Risk regulation

This article provides an empirically grounded understanding of public trust in the context of risk regulation, specifically through a case study of shale gas exploration and fracking. It offers insight into the factors underpinning public trust and explores the empirical reality of the socially embedded and relational nature of trust. The article engages with the often-neglected dynamics of trust and how relationships between different levels of trust (eg institutional, interpersonal, wider system) operate. It shows how trust, far from complying with many existing linear conceptualisations, is complex and messy, involving a web of ongoing and interactive relationships within and between these levels. By mapping empirical data against our theoretical understandings, this article offers an alternative insight into the trust relationship, better positioning us to understand trust as an ongoing process, rather than an end product.

There is widespread consensus that teamwork constitutes one of the key requirements in today’s multidisciplinary and highly complex system of delivering care. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to questions of how to define, teach, measure, and improve teamwork in healthcare. However, one cannot help but feel a certain disconnect between this ongoing trend in healthcare with an associated bias towards judgemental and normative language, and contemporary thinking in safety science that explores concepts from complexity thinking, such as emergence and resilience. The aim of this critical review is to contrast prevailing approaches to teamwork in healthcare with current concepts in safety science. After identifying relevant articles through multiple formal search methods, we found that, although current teamwork literature acknowledges a lack of comprehensive investigations linking team training in healthcare and patient outcomes, the predominant strategy to achieve s...

Internet a la solide réputation de "média à risques". Public et presse focalisent sur ses probables dangers, comme la pornographie ou la glorifi cation de la violence. Les débats autour d'Internet, de ses opportunités comme de ses risques, font partie des préoccupations de nombreux politiciens, enseignants et parents. La plupart du temps, les réponses à ce questionnement social sont vagues et suivent une longue tradition inspirée par la manière dont les hommes ont, par le passé, géré les nouveaux développements médiatiques : protéger, empêcher, s'éviter toute irritation. Dans cet article, différentes approches de la prévention des risques pour les enfants seront présentées, dans un débat médiaéducatif : comment les adultes peuvent-ils gérer de potentiels dangers pour leurs enfants ? Il existe, d'une part, des méthodes « protectrices » -empêcher tout contact de l'enfant avec le danger-de l'autre, celles qui visent l'autonomisation des jeunes -leur apprenant à gérer les situations à risques eux-mêmes. Un aperçu du système scolaire autrichien permettra de comprendre le contexte des procédures d'évaluation ici développées. Les observations de l'utilisation du kit Educaunet s'est, en Autriche, doublée d'une recherche sur la perception des risques d'Internet par les plus jeunes. Risques relevant, pour la plupart, des domaines sociaux, légaux ou techniques. Une analyse plus poussée de leurs représentations et attitudes mène à déduire que l'unique utilisation de fi ltres, méthode « protectrice », tend à réduire la sensibilisation des enfants à l'existence de risques. Il est essentiel, pour qu'ils puissent réagir face aux dangers auxquels ils seront confrontés devant en communication, n° 22 (2004).

The Chair welcomed the participants. Apologies were received from Anna Price and Laura Ricceri The agenda was adopted without changes. Annex I Interests and actions resulting from the screening of Specific Declaration of Interests (SDoI) 3 a) With regard to this meeting Dr. Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst declared the following interest: BfR has been involved in the assessment of imidacloprid within the context of Germany serving as RMS. In accordance with EFSA's Policy on Independence and Scientific Decision-Making Processes and the Decision of the Executive Director implementing this Policy regarding Declarations of Interests, and taking into account the specific matters discussed at the meeting in question, the interest above was not deemed to represent a conflict of Interest for the expert concerned.

Climate change and increasingly severe weather pose dual pressures on agriculture: to reduce carbon emissions and to manage climate risk. These pressures challenge the transition to green, low-carbon development. On the basis of panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2003 to 2023-a period selected for data continuity and to capture the implementation of major national agricultural and environmental policies-in this study, an evaluation index system for agricultural green and low-carbon development (GAC) was established. This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change risks (CPRI) on GAC, focusing on the moderating role of agricultural insurance (INS) and spatial spillover effects. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What is the direction and magnitude of CPRI's effect on GAC? (2) Can INS mitigate this effect? (3) Does CPRI exhibit spatial spillover effects on GAC? Using data from the NOAA and Chinese statistical yearbooks, by employing a model with two-way fixed effects, moderating effect analysis, and the spatial Durbin model, the mechanisms underlying the spatial spillover effects of CPRI and regional heterogeneity were examined, as well as the moderating function of INS. CPRI was found to significantly inhibit GAC, as extreme weather events triggered short-term decision-making among farmers and constrained investment in green technologies. These events reduced the capacity of the soil to sequester carbon. This inhibitory effect was greater in nonmajor grain-producing regions and in eastern China. INS helped reduce negative impacts by providing effective risk transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, CPRI was found to exert harmful spillover effects across different regions, with greater indirect effects than direct effects. In conclusion, CPRI significantly hinders agricultural green transition, a process moderated by insurance and characterized by spatial spillovers. On the basis of these observations, we recommend several policies, including the development of regionally tailored adaptation strategies, the achievement of innovation in agricultural insurance products, and the establishment of collaborative governance frameworks that span regions to address these challenges.

