Short Message Service

Tingginya ketergantungan masyarakat pada listrik menuntut pengukuran konsumsi yang akurat,
sehingga PT PLN (Persero) mengembangkan teknologi Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). Laporan ini
bertujuan mengkaji implementasi, tantangan, dan manfaat AMR di PLN (Persero) UP3 Surakarta sebagai
sistem pembacaan meter elektronik jarak jauh melalui jaringan komunikasi. Analisis mencakup aspek
teknis, proses penerapan, gangguan komunikasi, serta kerusakan peralatan. AMR mampu menyediakan
data real-time, load profile, dan histori pengukuran untuk meningkatkan akurasi. Penerapannya
diharapkan meminimalkan kesalahan pencatatan, mengurangi losses, dan menjamin akurasi tagihan
pelanggan.

Kata kunci: Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Meter Energi, kWh Meter, PT PLN, Susut Energi.

This paper examines the lack of investment in human capital that contributes to rising unemployment in South Africa in 2025. The literature established that unemployment in South Africa is caused by various factors, such as the colonial and apartheid government, the increase in technological dependency, lack of education and training, flawed implementation of policies, and slow economic development. Even though a body of literature exists on the lack of human capital investment in South Africa, which has contributed to increased unemployment, very few studies have approached this topic from a Human Capital Theory perspective. This paper uses secondary research methodology and Human Capital Theory to investigate the lack of investment in human capital that contributes to rising unemployment in South Africa in 2025. Based on the Human Capital Theory, the literature suggests that South Africa has invested little in education, skills, and training to improve the standard of living for its people. Hence, the unemployment rate has risen because the South African government has invested less in human capital. The paper findings also suggested that unemployment in South Africa, particularly in 2025, is attributed to several deepening structural inflexibilities and leadership weaknesses. These include several challenges, such as a declining economy, high levels of unemployment, poverty, energy insecurity, and inequalities, as well as deliberative infrastructure, high corruption rates, and an environmental crisis. Study limitations stem from methodological constraints: this study relied on secondary data, which excluded primary data. This study recommends that there is a need for rural and township investments, investment in Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), collaboration between government and the private sector, increased investment in education facilities that address digitization and the 4 th industrial revolution, and that the South African government should follow up on policy implementation.

This paper examines the lack of investment in human capital that contributes to rising unemployment in South Africa in 2025. The literature established that unemployment in South Africa is caused by various factors, such as the colonial and apartheid government, the increase in technological dependency, lack of education and training, flawed implementation of policies, and slow economic development. Even though a body of literature exists on the lack of human capital investment in South Africa, which has contributed to increased unemployment, very few studies have approached this topic from a Human Capital Theory perspective. This paper uses secondary research methodology and Human Capital Theory to investigate the lack of investment in human capital that contributes to rising unemployment in South Africa in 2025. Based on the Human Capital Theory, the literature suggests that South Africa has invested little in education, skills, and training to improve the standard of living for its people. Hence, the unemployment rate has risen because the South African government has invested less in human capital. The paper findings also suggested that unemployment in South Africa, particularly in 2025, is attributed to several deepening structural inflexibilities and leadership weaknesses. These include several challenges, such as a declining economy, high levels of unemployment, poverty, energy insecurity, and inequalities, as well as deliberative infrastructure, high corruption rates, and an environmental crisis. Study limitations stem from methodological constraints: this study relied on secondary data, which excluded primary data. This study recommends that there is a need for rural and township investments, investment in Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), collaboration between government and the private sector, increased investment in education facilities that address digitization and the 4 th industrial revolution, and that the South African government should follow up on policy implementation.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is one of the most devastating human pandemics in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and this is the region most hit by pandemic. Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART remains challenging and varies between 27% and 80% compared to the required level of 95%. Lack of adherence is of one the major causes of treatment failures. Given the increase in the use of mobile phones in Africa, text messaging is seen as a potential strategy to improve medication adherence although there is little evidence to support this argument. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of text messaging interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment. Methods: The Effective Public Health Practice Project (APHPP) tool was used to ensure that included Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) studies follow vigorous methodological standards including selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection methods, and withdrawal and dropout. Selected bibliographic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CINAHL Plus were searched for relevant articles published in English and dated between 2005 and 2018. Six trials met the inclusion criteria as set out in the protocol. Due to the inconsistency and the likely observed heterogeneity, narrative synthesis of evidence was carried out. Results: The results from 2/3 of included studies provided evidence that text messages reminders improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment whereas 1/3 produced contradictory results. Nevertheless, weekly Short Messaging Service (SMS) reminders were more effective than daily (SMS) in achieving 95% self-reported adherence to antiretroviral treatment and in reducing the frequency of treatment interruptions. The results indicated that patients receiving text messages had their plasma HIV viral load suppressed, median CD4+ cell counts increased and were on 100% on time picking up monthly ART refills compared to the control. Conclusion: Included studies in this review provided evidence that simple SMS reminders were important in improving and sustaining optimal ART adherences. Text messaging is seen as potential strategy to improve medication adherence. Therefore, it should be included in health systems strategies to help improve sustainable development goals. The results suggest that preventing treatment failure can be achieved by SMS reminders in a resource limited setting.

