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Scratch Programming Language

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lightbulbAbout this topic
Scratch is a visual programming language designed for educational purposes, primarily aimed at children and beginners. It enables users to create interactive stories, games, and animations through a block-based interface, promoting computational thinking and creativity without the need for traditional text-based coding.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Scratch is a visual programming language designed for educational purposes, primarily aimed at children and beginners. It enables users to create interactive stories, games, and animations through a block-based interface, promoting computational thinking and creativity without the need for traditional text-based coding.

Key research themes

1. How effectively does Scratch facilitate the development of fundamental programming and computational thinking skills across different educational stages?

This research theme investigates the capacity of Scratch and its variants (such as ScratchJr) to teach foundational programming concepts and foster computational thinking (CT) skills among learners ranging from preschool to secondary education. The focus is on empirical evaluations of learning outcomes, including cognitive skill development, conceptual understanding, and early computational reasoning, examining how Scratch-based interventions integrate with pedagogical practices and curricula.

Key finding: This study demonstrated that middle-school students, in regular school settings and taught by non-specialist teachers, could successfully learn core computer science concepts using Scratch-based materials designed on... Read more
Key finding: The pilot study found that preschool children exposed to ScratchJr could grasp fundamental programming concepts and demonstrated improvements in computational thinking skills in a developmentally appropriate manner. It... Read more
Key finding: Data analytics revealed widespread adoption of ScratchJr across European countries with established computer science initiatives, with usage trends correlating to policy integration of coding in early childhood curricula. The... Read more
Key finding: An analysis of nearly 1,000 ScratchJr projects from Kindergarten through second grade identified patterns of block usage showing that young children, after targeted instruction, preferentially use specific programming... Read more
Key finding: This comprehensive review reinforced that Scratch has been a cornerstone tool for developing computational thinking and algorithmic skills from early education through higher levels, facilitating integration with STEAM... Read more

2. What are the pedagogical impacts and practical outcomes of implementing Scratch as an instructional tool for teaching programming and enhancing problem-solving skills in primary and secondary education?

This theme addresses empirical investigations into how Scratch supports pedagogical practice and influences students’ problem-solving capabilities, motivation, and attitudes in formal education contexts. It includes teacher perceptions, intervention outcomes related to student engagement, and the use of Scratch for curricular objectives in mathematics, science, and computational thinking development.

Key finding: Although programming via Scratch did not yield statistically significant improvements in overall problem-solving skills among fifth-grade students, qualitative findings indicated heightened student engagement and increased... Read more
Key finding: Secondary school teachers demonstrated constructive conceptions and positive reflections on Scratch’s effectiveness in teaching mathematics and sciences. Quantitative data showed significant learning gains post-intervention.... Read more
Key finding: A quasi-experimental study with Ecuadorian university students revealed that the use of Scratch significantly increased midterm exam pass rates compared to traditional textual teaching methods despite contextual socioeconomic... Read more
Key finding: The comparative analysis concluded that Scratch and App Inventor are both appealing, novice-friendly block-based programming environments suitable for introductory programming across education levels. Both platforms... Read more
Key finding: Introducing block-based programming via the ‘colette’ app within biology education resulted in successful integration of computational thinking competencies and improved student engagement in STEM learning. The study offers... Read more

3. How does engagement with Scratch influence teachers’ and students’ attitudes, conceptions, and motivations toward programming and computational technologies?

This research theme explores how familiarity with Scratch affects educators’ and learners’ opinions, attitudes, and emotional engagement toward programming and ICT education. It includes studies on attitude changes, motivation development, and psychological constructs influencing learning experiences with Scratch and related programming environments.

Key finding: The study found that future teachers who became familiar with Scratch in an introductory programming course developed more positive attitudes and constructive opinions about programming and the use of ICT in education. This... Read more
Key finding: The foundational analysis articulated how Scratch’s design supports self-directed learning and collaboration, facilitating positive emotional engagement and motivation among young users. It emphasized Scratch’s role in... Read more
Key finding: This longitudinal review highlighted the evolution of novice programming environments like Scratch, emphasizing their abilities to support social, collaborative learning and facilitate increased engagement and motivation. It... Read more
Key finding: Gifted fourth-grade students reported that Scratch activities enhanced their comprehension of science content, increased their interest and motivation in science learning, and actively supported the development of coding and... Read more
Key finding: Findings revealed that students engaged in robot-supported programming using LEGO WeDo exhibited superior computational thinking and programming skills compared to those employing Scratch for similar IoT projects, with... Read more

