Sex trade

Little research has examined the nexus of how long transgender people having been living full-time as a member of their affirmed gender and mental health outcomes. This is the focus of this paper. Methods: Data from the 2015 U.S. National Transgender Survey, which is based on a sample of 27,715 transgender Americans aged 18 or older, was used. The Kessler-6 scale was used to measure psychological distress and a dichotomous measure of past-year suicidal ideation was the other main outcome measure. Covariates in the multivariate analysis included sociodemographic measures, a scale assessing anti-transgender harassment, discrimination, and violence, and several transition milestones. Results: 59% of respondents reported living full-time as a member of their affirmed gender. 32% of those individuals had been doing so for less than two years; 17% had been doing so for ten or more years. Multivariate analysis revealed that length of time living as a full-time member of one's affirmed gender remained a key predictor of suicidal ideation but not of psychological distress. Structural equation analysis supported those findings, indicating that being newer to full-time living as a member of one's affirmed gender was associated with a significantly elevated risk for experiencing suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The longer that transgender people had been living full-time as a member of their affirmed gender, the less likely they were to experience serious psychological distress or suicidal ideation. This finding was robust and held up even when the influence of numerous control variables was taken into account.

The United States enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 to combat the crime of organized firms engaging in the trafficking of humans. The TVPA has resulted in competing definitions and competing agendas which contribute of a public misunderstanding of the nature and scope of human trafficking as a domestic policy issue. Early goals of protection of victims, prevention of future trafficking crimes, and prosecution of traffickers have not been met with empirically driven success. This paper outlines obstacles facing evidence-based legislation in the state of Maine which currently has no standalone law protecting victims of sex trafficking and seeks to provide a simple guideline for increasing legislative support.

The United States enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 to combat the crime of organized firms engaging in the trafficking of humans. The TVPA has resulted in competing definitions and competing agendas which contribute of a public misunderstanding of the nature and scope of human trafficking as a domestic policy issue. Early goals of protection of victims, prevention of future trafficking crimes, and prosecution of traffickers have not been met with empirically driven success. This paper outlines obstacles facing evidence-based legislation in the state of Maine which currently has no standalone law protecting victims of sex trafficking and seeks to provide a simple guideline for increasing legislative support.

Research on the sex trade during COVID-19 has documented the intertwined material and emotional hardships faced by individuals in the sex trade. Building on these insights, this article examines how selfcare practices functioned as relational and strategic responses to crisis. Drawing on twenty semi-structured interviews conducted in Israel between May and December 2020, findings highlight two intersecting themes: the emotional burden caused by isolation, surveillance, and financial insecurity; and the self-care strategies participants employed to sustain themselves. These included reaching out for support, engaging in mutual aid, returning to work under duress, and setting protective boundaries. Rather than viewing self-care as a personal wellness practice, the article conceptualises it as a situated form of agency shaped by structural neglect. While the data reflect a specific historical moment, the insights they generate speak to broader questions of crisis governance, marginality, and the everyday production of resilience. By centreing the voices and practices of individuals in the sex trade, the article offers a politically attuned understanding of self-care under systemic disruption. This study offers empirical insight into how marginalised individuals navigated crisis conditions, advances a relational understanding of self-care shaped by systemic forces, and suggests the policy relevance of peer-informed, community-based approaches.

