School Shooting

Objective: Disasters, such as a school shooting or a global pandemic, harm psychological health and necessitate recovery. To complement adult-led disaster recovery and trauma-specific approaches, we propose a Youth-Led Resilience Promotion (YLRP) framework focusing on: 1) multi-tiered change, 2) resilience goals, 3) a promotion mindset, 4) youth strengths, 5) prosocial behaviors, and 6) capacity building through partnerships. The YLRP framework guided the development of a YLRP program in the aftermath of the Chardon High School shooting in Chardon, Ohio, which is detailed in a case study. Method: As part of a Community-Academic Partnership, twenty college student trainers delivered a multi-tiered, multicomponent resilience promotion intervention: universal resilience promotion to 1,070 high school students; targeted resilience promotion to 200 student leaders through workshops; and indicated resilience promotion to 30 student leaders through mentoring. Results: Student leaders forme...

Responding to dramatically increased levels of urban violence, inner-city school districts have recognized the need to address the psychological impact of violent events by organizing Crisis Response Teams. In New York's south Bronx neighborhoods, where violence appears endemic, the schools often serve children's basic needs by providing a safe and secure environment, in addition to meeting educational goals. The purpose of this case study presentation is to examine the impact of a violent shooting incident at a Bronx junior high school on children and staff, their post-traumatic reactions to the incident, and the response of the school district's crisis team providing various interventions at the school level. The incident is used to illustrate crisis team planning, assessment, provision of psychological "first aid,".and team debriefing following acts of violence; the responsibility of school psychologists to help others cope with the emotional and psychological effects of traumatic episodes is emphasized. It is concluded that in a modest way crisis intervention work allows school psychologists to perform this humane function: serving children and others during a most traumatic and emotionally painful experience in the hope of redirecting their lives for the better. (Author/ABL)

Despite the many expectations of school counselors in responding effectively to crisis situations, there is a lack of research and comprehensive standards that address best practices for school counselors in terms of preparing for and responding to a school shooting. Using federal guidelines and crisis literature, including studies focused on school counselors' lived experiences of a school shooting, the author offers a researchinformed theoretical framework of recommendations at different phases of a school shooting. The framework of recommendations points out probable hindrances to school counselors' decision making. School counselors' awareness of these impediments before experiencing each phase of such a crisis would be of benefit to them. School counselors may also use the framework of recommendations to help them assess their developmental needs in relation to preparing for and responding to a school shooting crisis.

The purpose of this article was to determine the degree to which differences were present in drilled school safety plans by school level and urbanicity for the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 school years. Data from a national survey were analyzed. As such, a causal-comparative or ex post facto research design was present. Inferential statistical analyses of nationwide survey data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the incidence of drilled school safety plans. Elementary schools were fourth less likely to perform shelter-in-place drills than were high schools. More than three times as many schools located within a suburb performed lockdown drills at a more significant rate than schools in rural settings. Given the recent school violence tragedies, implications for all schools having written plans and, more importantly, having drilled their students and teachers in those plans are present. Recommendations for future research studies were discussed.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of school level (i.e., elementary, middle, and high school) on written school safety plans in the areas of active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios. Inferential statistical analyses of nationwide survey data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the incidence of written plans for active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios by school level. Elementary schools were less likely to have written plans in active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios than were middle schools and high schools. In addition, written plans for active shooter and bomb threat scenarios were commonplace at each level compared to written hostage plans. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.

Many mass-shooters commit suicide. Both mass shooting and suicide has been linked to Strain Theory. Studies have shown that workplace shootings often occur after the shooter has been fired. Studies have found that school shooters often have been exposed to bullying and social exclusion. Research on mass shooters who are terrorists has yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to examine which types of mass shootings that ends with the perpetrator committing suicide. The sample consisted of 345 cases from the United States, as well as some high profile cases from other countries. The results showed that there is an association between the perpetrator's relationship to both the victim and the type of target, and that the perpetrator committing suicide. This has potential implications for the link between the mass shootings and Strain theory. Increased knowledge about this may contribute to more effective crime prevention strategies.

