Roman Law

I sistemi giuridici in generale limitano l'esercizio della capacità testamentaria attiva della persona con disabilità, richiedendo loro di osservare ulteriori formalità, spesso aggravate. Le codificazioni dei primi tre quarti del ventesimo secolo non contemplavano l'uso di tecnologie e scrittura Braille come strumenti per aumentare l'autonomia della persona ipovedente. A sua volta, il XXI secolo presenta la tecnologia dell'informazione come uno strumento che può essere utilizzato dalle persone con disabilità nell'elaborazione della manifestazione della loro ultima volontà. A tal fine, è necessario riformare la legislazione con l'obiettivo di abbandonare alcune formalità, spesso retrograde ed esagerate, affinché sia consentita la scelta della forma testamentaria da parte della persona con disabilità visiva e l'uso delle tecnologie assistive nella fazione testamentaria. Questa evoluzione deve basarsi sui principi della Convenzione ONU sui Diritti delle Persone con Disabilità e, in particolare, sull'accarezzamento della capacità giuridica delle persone con disabilità.

The article analyses double and triple age records of individuals in papyrus documents from Egypt related to the Roman census, including census registers and extracts from them. Some of these records contain discrepancies in the reported age of the same individuals. The consistent patterns observed can only be explained by verification and subsequent correction by officials. This administrative practice of verifying the demographic data in census declarations was implemented by the Roman state to ensure that no male individual evaded paying the poll tax to the fiscus during the entire taxation period-from the age of 14 until 62. The evidence suggests that this verification was conducted in person.

In the Roman rural territories, the constant use of various infrastructures, especially the hydraulic ones whose
archaeological remains still exist nowadays, is not only due to social or economic factors, but it also responds
to an actual legal norm that requires respect for the preexisting situation that has been well used for a long
time. At both public and private level this can be observed in the principle – very often repeated by the
sources – that the water artifacts present from time immemorial in the territory must be maintained because
of their proved usefulness through both long use and continuous maintenance.

Questo manuale, pensato per la didattica, introduce alla conoscenza dell'epigrafia latina, la scienza che studia le iscrizioni in lingua latina scritte su materiale durevole. Il manuale intende unire chiarezza e sintesi, utilizza un linguaggio semplice accompagnando l'acquisizione di un lessico specialistico, mira a offrire le indicazioni necessarie per la lettura e la comprensione delle iscrizioni e del contesto storico nel quale sono state prodotte. Le iscrizioni sono presentate nella lingua originale, corredate da una traduzione in italiano e da un'immagine del manufatto. I primi capitoli definiscono cosa sia l'epigrafia, descrivono la storia degli studi, le risorse elettroniche e le modalità per utilizzarle autonomamente, le modalità di pubblicazione, l'alfabeto e la scrittura latina e la tecnica di produzione. I capitoli successivi focalizzano l'attenzione sulle varie tipologie di iscrizioni, aprendo così ai numerosissimi aspetti della civiltà antica che possiamo conoscere grazie a questa documentazione. Si approfondiscono, inoltre, l'onomastica latina, la titolatura imperiale, le carriere che si leggono sulle iscrizioni. Un prospetto che scioglie le sigle e le abbreviazioni epigrafiche conclude il volume. L'intento dell'opera è offrire le coordinate essenziali per rendere autonomo il lettore nel suo rapporto con questa preziosa fonte per la storia antica, sia consultando online una banca dati sia frequentando di persona collezioni epigrafiche e musei. Epigrafia latina 25,00 €

Questo manuale, pensato per la didattica, introduce alla conoscenza dell'epigrafia latina, la scienza che studia le iscrizioni in lingua latina scritte su materiale durevole. Il manuale intende unire chiarezza e sintesi, utilizza un linguaggio semplice accompagnando l'acquisizione di un lessico specialistico, mira a offrire le indicazioni necessarie per la lettura e la comprensione delle iscrizioni e del contesto storico nel quale sono state prodotte. Le iscrizioni sono presentate nella lingua originale, corredate da una traduzione in italiano e da un'immagine del manufatto. I primi capitoli definiscono cosa sia l'epigrafia, descrivono la storia degli studi, le risorse elettroniche e le modalità per utilizzarle autonomamente, le modalità di pubblicazione, l'alfabeto e la scrittura latina e la tecnica di produzione. I capitoli successivi focalizzano l'attenzione sulle varie tipologie di iscrizioni, aprendo così ai numerosissimi aspetti della civiltà antica che possiamo conoscere grazie a questa documentazione. Si approfondiscono, inoltre, l'onomastica latina, la titolatura imperiale, le carriere che si leggono sulle iscrizioni. Un prospetto che scioglie le sigle e le abbreviazioni epigrafiche conclude il volume. L'intento dell'opera è offrire le coordinate essenziali per rendere autonomo il lettore nel suo rapporto con questa preziosa fonte per la storia antica, sia consultando online una banca dati sia frequentando di persona collezioni epigrafiche e musei.