Purpose: This paper examines whether or not there is evidence of syndemic effects influencing suicidal ideation among transgender persons of color. Methods: Data from the 2015 U.S. National Transgender Survey were used to examine five domains of potentially-syndemic effects (workplace issues, interactions with professionals, using public services, personal safety, socioeconomic disadvantages) in a sample of 4,842 transgender Americans aged 18 or older. A dichotomous measure of suicidal ideation during the past year was the main outcome measure. Result: The odds of contemplating suicide increased anywhere from 14% to 120% among people experiencing any of the problems under study, and anywhere from 65% to 297% (depending upon the syndemic effect domain in question) when they were faced by all of the experiences included in any particular domain. When all items were combined, exposure to any of the domains' problems elevated the risk of contemplating suicide by 179% and exposure to all of the problems examined increased the risk by 446%. The syndemic effects measure remained significant in multivariate analysis controlling for the influence of other potentially-relevant factors. Conclusion: Considerable evidence for the presence of syndemic effects was found, demonstrating that the more different types of adverse conditions that transgender persons of color face, the more likely they are to experience to contemplate suicide. Younger adults, those not married/"involved," and people who have reached specific transition milestones were at particularly high risk and, therefore, are groups in need of targeted intervention.

This article analyses the dynamics of the sex trade in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. It argues that the sex trade has adapted to the conflict and its different actors and demonstrates how it operates in such constrained contexts. The article is based on ethnographic research with sex workers in Bogotá who have experience working in different conflict zones. It found that the sex trade is dynamic and that sex workers develop strategies to resist violence and adapt to the respective contexts. These sex workers are a type of 'floating migrants', living and surviving on the sex trade not only for the income it generates but also for the relationships they build with other sex workers, establishment managers, and combatants. The article concludes that the sex trade in Colombia did not arise as a result of the armed conflict. Rather, it is a phenomenon that exists as part of a broader market before, during, and after episodes of violence.

This article analyses the dynamics of the sex trade in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. It argues that the sex trade has adapted to the conflict and its different actors and demonstrates how it operates in such constrained contexts. The article is based on ethnographic research with sex workers in Bogotá who have experience working in different conflict zones. It found that the sex trade is dynamic and that sex workers develop strategies to resist violence and adapt to the respective contexts. These sex workers are a type of 'floating migrants', living and surviving on the sex trade not only for the income it generates but also for the relationships they build with other sex workers, establishment managers, and combatants. The article concludes that the sex trade in Colombia did not arise as a result of the armed conflict. Rather, it is a phenomenon that exists as part of a broader market before, during, and after episodes of violence.

Los estudios de género han marcado las pautas para describir la violencia hacia las mujeres desde roles tradicionales de la masculinidad hegemónica, siendo las representaciones sociales de lo masculino el eje antecesor de la construcción del hombre ante este tipo de violencia. Este estudio de corte cualitativo tiene como objetivo describir, desde las representaciones sociales de la masculinidad, la conceptualización de la violencia hacia las mujeres en varones universitarios de la Ciudad de México, mediante el método biográfico-narrativo. Se recolectaron narrativas organizadas en dos categorías, la vivencia de la masculinidad en la adolescencia y en la actualidad, con cuatro subcategorías cada una. Se encontraron patrones de crianza familiar y de educación universitaria que influyeron en la construcción de la masculinidad frente a la percepción de la violencia hacia las mujeres. El estudio brinda nuevos discursos de ser hombre a partir de las prácticas contemporáneas de las masculinidades

Law enforcement, the media, and the public have given recent attention to the sex trade in conjunction with an increased focus on combatting sex trafficking. However, little is known about women's experiences transitioning out of the sex trade, especially related to learning and finding economically sustainable employment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of women transitioning out of the sex trade, especially related to finding legal employment. Transitional learning theory, experiential learning theory, and a general transition model formed the conceptual framework which guided this study. Participants included 10 adult English speaking women who engaged in the sex trade in Texas for at least 1 year, and who exited the sex trade at least 3 months before being interviewed. Data collection involved two semi-structured interviews composed of open-ended questions and probing questions. I used the constant comparative coding method for data analysis. Respondents described the challenges, supports, and types of learnings used throughout their experience transitioning from the sex trade. The participants' experiences were categorized into (a) employment related challenges, (b) managing mental health and emotions, (c) navigating basic life skills, and (d) building, rebuilding, and managing relationships. Themes related to women's supports include (a) how women found support, (b) the importance of support providers conducting a needs assessment with women, (c) the supportive relationships women experienced, (d) the iii necessity of holistic support, and (e) the support women felt was missing while they transitioned. Finally, themes related to women's types of learning included (a) experiential learning, (b) social learning, (c) the role of survivor leaders in power and policy, and (d) the need to treat survivor leaders as experts and teachers. I organized the findings into a model to describe women's transition process. The findings have implications for practice-by organizations, employers, and law enforcement-as well as policy and future research.