The fit between the patient's need and the system's ability to meet those needs. It is a function of availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability and acceptability (Penchasky and Thomas, 1981) Acceptability: An attribute that is given to health services that respond positively to client's attitude and culture (Obrist et al., 2007) Affordability: Items or expenses believed to be within one's financial means. To be able to do or spare something without incurring financial difficulties or without risk of undesirable consequences. (Source ) "eHealth: Using information and communication technology (ICT) such as computers, mobile phones, and satellite communications -for health services and information.

The fit between the patient's need and the system's ability to meet those needs. It is a function of availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability and acceptability (Penchasky and Thomas, 1981) Acceptability: An attribute that is given to health services that respond positively to client's attitude and culture (Obrist et al., 2007) Affordability: Items or expenses believed to be within one's financial means. To be able to do or spare something without incurring financial difficulties or without risk of undesirable consequences. (Source ) "eHealth: Using information and communication technology (ICT) such as computers, mobile phones, and satellite communications -for health services and information.

Early fire detection is critical to protecting forests from wildfires and enabling rapid responses to minimize fire spread. Existing forest fire detection methods cannot quickly detect forest fires and evaluate the fire risk of these sensitive areas. Hence, this research aims to develop a real-time forest fire detection, monitoring, and alert system. The development of the system started with assembling temperature and humidity sensors, a smoke sensor, an Arduino microcontroller, and a wireless fidelity module. Then, a fire monitoring and alert system was developed using Blynk. From the sensitivity flame sensor analysis with the fire, the flame sensor detected the presence of fire up to 60 cm. The sensor also indicated high temperature (45 °C) and low humidity (53.4%) at noon. Low temperature (29 ℃) and high humidity (88.4%) were identified in the morning. Moreover, the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of 1,800 ppm was recorded when the smoke from the fire was detected. The global positioning system module shows the accurate real-time location of the system displayed in the Blynk application. In conclusion, this system can detect and monitor early forest fires in real-time and can alert the authorities to protect forests from wildfires.

This paper presents a novel method to send SMS through mobile at the remote host on a mobile service as well for internet host. The method is based on the reliability of the software en-corporate. The system uses a specified code, which is being used to access a data base system. The data residing the code will be immediately resend to the user regarding which the request had been send. The utility of the work enhances from the educational system to the various business unit. The software is being created in the J2ME.

Hemodialysis patients face complex challenges in adhering to dietary and fluid restriction regimens, which are essential to prevent complications and improve quality of life. While clinical determinants have been extensively studied, the influence of psychosocial elements, particularly peer group support, remains underexplored. This study aimed to examine the role of peer group support in dietary and fluid restriction adherence among patients undergoing hemodialysis. A cross-sectional design was conducted with 183 respondents recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and analyzed with chi-square test, Kendall’s tau-b, and contingency coefficients to measure the strength of associations. Results indicated no significant association between hemodialysis duration and adherence to diet (r=0.019; p=0.891) or fluid restriction (r=1.564; p=0.457). In contrast, peer group support showed a strong association with both dietary adherence (r=63.292; p<0.001; C=0.507) and fluid restriction (Kendall’s tau-b= -0.444; p<0.001; C=0.448). Domain analysis further revealed that emotional support was the most influential peer factor, while appreciation support was weakest. On the patient side, adherence to the general diet and fluid restriction was relatively higher, yet compliance with specific dietary components such as calcium and phosphorus remained low. These findings highlight the novelty of integrating structured peer-based interventions into chronic kidney disease management, suggesting that programs emphasizing emotional coping and nutritional education may serve an effective complement to medical therapy in enhancing treatment adherence.