Patrick Arabeyre, De quoi le bartolisme est-il le nom ? Mario Ascheri, Umanesimo giuridico e crisi del diritto comune Diego Quaglioni, Saxum Sysyphi. Umanesimo giuridico e senso della tradizione Italo Birocchi, Il problema della definizione dell'umanesimo giuridico: uno specchio per lo storico del diritto Wouter Druwé, L'humanisme juridique dans le contexte des Pays-Bas méridionaux Rafael Ramis-Barceló, El humanismo jurídico: definición, etapas y categorías para su estudio TexTos Philippe Cocatre-Zilgien, François Douaren, De docendi discendique iuris ratione (1544) : proposition de traduction Théo Crea, La préface De ratione docendi discendique iuris civilis, ad iuventutem écrite par Eguiner Baron ÍNDICE inTroducTion Xavier Prévost Professeur d'histoire du droit à l'université de Bordeaux (Institut de recherche Montesquieu -UR 7434

The eviction of a tenant is one of the most legally sensitive and procedurally complex responsibilities that falls within the domain of residential property management. In the state of Nevada, the eviction process is governed by a comprehensive statutory framework under Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) Chapter 118A, which delineates the rights and obligations of both landlords and tenants. This article provides an educational overview of the Nevada tenant eviction process, examining the legal grounds for eviction, the types of notices required under state law, procedural timelines, and the post-eviction obligations of landlords and property managers. By understanding these legal parameters, property managers, landlords, real estate investors, and legal practitioners can better navigate the eviction process in a manner that is both lawful and equitable.

Thanks to their immediacy 'sealed' by the Egyptian sands, documentary papyri are a time capsule able to bring back to us the voices of people who died nearly two millennia ago, with their everyday reality, struggles and concerns. Illness is a delicate and vital aspect of human existence. It is today, and it was in antiquity. For this reason, health issues were a recurring theme in ancient communication in writing. Texts written by ancient individuals facing sickness can be so communicative that we can still empathise with these humans and relate to the situations that their words describe. These texts have the power to disclose a 'shared humanity', a sense of 'human closeness' that traverses the barriers of time. The present article examines the topic of fighting disease in Late Antique Egypt through the lens of the documentary papyri.

La legislación pontifical sobre los alimentos empleados en la práctica cultual romana: un modelo de gestión documental * José DELGADO DELGADO Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife Entre las características más sobresalientes y reconocidas de la vida oficial del Estado romano se encuentran las de su extremo formalismo legal y la ritualización de los procedimientos que regían su funcionamiento. Ambos principios obedecían sobre todo al deseo de objetivar lo mejor posible las bases sobre las que reposaba el ejercicio de la vida pública, pues cuanto más escrupulosamente estuviesen regulados los principios de actuación oficial, más se reducirían las posibles arbitrariedades en su interpretación. El legalismo y el ritualismo serían así los garantes del buen funcionamiento del Estado. Estas características afectaban sin excepción a la totalidad de los ámbitos de la vida oficial, incluyendo naturalmente el culto; en suma, todos los asuntos de la res publica estaban sometidos a las prescripciones del derecho público, es decir, del ius publicum. Ahora bien, los jur i s t a s romanos y, con ellos, la mayoría de los juristas modernos, reconocen la división del ius publicum en dos provincias complementarias y jerarquizadas, el i u s de los s a c r a y de los s a c e rd o t e s y el i u s de los magistrados 1 . Es esta la base legal de la di s tinción fundamental que planteaba T h e o d o r M o m m s e n 2 , aun q ue quizás de una manera excesivamente rígida, entre sacerdotes y magistrados. Según esta idea, que sustancialmente me parece correcta, el culto tradicional de los dioses incumbe a los sacerdotes en tanto que poseedores y gestores del ius sacru m, y en este sentido escapa de la acción y del control de los magistrados; el ius sacru m s e r ía así la esfera de irreductible independencia de los sacerdotes. Esto no quiere decir que se niegue la competencia de los magistrados en el culto, sino solamente que sus atribuciones en este aspecto eran de naturaleza co m p l etamente di s tinta a las de los sacerdotes. El ius publicum co n c e día a los magistrados el poder ejec u tivo y de iniciativa en todas las acciones oficiales a través del i m p e r i u m, de donde se derivaba su capacidad de actuación en el culto; ahora bien, el magistrado no era competente en materia de derecho sacro, de tal manera que necesitaba regularmente de la colaboración y ayuda de los sacerdotes. Es aquí donde se manifiesta de forma evidente la solidaridad entre las dos parcelas del derecho público, entre el ius de los magistrados y el ius de los sacerdotes 3 .

Research into water management in Roman towns has traditionally focused on its supply by means of aqueducts and its use in the thermal baths and domus of the elites. However, the urban functions of water included uses that went far beyond recreational, social activities and also included its supply to production facilities. Numerous artisanal activities required large amounts of water, including pottery, textile activities, wickerwork and manufacturing bone or metal instruments. All these activities are commonly identified in Roman towns. In each case, the workshops could have obtained water not only from wells and cisterns, but also through a connection to the urban supply network, thanks to an aqua publica concession. In this study, we compile both archaeological and textual evidence, including literary and legal texts, on the private use of aqua publica for productive activities in urban contexts.