Law enforcement, the media, and the public have given recent attention to the sex trade in conjunction with an increased focus on combatting sex trafficking. However, little is known about women's experiences transitioning out of the sex trade, especially related to learning and finding economically sustainable employment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of women transitioning out of the sex trade, especially related to finding legal employment. Transitional learning theory, experiential learning theory, and a general transition model formed the conceptual framework which guided this study. Participants included 10 adult English speaking women who engaged in the sex trade in Texas for at least 1 year, and who exited the sex trade at least 3 months before being interviewed. Data collection involved two semi-structured interviews composed of open-ended questions and probing questions. I used the constant comparative coding method for data analysis. Respondents described the challenges, supports, and types of learnings used throughout their experience transitioning from the sex trade. The participants' experiences were categorized into (a) employment related challenges, (b) managing mental health and emotions, (c) navigating basic life skills, and (d) building, rebuilding, and managing relationships. Themes related to women's supports include (a) how women found support, (b) the importance of support providers conducting a needs assessment with women, (c) the supportive relationships women experienced, (d) the iii necessity of holistic support, and (e) the support women felt was missing while they transitioned. Finally, themes related to women's types of learning included (a) experiential learning, (b) social learning, (c) the role of survivor leaders in power and policy, and (d) the need to treat survivor leaders as experts and teachers. I organized the findings into a model to describe women's transition process. The findings have implications for practice-by organizations, employers, and law enforcement-as well as policy and future research.

Resumen: Este ensayo, producto de la investigación documental titulada "Dinámicas del comercio sexual en niños, niñas y adolescentes en el municipio de Girardot, Cundinamarca, Colombia", plantea la cuestión del comercio sexual con niños, niñas y adolescentes como un problema social que afecta a Colombia y a distintos países en los que el turismo es un sector relevante de la economía. En este artículo se propone una teorización sobre esta problemática en torno de tres categorías conceptuales: familia, sociedad de la información y cultura de consumo, las cuales determinan las dinámicas que promueven el ingreso de niños, niñas y adolescentes al mundo de la prostitución infantil. Así mismo, se detallan las disposiciones jurídicas existentes en Colombia, desde la Constitución Política hasta el Código Penal, pasando por diversas leyes y convenios internacionales legalmente vinculantes destinados a la protección de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, para evidenciar que el comercio sexual se manifiesta a pesar de la existencia de garantías legales. Por último, se plantea una aproximación metodológica de tipo cualitativo-que no se ha puesto en práctica-, la cual puede ser útil de cara a futuras investigaciones que deseen realizar indagaciones empíricas y corroborar las hipótesis a partir de las categorías aquí propuestas. Palabras clave: comercio sexual; familia; capital humano; cultura de consumo.

The rapid spread of HIV infection in Thailand has resulted, in the space of a few years, in dramatic changes: a shift from official denial to acceptance and concern with the spread of infection nationwide (Bamber, Hewison, and Underwood, 1993); the introduction of the" condom only" law for commercial sex establishments, introduced in 1991, to reduce transmission within brothels (Weniger et al., 1991); and the development of nongovernmental organizationbased (NGO) projects to provide health education to ...

The commercial sex trade is a nexus of injustice that we cannot turn away from. Following the leadership of LGBTQ+ survivors who are speaking about its realities is key. They’re guiding our laws and policies toward support and understanding, and away from harm. As survivor-leader Cristian Eduardo makes clear, “the sex trade is rooted in homophobia, transphobia, police violence, racism, capitalism, [and] patriarchy. Profiting off sexual abuse and exploitation cannot be normalized.”