Against the backdrop of the European Union (EU)'s objective that artificial intelligence (AI) regulatory sandboxes under the EU AI Act should both foster innovation and assist with compliance, considerable challenges are identified for Member States around capacity-building and the design and operationalisation of regulatory sandboxes. The article charts Member States' early-stage preparations for implementing AI regulatory sandboxes and contends that there is a risk that differing approaches being taken by individual national sandboxes could lead to fragmentation and jeopardise a uniform interpretation of the AI Act in practice. This could also motivate innovators to play sandbox arbitrage. With sandbox participation being voluntary, the possibility that AI regulatory sandboxes may prove unattractive to innovators on their compliance journey is also explored. Confidentiality concerns, the inability to relax legal rules during the sandbox and the inability of AI regulatory sandboxes to deliver a presumption of conformity with the AI Act are identified as pertinent concerns for innovators contemplating applying to AI regulatory sandboxes as compared with other direct pre-market compliance routes provided to them in the form of application of harmonised standards and conformity assessment procedures.

contrato de viaje combinado, derecho de sucesiones y derechos reales. Ha realizado diversas publicaciones en libros y revistas, entre otras, dos capítulos del Tratado de Responsabilidad civil (4ª. ed., 2008, Coord. L.F. Reglero Campos); El error del testador y el cambio sobrevenido de las circunstancias existentes al otorgamiento del testamento (2007); El contrato de viaje combinado (1998); y Los deberes precontractuales de información (1997).

Enero-Junio de 2011 11 En la situación alimentaria actual el papel del experto alimentario es esencial. Las recientes crisis alimentarias ocurridas en España así como los problemas de obesidad y sobrepeso en la población, han dado paso a muchos estudios, entre ellos destacamos las investigaciones en torno al papel determinante del experto. Desde la pluridisciplinariedad se pretende "escuchar" el punto de vista de los investigadores sociales aunque puedan en ciertos momentos cuestionar algunos de los presupuestos expertos hegemónicamente consolidados. Palabras clave: experto alimentario, profesionalización, antropología de la alimentación. The role of the expert food is essential. The recent food crises occurred in Spain as well as problems of overweight and obesity in the population, have given way to many studies, giving emphasis to research on the expert's role. Since multi-intended "hear" the perspective of the social researchers even though they may at times question some of the hegemonic consolidated budget experts. Key word: expert food, professionalization, anthropology of food.

Agencies are accustomed to considering questions of discounting-the process that makes monetary amounts comparable through time. But valuing the future is a distinctive enterprise for reasons that go beyond discounting. This Article explores two basic features of time that create challenges for intertemporal decision making: (1) time's physical asymmetry, which makes relationships between the present and the future necessarily nonreciprocal, and (2) the subjective experience of time as continuously flowing, which creates definitional challenges in categorizing segments of time as "the future." Although these features of time may affect any decision procedure, they have particular and concrete implications for the quantitative form of cost-benefit analysis on which American regulatory agencies routinely rely. First, because temporal asymmetry makes present/future relationships nonreciprocal, and because cost-benefit analysis lacks any intrinsic tool for managing distribution, there is a heightened need for supplemental distributional tools when cost-benefit analysis is performed intertemporally. Second, cost-benefit analysis relies upon quantification of the monetized value of future regulatory impacts-a process that depends on identifying the time at which those impacts accrue. Yet time flow creates systematic linedrawing challenges for decision makers who must distinguish between present and future events. To manage these, regulators should at least extend their analyses to the temporal break-even point, or the point in time where aggregate benefits of the rule equal aggregate costs. When decision makers compare future costs and benefits to current impacts, or even to foreign or other impacts, they should be wary of making cross comparisons that do not account for the distinctive qualities of future valuation.