Tradicionalmente el "paradigma de lo humano" se ha construido alrededor del varón; es a él a quien se le atribuyen características socialmente valoradas como la racionalidad, la fuerza, el coraje, etc., en oposición a quien se caracteriza como irracional, débil y sumisa 1 . Los diferentes roles y estereotipos que culturalmente se ha asignados al hombre y a la mujer han generado una enorme brecha entre los sexos, que ha dado lugar a la discriminación de la mujer en diferentes campos. Este artículo muestra que desde la antigüedad hasta hoy el sexo ha tenido gran importancia entre los elementos que han incidido en la condición jurídica de los individuos. El hecho de nacer hombre o mujer ha condicionado la consideración del individuo social y jurídicamente. También muestra que la mujer, a través de los siglos, ha desempeñado en la sociedad un papel público secundario. Esa incidencia del sexo en la personalidad jurídica es el tema central de este artículo. Personalidad jurídica, sexo, capacidad de obrar, condición jurídica, hombre, mujer, derecho romano, derecho anglosajón, derecho germano, género, situación jurídica de la mujer en Colombia, incidencia jurídica del sexo.

It is generally assumed that Cato’s influence on Roman politics was far out of proportion to his wealth and offices. This paper primarily explores Cato’s attitude towards wealth. The image of a man who advocates the puritanism of an idealized past suited the political goal of restoring the waning authority of the Senate perfectly, as it strove to curb the influence of the wealthy and reduce extraordinary appointments. Cato’s electoral defeat in 52 BC revealed that providing the moral high ground, this image and its stoic aspect adapted to desperate oppositional roles. Emphasizing the significance of Cato’s connections, his relative poverty should also be reevaluated. His unique character provided additional influence in everyday life, while through the agency of his allies, the traditional avenues of politics, even bribery in extreme cases, opened up before him without seriously tarnishing his image.

Published  almost  simultaneously—the  first  on    December ,  the  second  ten  days  later—and  apparently  without  mutual  knowledge  of the respective editors and collaborators, the two works under review are notable  for  their  thematic  affinities  and  their  complementary  approaches  to  examining  the  problems  inherent in  the  use  of  fake  news,  misinformation,  disinformation, and propaganda in ancient texts.

By Michael Gagarin, with Ernest Caldwell, David Ibbetson, Timothy Lubin, Geoffrey MacCormack , Joseph G. Manning and Martha T. Roth. ● 
At a relatively early stage of their development, all the societies included in our study, located on the Eurasian continent, developed both some form of law and some form of writing, enabling them to produce written legal texts. This achievement distinguishes them from early societies in other parts of the world. In comparing the various manifestations of legal texts in these societies, however, we must be aware that both ‘law’ and ‘text’ have complex ranges of meanings and that these may be different in the different societies we are examining. Thus, while we look for similarities among societies, at the same time we must be aware of significant differences. Despite the impossibility of giving an adequate definition of either ‘law’ or ‘text’, we must begin with a tentative working definition. For the purposes of this chapter, we define law as a society’s formal procedures for the regulation of conduct, the punishment of offences and the resolution of disputes, together with the personnel authorized to adjudicate disputes and impose punishments, and with authoritative rules governing these procedures and designating right and wrong conduct that is subject to these procedures. The procedures may or may not be formally stated or explicitly required, as long as they are clearly established in practice. The rules of law may be recorded separately from other sorts of rules (as in the Twelve Tables), or they may be intertwined with rules governing many other aspects of life (as in the Laws of Manu).

By J.G. Manning, with Edward Harris, David Ibbetson, Timothy Lubin, and Geoffrey MacCormack ●  ...The legal systems discussed here, those of ancient Greece, Egypt, the Near East, Rome, India and China, differed radically in size, political configuration, labour organization and agrarian system. Each system evolved considerably over time, although we cannot trace details over the more than one thousand years covered in detail on this chapter. Our knowledge of demographic trends is sketchy at best, and property relations would have been different in the large urban centres of Babylon, Alexandria, Rome and Chang’an than in their hinterlands. The basic distinction in the premodern world regarding land was between, on the one hand, private or individualized property embedded within family/kinship groups; and on the other hand, public property or property embedded within state organizations. ‘All land belongs to the king’ – something frequently referred to with respect to Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern property rules – was essentially an ideological claim on the central position of the ruler rather than an absolute claim to owning the soil. In the ancient Near East and Egypt, land was commonly controlled by either the ruler or by temple estates in which various personnel were attached, including tenants who worked the land. Earlier social theories centred around concepts of an ‘Asiatic Mode of Production’ and ‘oriental despotism’ have drawn a strong contrast between property systems in the Near East and Egypt and the systems of the classical Greek and Roman worlds. The contrast has been too sharply drawn and considerable recent work on Egypt and the Near East has nuanced our understanding. ...

Francis said that the "decisive and radical" decision to give up everything to seek even more precious treasures shows that "the building of the Kingdom requires not only the grace of God, but also the active willingness of the human person.