Very little research has been undertaken to examine the prevalence of sex-trading behaviors among transgender adults, and even less is known about how engaging in this behavior affects sex-trading individuals. This paper examines the nexus of sex trading and psychological distress and suicidal ideation. Data from the 2015 U.S. National Transgender Survey were used to examine the factors associated with sex trading in a sample of 27,715 transgender Americans aged 18 or older. The Kessler-6 scale was used to measure psychological distress and a dichotomous measure of suicidal ideation during the past year was the other main outcome measure. Covariates in the multivariate analysis included sociodemographic measures, numerous measures of anti-transgender harassment, discrimination, and violence, and several transition milestones. Approximately one person in six had engaged in sex-trading behaviors. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex trading was related to psychological distress and to an increased risk of suicidal ideation. Structural equation analysis showed that sex trading had both a direct impact upon suicidal ideation and an indirect effect through its influence on psychological distress, which was the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation. Although sex trading is relatively uncommon among transgender persons, it is much more common in this population than it is in the population-at-large. Among persons who engage in this practice, though, there is a greatly elevated risk for suffering from psychological distress and suicidal ideation.

Femmes prostituées dans la région du Sud de la Thaïlande 1-La Région Sud et sa complexité 2-Un paysage ethnique plus complexe qu'il n'est annoncé 3-Une région connue pour sa violence 4-Généralités sur la prostitution dans le Sud 5-Phuket, la « perle du sud » et Patong, son «Pattaya » L'affaire de Phuket (

Thailand is the last place left in the world," I was repeatedly told by the Western male sex tourists that I encountered in Thailand, "where men can be men." Indeed, thousands of foreign men flock to this Southeast Asian country every year for its notorious supply of plentiful and inexpensive sex with local prostitutes. Does this mantra also apply to Thai men? This article explores the beginnings of a continuing research project into how the massive influx of foreign male sex tourists during the past forty years has influenced how Thai men perceive their own masculinity.

While the vulnerability of women and girls continues to be the subject of research and concern among social service providers, few attempts have been made to understand the vulnerabilities and lived experiences of transgender persons in the sex industry. Among the studies that have been done, most have focused on sexual health and their likelihood to contract or spread HIV/AIDS, often ignoring other potential vulnerabilities. This study aims to provide a broad baseline of data on the perspectives and experiences of transgendered persons in the sex trade in Phnom Penh, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of their needs, and vulnerabilities, including their trajectory into sex work and potential alternatives. In addition, this study aims to aid the development of programming and social services that meet their needs holistically, looking beyond gender expression and social identity to address often overlooked needs and vulnerabilities. This study notes the respondent's common personal feelings of self-blame, shame, and guilt, and discusses a perceived fatalism observed within the social identity of transgender persons in the Cambodian sex trade, and the impact this may have on their perception of alternative employment, future options, and vulnerability to violence. The majority of respondents, or 74%, indicate sexual harassment, and 40% cite physical assault within the past 12 months, as well as more than half of respondents (55%) who cite being forced to have sex against their wishes. In addition, respondents describe diverse and overlapping forms of stigma and discrimination including: loss of employment (39%) and loss or denial of housing (20%), denial of education (12%) and denial of basic health services (10%) as a result of being transgender. Over half of those citing stigma and discrimination and more than one-third of those citing physical assault, cite police as the perpetrators of the violence. This study notes the respondent's common personal feelings of self-blame, shame, and guilt, and discusses a perceived fatalism observed within the social identity of transgender persons in the Cambodian sex trade, and the impact this may have on their perception of alternative employment, future options, and vulnerability to violence.