This article examines the issue of establishing liability for environmental harm in the context of toxic micro-pollutants and the risk they pose to human health. Industrialization has had adverse health and environmental consequences both for the workforce and the general population directly by exposure to safety hazards and harmful agents or indirectly through environmental degradation locally and globally. Environmental health hazards, like occupational health hazards, may be biological, chemical, physical, biomechanical or psychosocial in nature. Environmental health hazards include traditional hazards of poor sanitation and shelter, as well as agricultural and industrial contamination of air, water, food and land. These hazards have resulted in a host of environmental harm and human health impacts which has led to the degradation of the global systems on which the health of the planet depends. In response to these issues, this article pursues the debate and argument on the use of civil liability regime to address some of these problems.

This volume analyses the most recent books on the situation and changes in product liability regulation in European countries, held by the world's major libraries and published between 2020 and 2025. Thus, the books commissioned by the Library of Congress, the British Library, Library and Archives Canada, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Biblioteca Nacional de España and the National Library of Japan are the main base selected for presentation and analysis.

The paper focuses on the traditional and alternative mechanisms for insurance risk transfer that are available to global as well as to domestic insurance companies. The findings suggest that traditional insurance risk transfer solutions available to insurance industry nowadays will be predominant in the foreseeable future but the increasing role of alternative solutions is to be expected as the complementary rather than supplementary solution to traditional transfer. Additionally, findings suggest that it is reasonable to expect that future development of risk transfer solutions in Serbia will follow the path that has been passed by global insurance industry.

High-risk industrial sites are classified as the most dangerous sites for their risk of inducing damage in case of an accident, even if it is rare. Risk policies are one way to prevent damage while balancing other trade-offs. How can public authorities assess "risk policy systems" of high-risk sites in specific administrative regimes for an effective decision process taking into consideration different jurisdictions? This paper investigates the Normandy and Victorian risk policy system in France and Australia, respectively, based on qualitative approaches. By investigating two cases and fostering conceptual thinking, two assessment criteria are highlighted by different stakeholders to determine an effective risk policy. For instance, beyond the common focus on the efficiency and efficacy of risk policies, findings revealed the importance of "dialogue, participation, and cooperation" between actors and "adaptivity, flexibility, relevance, and coherence" of different tools and legal texts. Limitations and further work include testing and iterating on other assessment criteria to propose an adapted assessment framework for high-risk policies.

Global economy, increasing population, increasing technological developments increase both product greenness and interest in products. In addition to the fact that the products put on the market by the producers should not harm the safety of life and property of the consumers, being environmentally friendly is a criterion that has attracted attention especially in recent years. In our study, an important decision of the German Federal Supreme Court will be analysed. The subject of this decision is the liability of the manufacturer and the secondary burden of proof. In terms of the evaluation of the decision, the liability of the manufacturer will be analysed in German Law, English Law, French Law, Swiss Law and Turkish Law. The legal basis, conditions and scope of the manufacturer's product monitoring obligation will be explained. The beginning and the result of the manufacturer's liability will be discussed in the study and the deficiencies in the field of law will be tried to be solved by making an evaluation within the framework of the decision of the German Federal Court.

astarte est un programme de recherche qui vise à améliorer la résilience des populations européennes aux tsunamis. Une enquête à l' échelle européenne a été conduite en 2014 -2015 dans des secteurs littoraux exposés à ce risque. Cet article en présente quelques résultats, en s'interrogeant sur le rôle que la perception récurrente, voire quotidienne, d'un paysage de mer agitée -en l' occurrence l'Océan atlantique, sur la côte portugaise de sines -peut jouer dans l'identification d'un paysage de tsunami et, dans les comportements spontanés adoptés par les usagers. Le rôle du paysage dans la perception sociale du risque a été évalué en interrogeant un échantillon d'individus -directement sur le littoral -, en les mettant en situation à l'aide de photographies de divers contextes littoraux (tsunamis, tempêtes et marée basse). il a été demandé aux populations interrogées d' évaluer le niveau de risque qu'ils percevaient sur chaque photographie. Les principales conclusions révèlent que les tsunamis appréhendés à travers des photos pendant l' enquête ont été perçus comme des situations moins risquées que celles montrant des ondes de tempêtes. ainsi, au Portugal il faudrait sensibiliser davantage les populations à l'importance des signes précurrecebido: janeiro, 2016. aceite: abril, 2017.