FICHEIRO EPIGRÁFICO é um suplemento da revista CONIMBRIGA, destinado a divulgar inscrições romanas inéditas de toda a Península Ibérica, que começou a publicar-se em 1982. Todos os volumes estão disponíveis no endereço http://www.uc.pt/fluc/ iarq/documentos_index/ficheiro. Publica-se em fascículos de 16 páginas, cuja periodicidade depende da frequência com que forem recebidos os textos. As inscrições são numeradas de forma contínua, de modo a facilitar a preparação de índices, que são publicados no termo de cada série de dez fascículos. Cada «ficha» deverá conter indicação, o mais pormenorizada possível, das condições do achado e do actual paradeiro da peça. Far-se-á uma descrição completa do monumento, a leitura interpretada da inscrição e o respectivo comentário paleográfico. Será bem-vindo um comentário de integração histórico-onomástica, ainda que breve. José d'Encarnação Toda a colaboração deve ser dirigida a:

Es bien conocida la influencia que Ernst Rabel ha tenido en el Derecho romano y en el Derecho comparado. Lo que puede resultar más sorprendente es que sus estudios pueden ayudar a desentrañar problemas que siguen siendo objeto de viva polémica en el Código civil español: así, la cuestión de la aparente contradicción entre la transmisión causal y la regulación del pago de lo indebido, la regla de la imposibilidad originaria, el sistema de responsabilidad por evicción, la cuestión de la falta de regulación de la condictio por intromisión y la sistemática de los remedios al incumplimiento encuentran fácil explicación si se parte de los estudios que Rabel realizó sobre estas materias en los textos romanos y en el Derecho comparado.

Pravni položaj žena u braku, kako u istorijskom kontekstu, tako i u savremenom pravu, predstavlja važan pokazatelj društvenih i pravnih promena u oblasti porodičnih odnosa. Iako Porodični zakon Republike Srbije definiše brak kao zakonom uređenu zajednicu muškarca i žene, zasnovanu na slobodnoj volji i ravnopravnosti supružnika, u praksi se pravni položaj žena vremenom menjao-od podređenog statusa ka ravnopravnijem partnerstvu. Ovaj rad analizira pravni položaj žena u okviru institucije braka, sa posebnim osvrtom na zakonske propise i verska pravila koja uređuju bračne odnose. Dok pravo tradicionalno propisuje određene materijalne i formalne uslove za zaključenje braka-poput različitosti polova, međusobnog pristanka i odsustva zakonskih smetnjisavremeni pravni trendovi sve više teže liberalizaciji ovih kriterijuma. U tom kontekstu, cilj ovog istraživanja jeste da ispita kako se ove promene normi odražavaju na prava i obaveze žena u braku. Dodatno, upoređuju se statistički podaci o brakovima i razvodima u Srbiji, u prošlosti i sadašnjosti, kako bi se analizirale šire društvene promene koje utiču na ulogu žene u bračnom životu. Ključne reči: brak, pravni položaj žena, pravno-istorijski razvoj, prava u braku, religijska pravila, društvene promene

According to Livy, one of the laws attributed to the consuls L. Valerius and M. Horatius, in
449 B.C., establishes a religious guarantee to the tribuni, aediles, iudices and decemuiri. This paper aims at an interpretation of the law from a perspective outside the conflict of the orders. The mention of the decemuiri, who are none other than the members of the legislative decemvirate, is an interpolation justified by the coherence of the account. As for the iudices, these were the consuls, who were also given this title. Finally, the aediles are mentioned as magistrates of the Republic, not of the plebs

Stefan Rebenich führt ein ausführliches Gespräch mit Werner Eck, in dem seine wissenschaftliche Entwicklung breit thematisiert wird-angefangen mit seinem Studium in Erlangen über seine langjährige Tätigkeit an der Universität zu Köln bis in die Gegenwart. Zudem gibt Werner Eck Aufschluss über die ihn wissenschaftlich prägenden Personen, beschreibt seine zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Verbindungen außerhalb von Deutschland, erinnert an seine größeren Forschungsprojekte und reflektiert über seine Erfahrungen in der Hochschulpolitik. Stefan Rebenich conducts a long interview with Werner Eck, in which his academic trajectory is discussed in detail-from his studies in Erlangen through his many years of activity at the University of Cologne up to the present day. In addition, Werner Eck provides information about the persons who influenced him academically, describes his numerous academic connections outside Germany, recalls his major research projects, and reflects on his experiences in university politics.