ObjectivesIn 2014, Canada implemented end-demand sex work legislation that criminalises clients and third parties (eg, managers, security personnel, etc) involved in sex work. The focus of this analysis is to explore how the criminalisation of clients shapes the occupational health and safety of sex workers.DesignAs part of a longstanding community-based study (An Evaluation of Sex Workers’ Health Access), this analysis draws on 47 in-depth qualitative interviews with indoor sex workers and third parties. Informed by an intersectional lens and guided by a structural determinants of health framework, this work seeks to characterise the impact of client criminalisation in shaping the occupational health and safety of indoor sex workers.SettingIndoor sex work venues (eg, massage parlour, in-call, brothel, etc) operating in Metro Vancouver, Canada.Participants47 predominately racialised sex workers and third parties working in indoor environments between 2017 and 2018.ResultsWhile parti...

Sex worker parents often lose custody of their children. The purpose of this research was to study theimpact of a parent’s status as a past or present sex worker on judicial decision-making in custody and access disputes. Through doctrinal legal research, I explored judicial treatment of sex workers involved in custody and access disputes in Child Protection and Family Law case law from Ontario. I reviewed every reference to parental involvement in sex work from Child Protection and Family Law decisions from January 2010-March 2020. Parental involvement in sex work was often presented as an unfavourable aspect of the parent, or otherwise had a negative influence on their claim. Sex work was treated as a negative quality in a parent rather than an aspect of their life warranting further factual exploration. I argue that stigma against sex workers appears to carry more weight in custody and access disputes than evidence concerning the impact that a parent’s sex work has on a child.

• Labor migration is an economic and social mobility strategy that benefits millions of people around the world, yet human trafficking and the exploitation of low-wage workers is pervasive. • The negative health consequences of human trafficking-and labor exploitation more generally-are sufficiently prevalent and damaging that they comprise a public health problem of global magnitude. • Human trafficking and labor exploitation are substantial health determinants that need to be treated as preventable, drawing on public health intervention approaches that target the underlying drivers of exploitation before the harm occurs. • Exploitative practices are commonly sustained by business models that rely on disposable labor, labyrinthine supply chains, and usurious labor intermediaries alongside weakening labor governance and protections, and underpinned by deepening social and economic divisions. • Initiatives to address human trafficking require targeted actions to prevent the drivers of exploitation across each stage of the labor migration cycle to stop the types of harm that can lead to generational cycles of disability and disenfranchisement.

This paper looks at the pandemic of abuse and violence against children worldwide, and examines the historical and cultural roots of these systemic human violations. It proposes strategies to better safeguard children globally, including education and a legal mechanism to hold government officials-national and local-accountable when they fail to protect children from abuse, enslavement, murder, and other crimes, and all too often profit from them.

First of all, I wish to express my appreciation to those bar girls and their customers who accepted me as a friend. It was a quite valuable experience for me to talk with them about lot of things, to have a lunch or dinner with them, and to hung out with them after midnight. The information given through the time spent with them provided the basis of this study. Then I would like to show my gratitude to the thesis committee members who supervised this study. Special gratitude goes to Dr. Nuangnoi Boonyanate and Dr. Jim Taylor who gave me a number of very useful advises. In addition, Dr. Sunait Chutintaranond, the director of the Thai Studies Center and Ms. Weena Eimrod, the secretary of the Thai Studies Center, assisted me very much in editorial and administrative matters.

This paper is forthcoming as a chapter in D. Kochenov (ed.), EU Citizenship and Federalism: The Role of Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2015). The central idea builds on the popular sociological concept of sexual citizenship, assuming its link to the cluster of specific sexual rights. Such sexual rights address multiple identities based on gender, sexual orientation and other broader aspects of sexuality (including, inter alia, consumption of pornography and sex work). The author applies this broad paradigm of sexual citizenship towards federalizing evolution of EU citizenship. The result of such a critical investigation demonstrates that EU citizenship offers not only a novel transnational vision of peoplehood. It equally entails governance of sexual rights as a part and parcel of mobile European project through vertical channels of EU sexual citizenship.