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has increased the demand for secure and efficient package delivery solutions, particularly for recipients who are frequently away from home. This study presents the development of a Smart Package Receiver Box, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system that integrates sensors and remote-control functionalities to enhance package security. The system incorporates an ESP32-CAM microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor for courier detection, a PIR sensor for package counting, and a solenoid door lock for secure access control. These components are integrated with the Telegram messaging application, enabling real-time notifications, visual monitoring, and remote control of package deliveries. Experimental testing demonstrates that the system reliably detects couriers within a 5 cm to 30 cm range, accurately counts inserted packages, and ensures a secure locking mechanism with prompt response times. The collected data confirm stable system performance, minimal delays, and effective remote accessibility for users. Despite its advantages, the system presents certain limitations that warrant further improvements. The current implementation lacks encrypted communication, posing potential security vulnerabilities that could be mitigated by integrating AES-256 encryption and secure authentication protocols. Additionally, the system's reliance on Telegram makes it susceptible to disruptions in service availability, necessitating the incorporation of alternative communication channels such as SMS notifications or cloud-based APIs. Another limitation is that testing was conducted in a controlled environment, requiring further validation in real-world conditions to assess reliability across diverse network scenarios and environmental factors. Future enhancements will focus on strengthening data security, increasing system redundancy, and conducting comprehensive field testing to improve robustness and scalability for broader adoption in modern package delivery systems.

This study presents the design and implementation of a Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Terrestrial (DVB-T2) transmission system utilizing Software-Defined Radio (SDR) technology. The DVB-T2 standard, defined by the ETSI EN 302 755 specification, provides a highly efficient and flexible framework for terrestrial digital television broadcasting. The research utilizes GNU Radio and the USRP B210 hardware platform to realize a practical DVB-T2 baseband and RF transmission chain that supports real-time video transmission. The system design integrates baseband processing modules, including Forward Error Correction (FEC) using LDPC and BCH coding, QAM modulation (16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM), and OFDM multiplexing across 8k and 32k FFT modes. Signal transmission performance was analyzed under varying channel conditions, including Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading environments. Experimental results demonstrate robust performance of the SDR-based DVB-T2 system. Measurements were conducted at a central frequency of 650 MHz with a bandwidth of 8 MHz and transmission power of 10 dBm. The Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis showed that under AWGN channel conditions, 64-QAM modulation achieved a BER of 2.4×10⁻⁴ at an SNR of 18 dB, while 256-QAM required an SNR of approximately 24 dB to maintain an acceptable BER below 1×10⁻³. The average throughput for a single PLP (Physical Layer Pipe) in the implemented system was 28.6 Mbps, demonstrating high spectral efficiency suitable for HD and UHD content broadcasting. The findings confirm that SDR-based transmission offers a cost-effective, reconfigurable, and easily upgradable alternative to conventional hardware DVB-T2 transmitters. The results further suggest that real-time adaptation of modulation and coding parameters can be achieved through software control, enhancing resilience against channel impairments. This work concludes that the combination of DVB-T2 and SDR technologies provides a sustainable path for next-generation digital terrestrial broadcasting systems, especially in experimental, educational, and emerging market applications where low-cost, flexible transmission solutions are vital.

Short Message Service (SMS) has become an extension of our lives and plays an important role in daily chores. SMS is a popular medium for delivering Value Added Services and are suitable for mobile banking, payment reminders, SOS calls, stock and news alerts, railway and flight enquiries etc. These types of messages are normally computer generated messages sent over Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) protocol. SMPP is an application layer protocol to send messages over TCP/IP connection. SMPP protocol has no security measures specified which allows fast delivery of SMS messages in bulk. Compromised messages or loss of messages can cause lot of revenue loss and fatal consequences. A secure SMPP protocol is proposed and implemented by introducing Transport Layer Security (TLS) with SMPP protocol specifications. A client tool is developed to securely connect to the server. Secure Short Message Peer-to-Peer protocol will enhance the security of fast growing messaging and telecommunicatio...