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam () TTIP's regulatory cooperation framework and its democratic implications Bartl, M. Citation for published version (APA): Bartl, M. (Author). ( ). TTIP's regulatory cooperation framework and its democratic implications. Web publication/site, BlogActiv.

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JEL Classification Contact Publication Financial Support Regulatory organisations responsible for implementing safety in the civil energy sector must address a triad of factors. Namely, the risk tolerance of the community, the methodology used to measure and enforce risk levels, and the resources available to the regulatory agency. Attempts to balance these factors have often focussed on attempting to align public perceptions of risk with those of government personnel, technical specialists and industry. This “information deficit ” approach has been largely unsuccessful because the shortfall, particularly in respect to dread risk, has not been one of knowledge, but of trust. Trust may be viewed as an expectation of just or fair treatment by others. To retain legitimacy, any government must act with justice. Justice has two related elements – distributive and retributive. This paper explores novel approaches to the achievement of both aspects of justice in order better to ensure the ...

This paper explores the factors that contributed to Poland's relatively low COVID-19 infection and mortality rates in the initial phase of the pandemic. It examines the timing and strictness of the government's regulatory measures, as well as public adherence to those measures. The paper finds that the Polish government acted quickly to implement public health measures, and that these measures were generally effective in reducing the spread of the virus. However, the government later eased these measures too early, leading to a resurgence of the virus. The paper concludes that the timing, strictness, and public adherence to pandemic mitigation measures are crucial for their success.

In response to Dan M. Kahan, Two Conceptions of Emotion in Risk Regulation, 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 741 (2008). Are emotions subversive of reason or essential constituents of it? This is the broad question posed by Dan Kahan in Two Concepts of Emotion in Risk Regulation, 1 a welcome addition to his ongoing inquiry into how emotional appraisals of value influence decision making. Much of Kahan's recent work has focused on a particular aspect of policymaking: the study of risk perception. Two Conceptions continues a useful exchange between Kahan and Cass Sunstein 2 about the differences between

Ordonnance sur les fonds propres et la répartition des risques des banques et des négociants en valeurs mobilières (Capital Adequacy Ordinance) United Kingdom Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 United States of America Bankruptcy Code Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act applying key principles referred to by these authors to the Basel Accords. In particular, this thesis has adopted Zumbansen's methodological approach 9 of considering the main actors, norms and processes in relation to the Basel Accords and as a result of which the Basel Accords have been promulgated and adopted throughout the years. Authors such as Verdier 10 and Avgouleas 11 are also referred to when considering how the Basel Accords, as a transnational regulatory law operating through managed networks, make use of "soft-law" and the implications which this has on the way in which the Basel Accords are adopted and enforced across different jurisdictions. Furthermore, Halliday's 12 recursivity theory is considered as a basis for the argument that the Basel Accords are still undergoing iterative cycles, and consequently are yet to be settled.

This paper examines IRDAI's regulatory sandbox for Fintech startups. We will begin with understanding the concepts of Fintech, IRDAI and its regulatory sandbox. Further understanding the IRDAI's regulatory sandbox in detail and how does it work. Deep analysis of regulatory sandbox and its how does it impact startups. Different real life case studies and sandbox's comparison with other sandboxes. Lastly the future outlook and the conclusion of the overall paper.

The convergence of multidimensional crises has contributed to change the framework of strategic choices that impact the present and the expected future.
The boundaries of climate and environmental action define the new margins of manoeuvre for political and administrative institutions, shaping an institutional system increasingly influenced by the need to provide rapid regulatory responses to emergencies (from pandemics to energy) as well as to the challenges posed by the demographic crisis and economic recession. This scenario requires an administrative decision-making process adapted to the management of a complex reality, in which the role of scientific knowledge and technical skills (particularly the digital technologies) – for its ability to reengineer the administrative machine – are assuming a crucial importance. Hence efficient administrations capable of knowledge and foresight, rather than simply reducing procedural steps, are needed. The efficiency of administrative performance, meant as the suitability of the organisation to best serve its purpose, is therefore fundamental not only to ensure that the administration is able to respond to the needs of the citizen, in the mediation of different interests, but also to legitimise public intervention, in observance of Article 97 of the Italian Constitution.
Starting from this assumption, the paper intends to investigate how the fulfilment of the public interest of administrative action – namely the efficiency of public administration – can be declined in the territories, in the form of the principles of adequacy and rationality, i.e. in the construction of the most adequate and effective responses to the needs expressed in the various contexts.
Strategic decisions in the energy field (as in the case of the procedures for the installation of regasifiers and floating gas storage terminals) represent in this sense a specific prism of analysis, being the point of fall of simplification logics aimed at the achievement of objectives of national interest as well as of deep conflicts at local level that call into question the issues of ecological democracy
and the ability to make the choices made by the administration adequately comprehensible, between security and environmental concerns. In this sense, planning activity is becoming increasingly central, in its triple dimension, now also approved by the European institutions, of economic, environmental and spatial planning at the same time. The protection of the environment, the fight against climate change and the objective of biodiversity, beyond the traditional model of sustainability, seem in fact to provide the foundations, in a perspective of positive territoriality, to realise experiences already attempted in the past of a development-oriented administration, i.e. capable of stimulating the production of value (social, cultural, environmental, economic) from the specific potential resources of a territory.