This exploratory study examined the vulnerability and exploitation of migrants from the perspective of service providers who work in social service organizations. Researchers conducted 16 interviews and 1 focus group with service providers whose clientele had direct experience with migration. These service providers indicated that there is incongruence, even tension, between a welcoming local response to migrant populations and the state-level political rhetoric and policy initiatives, which are predominantly anti-immigration. This study demonstrates that there are contradictions and tensions related especially to exploitation in Midwest migrant populations. Service providers acknowledged complexity in the problems related to migrant vulnerability and exploitation and were interested in change. Findings of this study highlight particular vulnerabilities of migrant populations, a lack of legibility of human trafficking in social service organizations, and a difference between politic...

In an effort to characterize the attitudes and characteristics of men who solicit sex, this study investigated rape myth acceptance as assessed by a modification of Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. The participants were all men who took part in the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia after being arrested for attempting to solicit sex from an undercover police officer. Relationships between endorsement of rape myths, other attitudes, sexual behavior, and demographic variables were examined. Results reveal that age, education, use of pornography, ideal frequency of intercourse, and believing that purchasing sex is a problem are all negatively correlated with rape myth acceptance. Positive correlations were found between rape myth acceptance and sexual conservatism, sexual violence/coercion, and social desirability. Results are discussed in terms of the association between rape myth acceptance and the violence frequently perpetrated against those working in the sex ...

In an effort to characterize the attitudes and characteristics of men who solicit sex, this study investigated rape myth acceptance as assessed by a modification of Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. The participants were all men who took part in the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia after being arrested for attempting to solicit sex from an undercover police officer. Relationships between endorsement of rape myths, other attitudes, sexual behavior, and demographic variables were examined. Results reveal that age, education, use of pornography, ideal frequency of intercourse, and believing that purchasing sex is a problem are all negatively correlated with rape myth acceptance. Positive correlations were found between rape myth acceptance and sexual conservatism, sexual violence/coercion, and social desirability. Results are discussed in terms of the association between rape myth acceptance and the violence frequently perpetrated against those working in the sex ...

The rapid spread of HIV infection in Thailand has resulted, in the space of a few years, in dramatic changes: a shift from official denial to acceptance and concern with the spread of infection nationwide (Bamber, Hewison, and Underwood, 1993); the introduction of the" condom only" law for commercial sex establishments, introduced in 1991, to reduce transmission within brothels (Weniger et al., 1991); and the development of nongovernmental organizationbased (NGO) projects to provide health education to ...

This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality o f the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.

Thailand is the last place left in the world," I was repeatedly told by the Western male sex tourists that I encountered in Thailand, "where men can be men." Indeed, thousands of foreign men flock to this Southeast Asian country every year for its notorious supply of plentiful and inexpensive sex with local prostitutes. Does this mantra also apply to Thai men? This article explores the beginnings of a continuing research project into how the massive influx of foreign male sex tourists during the past forty years has influenced how Thai men perceive their own masculinity.

Thailand is the last place left in the world," I was repeatedly told by the Western male sex tourists that I encountered in Thailand, "where men can be men." Indeed, thousands of foreign men flock to this Southeast Asian country every year for its notorious supply of plentiful and inexpensive sex with local prostitutes. Does this mantra also apply to Thai men? This article explores the beginnings of a continuing research project into how the massive influx of foreign male sex tourists during the past forty years has influenced how Thai men perceive their own masculinity.

Thailand is the last place left in the world," I was repeatedly told by the Western male sex tourists that I encountered in Thailand, "where men can be men." Indeed, thousands of foreign men flock to this Southeast Asian country every year for its notorious supply of plentiful and inexpensive sex with local prostitutes. Does this mantra also apply to Thai men? This article explores the beginnings of a continuing research project into how the massive influx of foreign male sex tourists during the past forty years has influenced how Thai men perceive their own masculinity.