The purpose of this article was to determine the degree to which differences were present in drilled school safety plans by school level and urbanicity for the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 school years. Data from a national survey were analyzed. As such, a causal-comparative or ex post facto research design was present. Inferential statistical analyses of nationwide survey data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the incidence of drilled school safety plans. Elementary schools were fourth less likely to perform shelter-in-place drills than were high schools. More than three times as many schools located within a suburb performed lockdown drills at a more significant rate than schools in rural settings. Given the recent school violence tragedies, implications for all schools having written plans and, more importantly, having drilled their students and teachers in those plans are present. Recommendations for future research studies were discussed.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of school level (i.e., elementary, middle, and high school) on written school safety plans in the areas of active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios. Inferential statistical analyses of nationwide survey data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the incidence of written plans for active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios by school level. Elementary schools were less likely to have written plans in active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios than were middle schools and high schools. In addition, written plans for active shooter and bomb threat scenarios were commonplace at each level compared to written hostage plans. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.

Though overall gun violence has plummeted since 1993, multi-victim school shootings have increased in frequency over the last fifty years and the number of adolescent perpetrators has more than doubled since 1996. I borrow from Kimmel and Mahler’s (2001) format to examine seven shootings that have occurred in the fifteen years since their paper’s original publication. I replicate their qualitative methodology and conduct my own analysis of these attacks. My findings suggest that these boys that open fire are mired in a history of routine, merciless bullying and that the content of the bullying is homophobic in nature. I also show that even in cases where the victim is not routinely subjected to homophobia, their masculinity has been somehow compromised. I propose that toxic masculinity—the notion that masculinity is something that can be constituted through violent action (Haider 2016)—influences the boys’ decisions to engage in mass violence. I also examine possible reasons as to w...

In 2006, following the shooting at Dawson College, the authorities implemented an intervention plan. This provided an opportunity to analyze the responses to services offered, and afforded a learning opportunity, which led to the proposal of an extensive multimodal short-and long-term

In the aftermath of the shocking school shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, politicians and lobbyists seemed to engage in a lively debate about school security. The most visible suggestion was the National Rifle Association's proposal to place armed guards in every school. More progressive politicians who derided the NRA, including President Obama's administration, offered proposals that likewise sought to increase the presence of armed security in schools. Certainly these proposals differed, but they all sought to continue the securitization of American public schools witnessed over the past two decades, rather than advocate for real change in school safety. These responses offer important lessons about the difficulty of responding productively to tragedy, given the strength of institutionalized knowledge and politis

The cycle of violence invading our nation's schools has necessitated the training of law enforcement agencies. A breakdown in communications could mean an incident spirals out of control and results in catastrophic unnecessary loss of lives. Active communication can be accomplished between officers and their superiors, so that decisions are made in a manner that best pursues a rapid end to the threat posed by the perpetrator, and a rapid extraction of the injured. Authors have developed an effective nine-step response model for law enforcement agencies after examination of the real-time cases, infamous school-shooting incidents, in the United States.

Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter in the building where the attack was occurring, control access to the location, attempt to communicate with the shooter, and call the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Recently, research has been undertaken to empirically examine different law enforcement response options. This article details one such experiment. The article details a tactic known as the peek. Utilizing an experimental design, we present findings regarding the peek room entry technique.

As educators and parents of children with disabilities, we recognize that students with significant disabilities benefit from research-based strategies to support the development of academic and social learning. We regularly use systematic instruction and behavior supports to provide day-to-day instruction, yet this same detailed planning is not always carried through to support these students in preparation for school crises. Whether a student with a significant disability is in a weather-related event such as a tornado or a larger crisis such as a school shooting, she or he likely needs intensive instruction with research-based strategies in order to survive. In this article, we discuss the critical issue of systematically inquiring about the specific needs of students with significant disabilities as they pertain to staying safe in school crises and introduce why and how to write an Individual Emergency and Lockdown Plan (IELP) for these students.

In 2006, following the shooting at Dawson College, the authorities implemented an intervention plan. This provided an opportunity to analyze the responses to services offered, and afforded a learning opportunity, which led to the proposal of an extensive multimodal short-and long-term

The threat of an active shooter is something early childhood educators need to prepare for, but a literature review regarding active shooter drills indicated a gap in the research focused on the perceptions the early childhood educators. Using a conceptual lens based on developmentally appropriate practice and the developmental theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, this qualitative case study aimed to explore the perceptions of early childhood educators on the current model of active shooter drills and the developmental appropriateness of these drills when used with an early childhood population. The participants were early childhood educators familiar with their school’s emergency plan who had experienced at least one active shooter drill in their classroom. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and then analyzed using a 6-phase thematic analysis. Key findings indicate early childhood educators received the required professional development about the drills but desired m...

