of the challenges that face application of ESD. This paper consolidates and discusses the pertinent ESD aspects to successful implementation of the CBC in basic education in Kenya. Specifically, elucidated are the underpinning pedagogical...

El argumento por oposición fue identificado por la tradición dialéctica y retórica griega como esquema inferencial y
estrategia persuasiva, y desde entonces ha mantenido una presencia sostenida en la retórica latina y en los tratados
que desembocan en la moderna teoría de la argumentación. Aquí discutimos las principales propuestas
conceptuales clásicas y contemporáneas, que tomamos como punto de partida para ofrecer un esquema aplicable
a discursos multimodales. En términos generales, entendemos el argumento por oposición como una forma de
razonamiento que pone en escena incompatibilidades de las que se derivan juicios de valor enfrentados o antitéticos.
Además de distinguir variaciones del esquema de base, identificamos tres operaciones mediante las cuales las
argumentaciones visuales construyen esa incompatibilidad: la comparación de situaciones simétricas opuestas; la
correlación de posiciones en escalas continuas; y la puesta en evidencia de la ausencia, en una entidad, de
propiedades consideradas normales, esperables o definitorias. La propuesta se desarrolla mediante el análisis de
un corpus visual de política internacional, compuesto en buena medida por materiales de campaña de partidos de
derecha europeos.