The sudden appearance and worldwide dissemination of AIDS raises complex and as yet unexplored problems for the tourist industry. These are considered in a case study of Thailand, an important sextourism destination. The dilemma facing the authorities of protecting tourism by downplaying the threat of AIDS vs. protecting public health by acknowledging it, is examined. The changes in policies toward AIDS, and in the public attitudes to foreigners and tourists, in the wake of an AIDS scare, are traced. Problems of protection of the sex-workers, both female and male, from infection are discussed. Changes in national tourism policies are indicated, and some general conclusions regarding the interface of tourism and AIDS are proposed.

This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) examines current evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to combat human trafficking in four South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). This REA is being carried out as part of a wider assignment for the UK Department for International Development (DFID), with the overall objective of synthesising evidence on the effectiveness of interventions that tackle modern slavery in South Asia. It presents lessons for policy makers, practitioners and researchers who aim to combat human trafficking.

El artículo presenta tres aspectos metodológicos relacionados con el estudio de masculinidades dentro de espacios de comercio sexual: limitantes etnográficas, la relación investigador-investigado y el posicionamiento ético del investigador. Dichos aspectos se enmarcan en la realización del trabajo etnográfico realizado en establecimientos de comercio sexual, teniendo como objeto de estudio los clientes varones de la ciudad de Punta Arenas. Bajo la premisa de que el cuerpo del investigador es una herramienta metodológica que está constituida por una "esencia de género", la cual no se puede desprender, los resultados de este artículo establecen la imposibilidad del etnógrafo de ser un sujeto sexualmente neutral (dentro del trabajo de campo en el comercio sexual), obligando a que el investigador realice una reflexión ética que fije sus propios límites eróticos y sexuales respecto a lo estudiado. El propósito de este texto es brindarle al lector algunas directrices para dicha reflexión, comprendiendo que el posicionamiento ético y grado de involucramiento que establezca el investigador con sus informantes y con quienes interactúan (como las trabajadoras sexuales), influirá directamente en los resultados que se obtenga. Palabras clave: etnografía, sexualidad, masculinidad, comercio sexual, Punta Arenas. Abstract The article presents three methodological aspects regarding the study of masculinities inserted in sex trade establishments: ethnographic limitations, the relationship between researcher and researched, and the erotic stance of the researcher. These aspects are inserted in the ethnographic work performed in sex trade establishments, during which male customers in Punta Arenas were the objects of study. Under the basis of considering the body of the researcher as a methodological tool constituted by an unavoidable "essence of gender", the results of this article state the impossibility for the ethnographer to become a sexually neutral subject within fieldwork in sex trade, forcing the researcher to undergo an ethical reflection to set self-imposed sexual and erotic boundaries regarding his/her research. The purpose of this article is to provide guidance for such reflections, under the premise that the ethical positioning of the researcher and the level of involvement of the researcher both with their reporting subjects and their interactions with sex workers will directly influence the results of the research.

Cultural interpretations of the sex trade are pervasive in Southeast Asia, in particular, the argument that daughters enrol in sex work to repay a debt of life and support their parents. While useful to illuminate the role of culture in shaping economic action, this narrative carries the risk of viewing people as robots guided by stable and supra-individual forces. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia on precarious and indebted Vietnamese families that encourage their daughters to sell sex, this article disturbs deterministic cultural accounts of sex work by describing how families interpret, negotiate and (re)produce cultural scripts through relational work. More specifically, it shows how these families draw from familistic scripts about hierarchy, duty and sacrifice conveyed in popular culture to assemble relational packages. Deeply imbued in affective undercurrents and power asymmetry, these packages allow families to negotiate taboo trades like the repayment of debt through the sale of their daughter's virginity. Overall, a relational work framework provides a better understanding of female participation in the sex trade in Vietnam than explanations based on normative accounts of culture or problematic trafficking binaries.