The purpose of this study was to examine Machofabriken 2.0 through discourse analysis. Examine how concepts are filled with meaning and what alternative meanings that are excluded. I also scrutinized what pedagogic tools and strategies put forward to achieve change and discuss if it is possible to approach ordinary men as violent. Furthermore, I have analyzed underpinning assumptions of gender and violence and how masculinities, femininities, violence, and responsibility are discursively produced. I have paid extra attention to three short movies; Real Life (Sexual harassment and bystander), Ice Cream (Consent and Free will) and Step-up (Pornography) with inspiration from feministfrequency.se to explore visual media and to pay attention to the Male Gaze, objectification and sexualization of women, constructed differences between men and women. Feminist Frequency provided me with the concept of Tropes in the examination of representations of boys and girls in the short movies. The examination has uncovered gender biases in Machofabriken, which privilege the male over the female and runs the categories fixed and reveals how the masculine discourse has constructed women as the Other. This thesis argues, it has dismantled the destructive masculine discourse and how subjects of both genders are positioned and constituted within that discourse. This also means the construction of gender is already there, before the text, before the short movies.

Despite the many expectations of school counselors in responding effectively to crisis situations, there is a lack of research and comprehensive standards that address best practices for school counselors in terms of preparing for and responding to a school shooting. Using federal guidelines and crisis literature, including studies focused on school counselors’ lived experiences of a school shooting, the author offers a research-informed theoretical framework of recommendations at different phases of a school shooting. The framework of recommendations points out probable hindrances to school counselors’ decision making. School counselors’ awareness of these impediments before experiencing each phase of such a crisis would be of benefit to them. School counselors may also use the framework of recommendations to help them assess their developmental needs in relation to preparing for and responding to a school shooting crisis.

This article focuses on policy and law concerning violence against women as a public health issue. In Sweden, violence against women is recently recognized as a public health problem; we label this shift “The public health turn on violence against women”. The new framing implies increased demands on the Swedish healthcare sector and its’ ability to recognise violence and deal with it in terms of prevention and interventions. The aim was to describe and discuss the main content and characteristics of Swedish healthcare law, and national public health and gender-equality policies representing the public health turn on violence against women. Through discursive policy analysis, we investigate how the violence is described, what is regarded to be the problem and what solutions and interventions that are suggested in order to solve the problem. Healthcare law articulates violence against women as an ordinary healthcare issue and the problem as shortcomings to provide good healthcare for ...

In 2006, following the shooting at Dawson College, the authorities implemented an intervention plan. This provided an opportunity to analyze the responses to services offered, and afforded a learning opportunity, which led to the proposal of an extensive multimodal short-and long-term

The cycle of violence invading our nation's schools has necessitated the training of law enforcement agencies. A breakdown in communications could mean an incident spirals out of control and results in catastrophic unnecessary loss of lives. Active communication can be accomplished between officers and their superiors, so that decisions are made in a manner that best pursues a rapid end to the threat posed by the perpetrator, and a rapid extraction of the injured. Authors have developed an effective nine-step response model for law enforcement agencies after examination of the real-time cases, infamous school-shooting incidents, in the United States.

The cycle of violence invading our nation's schools has necessitated the training of law enforcement agencies. A breakdown in communications could mean an incident spirals out of control and results in catastrophic unnecessary loss of lives. Active communication can be accomplished between officers and their superiors, so that decisions are made in a manner that best pursues a rapid end to the threat posed by the perpetrator, and a rapid extraction of the injured. Authors have developed an effective nine-step response model for law enforcement agencies after examination of the real-time cases, infamous school-shooting incidents, in the United States.

This article examines how Finnish tabloids portray women who have used violence. The aim is to look at the ways in which violence committed by women is made sense of in relation to culturally shared conceptions and expectations regarding the relations between gender categories and violence. The analysis of the data draws on sociosemiotics and distinguishes modalities as discursive devices that attach meanings and different levels of agency to violent action. By focusing on descriptions of women’s violent agency, the analysis attempts to dissect the ways in which the identities of ‘feminine women’ and ‘violent women’ are dialectically constructed. A recurring theme in the positioning of women in the analysed news articles is the attachment of deceptiveness to them and their actions. Especially in the reporting of the most sensationalized cases, women as perpetrators of violence are often portrayed in the data as strong agents with an antisocial will to hurt others, and with the capac...