All papers in Scratch Programming Language

Learning programming has become increasingly important in K-12 education. However, understanding function concepts can be a challenge for beginners. Lightbot is an educational platform that introduces students to fundamental principles of... more
The study examined the effectiveness of a Problem-Based Learning–Information Literacy Self-Efficacy (PBL-ILSE) micro-intervention among first-year Social Studies majors at City College of Tagaytay during the academic year 2025–2026. The... more
Η ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων ενεργού πολιτειότητας και κοινωνικής ενσυναίσθησης αποτελεί βασικό στόχο της σύγχρονης εκπαίδευσης. Η παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζει μια διαγενεακή εκπαιδευτική δράση που υλοποιήθηκε στη ΣΤ΄ Δημοτικού ενός σχολείου της... more
Computational thinking (CT) is increasingly recognized as essential in education, yet teacher preparation programs struggle to develop both computational proficiency and pedagogical readiness in pre-service teachers (PSTs). This study... more
Este relato tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência de uso da ferramenta tecnológica Scratch na produção de animações para o exercício da Língua Inglesa e de temas transversais. A metodologia utilizada visando alcançar o objetivo... more
Στην παρούσα ανακοίνωση θα αναλυθεί η διαδικασία από την έμπνευση ως την υλοποίηση της δημιουργίας σιωπηλών βιβλίων (silent books) με τη συνεργασία των ομίλων του Βαρβακείου Προτύπου Γυμνασίου Συγγραφής/ Δημιουργικής Γραφής και Εικαστικών... more
As Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (tdic) podem ser importantes aliadas no Ensino de Ciências para crianças, já que possibilitam um trabalho diversificado. A partir desta perspectiva, relatamos uma experiência de criação... more
Proyek ini merupakan pengembangan website pembelajaran renang 3D berbasis animasi interaktif yang membantu siswa memahami teknik renang secara visual, detail, dan mandiri, sebagai alternatif dari metode pembelajaran konvensional.
Un análisis técnico sobre cómo cada capa de abstracción filtra, recorta y transforma la capacidad nativa de un modelo de lenguaje-con datos actualizados a marzo 2026. Resumen. Cuando un desarrollador interactúa con un LLM como Claude Opus... more
The present teaching scenario approaches the Greek folk tale “The poor man and the Ottoman piasters” by pedagogically utilizing a wide range of contemporary digital tools within the framework of the TPACK model. The scenario is... more
Το εκπαιδευτικό πρόγραμμα «Η καθημερινότητα στη Ρωμαϊκή Αγορά της Θεσσαλονίκης: Μία βιωματική προσέγγιση με τη μέθοδο Edu‐L.A.R.P» διεξήχθη για πρώτη φορά από την AeliaPath στον αρχαιολογικό χώρο της Αρχαίας Αγοράς Θεσσαλονίκης σε... more
Περίληψη Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί να διερευνήσει τον ρόλο του παιδικού/νεανικού βιβλίου γνώσεων ως μέσου καλλιέργειας ιστορικού γραμματισμού, μέσα από το παράδειγμα των βιβλίων της Μαρίζας Ντεκάστρο 2194 Ημέρες Πολέμου και 2651 Ημέρες... more
Programming is extremely important and is an ability that should be taught not only to computer science students. Several aspects have shown the relevance of developing skills related to programming with students at school level, which... more
El pensamiento computacional surge por la necesidad de programar computadores pero su aplicación se ha expandido a diferentes disciplinas y áreas del conocimiento, donde en esencia se considera como un enfoque para la resolución de... more
Creativity is an action and has its roots embedded within the human beings.  It follows that creativity is also a human capability.  Furthermore, teachers are required to use creativity and teachin ...
The article presents the methodological foundations of the formation of cognitive mobility of younger students through the creation of an interactive educational environment
Centro de trabajo y localidad: CEIP Guindalera (Madrid) Resumen Esta experiencia se compone de dos proyectos realizados con Scratch para tercero de primaria bilingüe. El primero de ellos sirve como iniciación y parte de una actividad del... more
Se presentan los resultados parciales de una investigación interesada en caracterizar las condiciones que determinan la emergencia de recursos pedagógicos digitales para profesores que enseñan geometría en educación básica. Para ello, se... more
This study offers an in-depth exploration of the lived experiences and challenges faced by middle school students enrolled in inclusive education programs in rural southwestern Turkey. Unlike previous research that often focuses on policy... more
This study aimed to strengthen students’ trigonometry knowledge and skills by providing authentic contexts for knowledge application. An innovative approach was applied to guide students to integrate trigonometry in programming mobile... more
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las perspectivas de las y los profesores-asesores sobre el curso de Economía Digital con el fin de identificar áreas de oportunidad y mejorar futuras implementaciones. Se utilizó un diseño... more
Analizar el impacto de las estrategias didácticas en la mejora de la traducción creativa pictórica en estudiantes del I Ciclo de la Carrera Profesional de Educación Artística de la Escuela de Artes Plásticas de Ayacucho, 2023, fue el... more
В статье рассматривается педагогическая вики-энциклопедия (ПедВики) как один из апробированных и признанных мировым сообществом примеров объективации технонауки. Она объединила в себе возможности совместного сетевого творчества... more
En el contexto de la creciente incorporación de herramientas tecnológicas en la educación, este artículo documenta la experiencia de un taller sobre simulaciones PhET, implementado como re-curso didáctico en el desarrollo de un... more
The field of engineering and mathematics are interconnected with each other. Thus, the engineering students need to perform well in their mathematics skill in order to get better grades. However, not everyone has the courage and confident... more
Among the digital media used by young people, video games can encourage experimentation with identities, sex, and gender through characters or by customizing avatars. For years, these media have been criticized for promoting intolerance.... more
В ситуации интенсивного развития гибридной среды, которая создается взаимодействием физической и цифровой реальности, актуализируется поиск новых образовательных стратегий в дизайне. Ключевой компетенцией дизайнера становится способность... more
This paper examines the critical role of critical thinking in contemporary educational environments and highlights its significance as a core competency for learners in the 21st century. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from pedagogy,... more
The ability to create and deploy networking technologies able to deliver relevant content over multiple platforms has until very recently depended on access to costly technology, infrastructure and expertise. The result has been a digital... more
Propuesta didáctica para trabajar con estudiantes de español. Se propone a través de la metodología de la clase invertida, que los estudiantes analicen y reflexionen sobre el uso de la IA para el desarrollo cognitivo de los estudiantes... more
para entender y tener éxito en el mundo actual. Sin embargo, en el currículo educativo de primaria y secundaria esta importancia no se ve reflejada, y la informática aparece como asignatura complementaria orientada a usuarios. Creemos que... more
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