本稿は、2019年8月10日に行なった講義のレジュメである。
売買春は、男性支配の最も中心的な形態と、資本主義的利潤追求の最も野蛮な形態とが結合したものである。セックスワーク論は、売買春を他のいかなる労働とも変わらない「単なる労働」とみなし、それを法的にも社会意識の上でも正当なものとみなすことで、売春に従事する女性の安全性は高まり、スティグマが取り除かれ、医療や福祉へのアクセスがより容易になり、セックスワーカーの主体性と自由が実現されると、いいことづくめであるかのように主張する。このような主張はすべて根拠がない。そのことを、原理的および理論的な面から、経済社会の実体の面から、当事者の証言などから多角的に論じ、北欧モデルが唯一のオルタナティブであることを示す。しかし、北欧モデルの導入はけっしてゴールではなく、出発点に過ぎない。立派な法を作ってもきちんと執行されなければならないし、女性たちを売春へと追いやっている男性支配と資本主義の現実を変革しなければならない。北欧モデルはそのための武器であって、アボリショニズムの闘いはそこから初めて本格的に始まるのである。

“Your interjections do inspire,” he said. “It’s the paradox of prostitution that man lets some women have a free reign on sex so as to rein in the promiscuity in the rest of them. So, won’t the least sought-after of the whores outscore all the Casanovas of the world put together; well, that’s in the lighter vein, but it was that experience which made me realize that it was stupid to generalize the sex-workers; the harlots in the hell-holes of cities’ red-light districts are a pitiable lot of gullible girls and hapless women forced to cater to the ever growing demand for paid sex there. But thanks to the limited clientele in towns, the whores there can stave off the debilitating sexual burden their ilk in the cities have to bear, yet it’s  the so-called call-girls that call the shots, more so, in metros; so all of them, being in the same calling are not on the same footing. If the vicissitudes of life push women into the vice-like grip of madam-pimp-police nexus of the flesh trade, then it’s the outcries of the moralists against legalizing prostitution that ensure their sexual slavery in abominable conditions; maybe, if only paid sex were to have a legal tag, then surely it would entail as fair deal as possible for these hapless women.”
“I hear it’s much worse in the U.S, where the pimps treat the prostitutes as vassals and abuse them in unimaginable ways.”

Prostitution is a problem that has blighted Thailand for many centuries. According to some estimates, there are as many as 2 million active sex workers in Thailand, with hotspots for the sordid trade in Bangkok, Pattaya and Phuket. These locations are all popular destinations for tourists.

Between 1908-1909 and in 1912, Vancouver-based Japanese journalist Shohei Osada published a column series entitled “Exploration of Devil Caves” in a local Japanese-language newspaper, detailing the lives of Japanese migrants involved in the sex trade in the interior of BC and further east. The series was part of the local Japanese community’s “clean-up” project, which attempted to normalize the community by disciplining members’ sexuality. Having a strong conviction that their “immorality” exacerbated racism against the Japanese in Canada, Osada’s writing condemns sex workers, pimps and brothel owners. Ironically, however, his writing remains one of the few archival documents available today that resists the historical erasure of the presence of these women in the past. While stories of sex workers are still repressed in the official Japanese Canadian history, I want to shed light on them. I followed Osada’s footsteps and travelled to Cranbrook and Nelson, which he identified as major sites for Japanese prostitution, with a hope to learn more about this history. In this paper I performatively re-enact the process of my embodied engagement with the elusive history of Japanese sex workers in Canada from the early twentieth century, which started with my encounter with Japanese headstones in cemeteries, and was followed by my archival research of official death records. This paper consists of photographic images, excerpts from my fieldwork journal, and an account of my encounter with Japanese graves in the cemeteries, all of which are juxtaposed with archival materials, including Osada’s reportage and Canadian official documents. While these documents are erroneous, negligent, and racist, they do provoke further imagination about the lives and deaths of migrant sex workers. Putting these materials together, I explore a way to remember, as I actively create a memory of the lives of women in the underground, trans-pacific world.