© Giuffré Francis Lefebvre -Copia riservata all'autore PREMESSA La letteratura di commento all'editto domina, con i suoi caratteri e con la sua struttura, tutti i Digesta. I commentari di Paolo e di Ulpiano, ampiamente adoperati dai giustinianei, contribuirono infatti alla compilazione per una parte cospicua della sua estensione. Ma le due opere di eta `severiana, protagoniste assolute di questo genere letterario, avevano alle loro spalle una tradizione gia `importante, che i giustinianei non conobbero, o comunque non vollero utilizzare direttamente, costituita principalmente dai commenti di Labeone, di Pedio e di Pomponio. A questo passato, noto a noi unicamente attaverso la mediazione dei due maestri severiani, si puo `riandare soltanto attraverso lo studio delle citazioni presenti nei commentari di Paolo e Ulpiano, che e `poi, del resto, una via privilegiata anche per comprendere come essi siano stati composti. Si colloca in questo contesto una ricerca sui libri ad edictum di Sesto Pedio, tenuto conto che mentre di Labeone e di Pomponio conosciamo anche altre opere, giunte nella compilazione senza tramiti ulteriori, di Pedio ci restano unicamente le citazioni severiane. Solo una tradizione molto indiretta, dunque, cui si accompagnano incertezze biografiche, ha conservato fino a noi memoria del suo lavoro. Per prima cosa dovremo liberare il campo dai dubbi sul tempo in cui il commento venne redatto, procedendo alla sua datazione (cap. I). Poi (cap. II), affronteremo il problema della trasmissione. Nel far questo, ci verranno in ausilio strumenti non nuovi alla ricerca romanistica, come i con-© Giuffré Francis Lefebvre -Copia riservata all'autore fronti testuali, che si riveleranno utili per gettar luce sia sul lavoro di Pedio, sia sulle tecniche di redazione delle opere dei due maestri severiani. Di fronte a Pedio c'era l'editto, che tra I e II secolo, immediatamente prima della sistemazione giulianea, attraverso `una fase a noi poco nota della sua storia. Per questo (cap. III) si proporra `una ricostruzione delle vicende del testo normativo, a partire dalle notizie sulla sistematica edittale rivelate proprio dall'opera pediana. L'ordine in cui quest'ultima era redatta -e del quale e `rimasto qualche segno nelle citazioni con l'indicazione del numero del libro di provenienza -riproduceva, infatti, sebbene con oscillazioni, le sequenze dell'editto del tempo, consentendo qualche deduzione su di esse. Ancora sulla traccia offerta dall'editto, individueremo (cap. IV) alcune tipologie interpretative adottate da Pedio. Isoleremo, cosı `, commenti ai verba edicti -sia alle clausole edittali, sia alle formule -suggerimenti giurisdizionali, soluzioni di casi connessi con l'applicazione del testo normativo. Infine (cap. V), lasciato sullo sfondo il programma pretorio, illustreremo qualche motivo, di carattere piu `generale, ispiratore dell'interpretatio pediana. Questo lavoro ha potuto contare su lettori affettuosi e solleciti, che non meritava. Degli errori, spero non numerosi, che essi, tuttavia, non hanno potuto impedire sono, com'e òvvio, l'unica responsabile. Un grazie di cuore va ai professori Dario Mantovani, Valerio Marotta ed Emanuele Stolfi. Francesca Tamburi e `stata preziosa nella fase di redazione dell'Indice e di revisione delle bozze. Non avrei potuto concludere se Fabio e la piccola Anna non fossero stati piu `che pazienti. vi premessa © Giuffré Francis Lefebvre -Copia riservata all'autore Voglio ringraziare infine il mio maestro, Aldo Schiavone: mi ha insegnato tutto quello che, come ho potuto, ho imparato in questi anni. Il libro e `dedicato a lui. E ai miei genitori.

The paper offers a reflection on abuses of autonomy in the prospect of leaving nullity as typical
and extreme remedy. The investigated area is wide, and the possible remedies are varied; they
are examined in their meaning, scope and appropriateness, bearing in mind the well-known
problem of the contractual justice. Finally, the Author proposes, as a preventive protection, the
refusal to comply and a related new objection, ‘the objection of pre-contractual tort’.

El presente trabajo centra su mirada en lo que podría considerarse la etapa previa del reparto de la merx peculiaris, es decir, de la tributio. Puesto que el objetivo de dicha etapa es la determinación de los bienes que entrarán en el reparto, el desafío de la jurisprudencia consistió en establecer criterios para ello. Esta labor se lleva a cabo a partir de la interpretación, en primer lugar, de unas pocas cláusulas edictales y, principalmente, merced a la constante revisión del aparato conceptual. El trabajo pone de relieve cómo dos herramientas conceptuales, a saber, la distinción de negocios relacionados con la merx peculiaris y la operacionalización de la subrogación real, permitieron a la jurisprudencia romana ofrecer un esquema útil para la confi guración de la etapa que debía preceder al reparto.

El presente trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación fondecyt N° 1120606: "Limitación de la responsabilidad contractual. Perspectivas histórica y metodológica de un dogma de origen romano" y del proyecto Anillo-conicyt código soc-1111.