It seems that in the current era of globalization, the national discourse has not lost its appeal in Finnish public discussion. Somewhat paradoxically, it is as strong as ever when the challenge of globalization is being debated in the Finnish press. A closer investigation of the national arena Helsingin Sanomat (HS) shows a coalition of powerful societal actors in the centre, building up a national consensus and a vision of Finland's future as a competition state. Different interest groups are divided in their attitudes towards globalization and its implications for Finnish society. Less powerful actors see it as a threat and try to bring forward a vision of Finland as a fair and responsible nation. At the same time, mainstream journalism seems to be afraid of political conflict and of stirring things up. Instead, the paper holds on to the traditional consensus-oriented public discussion culture. The present article discusses the Finnish globalization discussion from the 1990s until 2004.

Since Prozac emerged on the market at the end of 1987, there has been a dramatic increase in antidepressant use and in its discussion by popular media. Yet there has been little analysis of the gendered character of this phenomenon despite feminist traditions scrutinizing the medical control of women's bodies. The authors begin to fill this gap through a detailed content analysis of the 83 major articles on Prozac and its "chemical cousins" appearing in large-circulation periodicals in Prozac's first 12 years. They find that popular talk about Prozac and its competing brands is largely degendered, presented as manifestly gender neutral, yet replete with latent gendered messages. These are about women with neurochemical imbalances but also about the need to discipline elite female bodies, to enhance their productivity and flexibility. This new form of female "fitness" mirrors demands of the New Economy and indicates how psychiatric discourse contributes to the historically specific shaping of gendered bodies.

This article develops new analytical tools for considering the dynamics of power in gender equality. This is done by focusing on a closely related concept, legitimacy , and utilizing it to shed light on the relations between gender equality and power. We develop a new concept to describe the " undecided " conceptual zone between what is considered " legitimate " and what is " illegitimate, " that we have named " a-legitimate ". The starting point is the idea that legitimacy is construed in a binary opposition with illegitimacy. Instead of being static, the struggles over definition of " legitimate " and " illegitimate " are an outcome of dynamic processes and fundamentally shaped by the " a-legitimate " that falls in-between.

In political research and everyday politics, Finland is often presented as one of the gender-equal countries. The Nordic countries, Finland included, top a number of gender equality indices indicating that women's societal position is particularly advanced. Feminist research, however, seeks to highlight the issue specificity of such evaluations. While Finland comes out on top in terms of a number of indicators, there are other areas where Finland is a laggard. Gender equality in the Academy is a case point. About a quarter of professors are women in Finland but their numbers fluctuate a lot from one discipline to another. Political science has traditionally been very male dominated, and the notion of politics is perceived as masculine. This article provides a brief overview of the current status of women in political science in Finland. It revisits earlier findings about how political science as a discipline is gendered in Finland and evaluates their pertinence today. The article then discusses the current situation and evaluates the changed institutional context. Despite progress made in numbers, gender continues to shape the political science discipline in Finland.

In 2007, a private recruitment agency started recruiting nurses from the Philippines to private elderly care homes and to operation wards in Finland. Although less than a hundred nurses have been recruited to Finland, the recruitment has received extensive media attention. Applying discourse analysis to the media data, the article analyzes the ways in which Filipino subjects were constructed by the Finnish media. We distinguish three types of categories relating to Filipino nurses as 'good migrant/suspect worker', 'global commodity' and as a 'colonized subject'. The article argues that the discourse depicting Filipino subjects is a form of neoliberal postcolonialism, which combines a global geography of colonial power with a discourse of individualized economic risks and responsibilities.

Within barely a year, two school shootings shook Finland. The school shootings shocked Finnish society, forcing media, academics and experts, police and politicians alike to search for reasons behind the violent incidents. Focusing their analysis on the two main Finnish newspapers, Helsingin Sanomat and Hufvudstadsbladet, authoritative sources of information for Finland's two language communities, the authors maintain that the Finnish case contributes to research on school shootings by evidencing the intimate linkages between the state, gender and violence. The authors argue that violence is to be understood through different discourses about the Finnish state. In particular, they discern three discourses about the state that produce gendered discourses of violence: the welfare state, the realist state and the neoliberal state. The authors conclude that these discourses produce different notions of rational and irrational violence thereby providing different legitimizations for male-embodied/masculine violence.