The darknet or illicit online drug trade has expanded significantly in recent years. Vendors’ marketing communication strategies remain underexplored, however, as researchers focus on well-identified methods such as product quality, delivery times, or stealth shipping techniques. This study aims to show the multifaceted nature of sellers’ marketing practices on the dark web, including nonstandard approaches such as discounts, free samples, sales, contests, and lotteries. The article presents a case study of Cebulka, the largest Polish-language darknet market, using qualitative content analysis, natural language processing, descriptive statistics, and in-depth interviews. On Cebulka, vendors build relationships with buyers and maintain their trust through “marketing as promise management,” which includes feedback and review systems. The multi-method research approach reveals the nuanced nature of marketing on darknet platforms, drawing parallels and distinctions with traditional drug marketing. Additionally, this study contributes to understanding the darknet drug trade within the context of local markets, another underexplored topic.

For the moment Environmental or Procedural Laws have not been amended under the influence of the case law of the CJEU, although different proposals to amend Procedural Law (both for the ordinary Judiciary and for the Council of State) have been introduced in the past by some members of the parliament in view of insuring better implementation of the Aarhus Convention 1 (see: Aarhus Compliance Committee, Findings and Recommendations with regard to compliance by Belgium with its obligations under the Aarhus Convention in the case of access to justice for Environmental organizations to challenge decisions in court (Communication ACCC/C/2005/11 by Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen VZW (Belgium)) 2 . These proposals are still pending in Parliament. Another proposal to amend the Act of 12 January 1993 to strengthen the existing action for injunctive relief in environmental matters and facilitate access to it for NGOs was introduced in the Senate on 1 April 2007 3 . It was re-introduced after the 2007 general elections 4 , but not discussed and not reintroduced in the current legislature. 2. Have there been any changes in the jurisprudence of the national courts concerning standing of individuals and/or standing of NGOs as a result of CJEU's recent judgements? Have the courts in your country relied on the principle of effective judicial protection or used arguments about CJEU case law 1 Proposition de loi modifiant les lois coordonnées sur le Conseil d'Etat en vue d'accorder aux associations le droit d'introduire une action d'intérêt collectif, déposée par Mme Muriel Gerkens et consorts, 19 July 2011, Chambre des Représentants de Belgique, DOC 53 1693/001 ; a similar proposal has been introduced in the Senate : Proposition de loi modifiant les lois coordonnées sur le Conseil d'Etat en vue d'accorder aux associations le droit d'introduire une action d'intérêt collectif, déposée par Mmes Z. Khattabi and Freya Piryns, 16 November 2011, Sénat de Belgique (2011-2012), DOC 5-1330/1; Proposition de loi modifiant le Code judiciaire en vue d'accorder aux associations le droit d'introduire une action d'intérêt collectif, déposée par Mme Muriel Gerkens et consorts, 14 July 2011, Chambre des Représentants de Belgique, DOC 53 1680/001 ; the private bill has also been introduced to the Senate : Proposition de loi modifiant le Code judiciaire en vue d'accorder aux associations le droit d'introduire une action d'intérêt collectif, déposée par Mme Z. Khattabi, 3

A risk management system for the oil and gas industry involves identifying, analysing, and mitigating operational, safety, environmental, and compliance risks while integrating these processes into all levels of the organization. It emphasizes leadership commitment, stakeholder engagement, continuous monitoring, and adapting to evolving regulatory and operational landscapes for improved safety and sustainability.

This article examines the regulation-participation nexus in social care services. Participatory forms of social care regulation have been expanding over the past 20 years, but the literature on this trend remains scarce. To fill this gap, we