This work addresses the discussion inaugurated by Tiziana Chiusi in 1993 regarding that the limits within the merx peculiaris could be constituted as special patrimony. The author analyses the context in which the merx peculiaris develops, as well as the status of the sources, so as to discuss Chiusi's thesis. Merx peculiaris -Special patrimonies -Patrimony of affectation resumen En este trabajo se aborda la discusión inaugurada por Tiziana Chiusi en 1993 acerca de los límites de la configuración de la merx peculiaris como patrimonio especial. El autor analiza el contexto en el que se desarrolla la merx peculiaris, así como el estado de las fuentes, con el objeto de discutir la tesis de Chiusi. Merx peculiaris -Patrimonios especiales -Patrimonios de afectación. * Este trabajo forma parte de los proyectos Anillo-conicyt soc código 1111 y fondecyt Nº 1100566 "La actio tributoria en el contexto del emprendimiento romano".

Monografija "Favor debitoris. Varstvo dolžnika v rimskem pravu" avtorja doc. dr. Vida Žepiča obravnava eno osrednjih razvojnih teženj postklasičnega rimskega obligacijskega prava. Favor debitoris v ožjem pomenu označuje načelo razlage dvoumnih pogodb v dolžnikovo korist, v širšem pomenu pa skupek zakonodajnih ukrepov, katerih namen je bil okrepiti varstvo dolžnika kot značilno družbeno ali gospodarsko šibkejše stranke pogodbenega razmerja. Klasični pravniki naj bi izhajali iz domneve, da je pravo pisano za enakopravne, gospodarsko in socialno dokaj izenačene ter pravno osveščene subjekte, ki so morali sami nositi bremena prostovoljnega, čeprav morda zanje škodljivega, prevzemanja pravnoposlovnih obveznosti. Iz cesarskih konstitucij, izdanih med 4. in 6. stoletjem, naj bi bilo mogoče razbrati pravnopolitični obrat, ki je krepil dolžnikov položaj. Cilj pričujoče monografije je bil preučiti opisani preobrat prek pravnozgodovinske analize njegovih pojavnih oblik in razvojnih dejavnikov.

Monografija je razdeljena na štiri dele. V prvem delu so po opredelitvi raziskovalnega problema in postavitvi tez predstavljeni metodološka izhodišča raziskave in status quaestionis. V drugem delu so po pravnozgodovinskem orisu postklasične dobe prikazani idejno ozadje in formalni viri cesarske zakonodaje. Narava zakonodajnega akta določa njegovo učinkovanje, kar omogoča tudi sklepanje o pomenu konkretne pravne norme, obravnavane v osrednjem delu monografije. Sledi študija dejavnikov razvoja prava postklasične dobe.

V tretjem, osrednjem delu monografije je najprej pojasnjen pojem favor debitoris, nato pa so izbrane konstitucije analizirane v okviru štirih tematskih sklopov. Prvi sklop proučuje razlago pravnih poslov, drugi omejevanje pogodbene avtonomije, tretji prenehanje obveznosti, četrti pa (stvarnopravno) zavarovanje in izvršbo. Namen raziskave je bil zbrati, prevesti in po ustaljenih metodah romanistične eksegeze analizirati tiste konstitucije, katerih namen ali učinek je bil okrepiti dolžnikov pravni položaj. Zakonodajne rešitve so primerjane z rešitvami iz spisov klasičnih juristov. Na tej podlagi je bilo mogoče oceniti, ali težnja favor debitoris pomeni kvalitativno novost postklasičnega obdobja.

V četrtem delu so predstavljene sklepne ugotovitve in ocena, v kolikšni meri je v analiziranih cesarskih konstitucijah prisotna težnja po varstvu dolžnika ali druge družbeno in ekonomsko šibkejše osebe. Analiza je pokazala, da so bile socialne in ekonomske spremembe poznoantične družbe osrednji razvojni dejavnik zakonodajne politike, ki je podpirala načelo favor debitoris. Te spremembe so bile povezane z obremenjujočo davčno politiko, demografsko krizo, nazadovanjem mestnih avtonomij, protipatrocinijskim gibanjem ter korupcijo v upravi in pravosodju. Okrepljeno varstvo dolžnika je bilo tudi posledica oblastnih odzivov na zlorabe v upniško-dolžniških razmerjih v provincialni praksi, ki je bila pod vplivom nerimskih pravnih izročil, ter zakonodajalčeve namere po pospešitvi pravdnega postopka. K pravnopolitičnemu obratu sta utegnili prispevati tudi doktrina vzhodnih pravnih šol, ki je težila k poenostavljanju in posploševanju klasične pravniške kazuistike, ter z njo povezana recepcija stoiškega izročila, ki je poudarjalo udejanjanje humanosti.

Čeprav so se zakonodajni ukrepi mestoma skladali s krščanskim izročilom in naukom cerkvenih očetov, iz virov ne izhaja neposredno, da bi zakonodajne reforme načrtno uresničevale ideale krščanske ljubezni do bližnjega, odpuščanja dolgov in varstva ranljivih posameznikov. Poskusi vnašanja socialnih korektivov v civilnopravna razmerja, do katerih je v rimskopravnem razvoju prišlo zlasti med 4. in 6. stoletjem, so navdihovali zakonodajne reforme civilnega prava od konca 19. stoletja do danes, ko je pojav v civilnopravni dogmatiki znan kot materializacija civilnega prava.

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The monograph "Favor debitoris: Protection of the Debtor in Roman Law" by assist. prof. dr. Vid Žepič examines one of the central developmental tendencies of post-classical Roman law of obligations. In its narrower sense, favor debitoris denotes the principle according to which ambiguous contracts are to be interpreted in favor of the debtor; in its broader sense, it refers to a set of legislative measures aimed at strengthening the protection of the debtor as the typically socially or economically weaker party to a contractual relationship. Classical jurists are generally understood to have proceeded from the assumption that the law was intended for legally aware subjects who were socially and economically relatively equal and who were themselves required to bear the consequences of voluntarily undertaken legal obligations, even where such obligations proved detrimental to their interests. Imperial constitutions issued between the fourth and sixth centuries, however, appear to reveal a jurisprudential and political shift toward strengthening the legal position of debtors. The aim of the present monograph was to examine this transformation through a legal-historical analysis of its manifestations and developmental factors.

The monograph is divided into four parts. The first part defines the research problem, sets out the principal theses, and presents the methodological foundations of the research together with the status quaestionis. The second part provides a legal-historical outline of the post-classical period and discusses the ideological background and formal sources of imperial legislation. Since the nature of a legislative act determines its legal effects, it also allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the significance of specific legal norms examined in the central part of the monograph. This is followed by a study of the factors that shaped the development of post-classical law.

The third and central part of the monograph first clarifies the concept of favor debitoris and then analyses selected imperial constitutions within four thematic sections. The first section examines the interpretation of legal transactions, the second the restriction of contractual autonomy, the third the extinction of obligations, and the fourth proprietary security rights and enforcement procedures. The purpose of the research was to collect, translate, and analyse, according to the established methods of Romanist exegesis, those constitutions whose purpose or effect was to strengthen the debtor’s legal position. These legislative solutions are compared with the approaches found in the writings of classical jurists. On this basis, it was possible to assess whether the tendency represented by favor debitoris constituted a qualitative innovation of the post-classical period.

The fourth part presents the concluding findings and evaluates the extent to which the analysed imperial constitutions reflect a tendency toward protecting debtors or other socially and economically weaker persons. The analysis demonstrated that the social and economic transformations of Late Antique society constituted the principal driving force behind a legislative policy supportive of the principle of favor debitoris. These developments were connected with burdensome taxation, demographic crisis, the decline of municipal autonomy, anti-patronage movements, and corruption within administration and the judiciary. Enhanced debtor protection also resulted from governmental responses to abuses in creditor-debtor relations in provincial practice, which had been influenced by non-Roman legal traditions, as well as from the legislator’s intention to accelerate judicial proceedings. The jurisprudential and political shift may also have been influenced by the doctrine of the Eastern law schools, which tended toward the simplification and generalisation of classical juristic casuistry, together with the reception of Stoic thought emphasizing the realization of humanity and equity.

Although the legislative measures occasionally corresponded with Christian tradition and the teachings of the Church Fathers, the sources do not directly indicate that the legislative reforms were deliberately intended to realize ideals of Christian mercy, forgiveness of debts, and protection of vulnerable individuals. Attempts to introduce social corrective mechanisms into private-law relationships, which emerged in Roman legal development particularly between the fourth and sixth centuries, inspired reforms of civil law from the late nineteenth century onward. In contemporary civil-law doctrine, this phenomenon is known as the materialization of civil law.

For the deposit of sale contracts see, for instance, P. Grenf. II28,11.11-12: Kai covrrv teOeitcci (/. teoe?aav) em vox) ev naG(upei) ?p^eiou in year (...). For the deposit of loan contracts, see, for instance, P. Grenf. 126,: koct?: oi)vypa((pfiv) ?a(veioD) [xf|v] xeOetaav ?rc? too ev UaQv(oEi) ?p%z[io]x). P. Grenf. II 30,11. 9-11: Korea GDVYpa((prrv) ?oc(ve?od) rrrv eteGe?gccv (/. T?0??aav) etu vox) ?v UaQvpei ?p^E?oi) in year (.-.). P. Grenf. II 19,[11][12][13][14]ve?od rfvv [t]E6E?aav etc? xov amov ?pXE?ot) in year (...). The formulation is interesting: the papyrus records the return of a loan which was negotiated in the 'same archeion', that is the archeion of Pathyris where the actual return was registered and written down in an agoranomic deed.

A certain degree of “default” flexibility in residential lease relations is important in guaranteeing the tenant’s right to free movement and facilitating mobility in the labour market; in other words, the tenant should enjoy a right to terminate the tenancy relationship without extensive adverse consequences. With this in mind, I will first elaborate the comparative analysis on the tenant’s right to terminate. Next, I will argue that tenants in Estonia have no real choice to opt for the flexibility needed without a trade-off in terms of stability, and why asymmetry of the parties’ right to terminate is recommendable. Finally, I propose considering Europe-wide best practices and the local socioeconomic environment, with draft amendments to Estonian tenancy law in order to meet needs.

Il testo, dedicato ai milites classiarii dell'età imperiale, è focalizzato come il precedente sui fanti di Marina dell'Italia romana. Trasformata da Augusto in un efficace strumento di integrazione, la Marina accolse per tre secoli nuove leve di peregrini, attraendoli con la prospettiva di far loro guadagnare l'ambita cittadinanza al termine della ferma.
Sebbene non vi fossero più grandi battaglie navali, questi uomini vennero forgiati da un addestramento rigoroso che ne fece ottimi e versatili soldati anche in operazioni terrestri, come rivelano le poche fonti superstiti, ma anche l'archeologia e l'epigrafia.
Chi furono questi uomini, come operarono, come vissero nella quotidianità, quali speranze nutrissero, emergerà dai vari capitoli, riccamente documentati e avvincenti, nonché riccamente illustrati.

Questo doppio libro ripercorre la storia dei milites classiarii di epoca repubblicana, seguendoli nelle loro imprese fitte di ardimenti, vittorie, tragedie, fatiche, naufragi, missioni di ogni genere in acque e terre nemiche. È una lunga epopea densa di eventi e di scontri, che permette di restituire a tutto tondo un prezioso tassello della storia antica, grazie ad un testo documentato, agile, appassionante ed accompagnato da numerose immagini e ricostruzioni a colori.

This contribution examines the contrasting versions of the appearance of the Risen Christ in the writings incorporated into the New Testament: from the denied presence of Jesus, who does not appear as risen in the oldest manuscripts of the Gospel of Mark, to the Gospel of John, where the Risen One asks Mary Magdalene not to hold on to him. His absence – or his presence – will become palpable only later for Thomas.
Loss, however, did not lead the disciples to forget him. On the contrary, faith in the resurrection, understood as the materialization of physical absence through the image of the Risen Christ, became a structural element for reworking Jesus’ sayings and deeds.
Why, at a certain point, did someone begin to claim that the tomb was empty and to explain that emptiness through the resurrection? Had the disciples stolen the body, as an accusation already attested in Matthew maintained? Why “invent” women as witnesses to such an extraordinary event if a woman was not considered credible even in court on far more plausible matters? Did the emotional impact caused by the loss of Jesus generate a hallucination in a “hysterical” woman, as the pagan Celsus would later describe her?
Starting from these questions, the aim is to analyze the conflicting accounts of the appearances of the Risen Christ in order to investigate specifically the role of women – one or two, not present in all versions – in relation to their rights and their credibility as witnesses within a cultural and legal context, such as that of the period, marked by profound gender disparities.
Far from assuming that it is possible to present even remotely satisfactory reconstructions on a topic of such magnitude, which deserves the utmost respect, this study nonetheless maintains that historical inquiry cannot retreat in the face of phenomena of faith. For if the resurrection is certainly a matter of faith, faith in the resurrection is also a historical matter.

This book focuses on the observationes tumultuariae of Cornelis van Bijnkershoek and the observationes tumultuariae novae of his son-in-law Willem Pauw. Between 1704 and 1787, therefore during virtually the entire eighteenth century, both these judges and presidents of the Supreme Court of Holland, Zeeland and West Friesland recorded their opinions about the judgements of the Supreme Court on paper for

personenvennootschap naar Rooms-Hollands recht 2.8.1 Inleidende opmerkingen 2.8.2 Interne vennootschapsverhoudingen 2.8.3 Externe vennootschapsverhoudingen 'De vennootschap onder eene firma is de maatschap, tot de uitoefening van een bedrijf onder eenen gemeenschappelijken naam aangegaan'. 112. Dezelfde vraag kan overigens worden gesteld voor de eenzijdige commenda. 113. Zie over de historische ontwikkeling van het begrip vertegenwoordiging: Zimmermann, Obligations, 45-58 en 468-470. 114. Zie over directe vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid in vennootschapsrechtelijk verband: Asser, In solidum, 6-14. 115. Zie paragraaf A 2.1. PERSONENVENNOOTSCHAP 'Maetschap ofte vennoodschap is een overeenkominghe van twee ofte meerder luiden, om door gemeenschap van goederen ofte dienst gemeene baet te trecken'. 126 'dat van Koopluiden commercierende met eenen openbaren Compagnie-naem, algemeenlijk ider dier genoemdens in solidum verbonden staet '. 182

The aim of this paper is to examine the difference between apeleutheroi
and exeleutheroi, both freedmen for whom laws were enacted in classical Athens, according to Demosthenes. It seems that the former were freedmen with obligations, whereas the latter were «wholly free», the distinction between the two being the existence of a «debt owed by them for the cost of their manumission» to be paid in cash and/or to be worked off. In classical Athens, the transition from one status to the other seems to have been routinely effectuated through a judicial procedure known as the dike apostasiou. This procedure was probably linked to the Kynosarges, the gymnasium and sanctuary of Herakles. At the end
of the 5th century BC, the end of the ‘path’ to complete freedom would have been the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios in the agora (built by exeleutheroi between 430 and 420 BC), whereas in the following century, at the time of Lycurgus, it appears to have been the sanctuary of Athena on the Acropolis, as evidenced by the phialai exeleutherikai.