The early warning systems for flood disaster develop with the technologies fast growth. These warning systems early alert people against flood disaster. Many proposed systems use high techniques to alert for flood such as, Short Message Service (SMS) via Global System for Mobile communications (GSM); however, they are still complex to program and interface, in addition to their high cost. This paper proposes a simple and low cost early warning system using Arduino board, which is used to control the whole system and GSM shields to send and receive data. This work applies on specific region in Yemen, which is Al-Saila. The proposed system determines the water levels using float sensors. Then it analyzes the collected data and makes the proper decision. The GSM network is used to connect the overall system units via SMS. The system has been designed and implemented based on two components, Hardware and Software. The system units are powered from the main supply in addition to solar cell panel to increase system's reliability.

Background: Adopting a healthy life style in children may protect them against osteoporosis in later life. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed using mobile phones short-messages service (SMS) intervention in promoting knowledge, attitude and preventive nutrition behaviors of osteoporosis among a sample of Iranian female students. In this quasi-experimental study, 345 female students in Semnan, Iran were randomly selected and assigned to either intervention group 1 (receiving gain-framed text messages, n=115), intervention group 2 (receiving loss-framed text messages, n=115), and control group (no receiving text messages, n=115). Knowledge, attitude and dietary behaviors related to osteoporosis prevention were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire before and one month after the delivery of the framed information via SMS. Seventy two short messages that emphasized the benefits of adopting the behavior (n=35), and the costs of non adopting it (n=35) have been sent to the participants' phones in intervention group 1 and 2, respectively during the 35-day intervention period. The age of participants in the three groups was 12 years. They were studying in the seventh grade. After the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge (2.32±0.60, p<0.001), attitude (1.52±0.60, p=0.03), and adopting the preventive nutrition behaviors of osteoporosis (1.30±0.58, p=0.05) variables in the intervention group 1 had a significant increase compared to the intervention group 2. The results of the study showed that gain-framed text messages significantly improved adopting osteoporosis preventive nutrition behaviors than loss framed text messages.

The research paper explores the perception of safety and security. The aim of this project development is to reduce the incident at home. In this model, we present the design and implementation of a home security system by using a global system for mobile communication modem (GSM). As the system senses/detects any parameter such as gas leakage, high temperature at home. It will respond and do alert to the homeowner. It also detects the intrusion by using of IR sensor placed at the entry point. All these sensors are associated with microcontroller ATmega328 which will produce output in case of tragedies. The GSM and microcontroller communicate through the USART protocol with the desired baud rate of 9600bps. In case of emergency, the system generates an alert message that can be transmitted to homeowners&#39; service number which we have fed into the system. The idea behind this project is to provide a simple, affordable, fast, effective, and reliable way to get help in case of emerg...

This research work investigates the potential of 'Full Home Control', which is the aim of the Home Automation Systems in near future. The analysis and implementation of the home automation technology using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem to control home appliances such as light, conditional system, and security system via Short Message Service (SMS) text messages is presented in this paper. The proposed research work is focused on functionality of the GSM protocol, which allows the user to control the target system away from residential using the frequency bandwidths. The concept of serial communication and AT-commands has been applied towards development of the smart GSM-based home automation system. Home owners will be able to receive feedback status of any home appliances under control whether switched on or off remotely from their mobile phones. PIC16F887 microcontroller with the integration of GSM provides the smart automated house system with the desired baud rate of 9600 bps. The proposed prototype of GSM based home automation system was implemented and tested with maximum of four loads and shows the accuracy of ≥98%.

The Digital Barangay Service Request Management System for Efficient Public Service Delivery is an original work by the authors mentioned above. We aim to develop this system to acquire substantial knowledge and improve our understanding of how to apply this study effectively, under the guidance of our respected instructor. It represents a valuable effort in enhancing public service delivery. A strong technological foundation is demonstrated through the use of PHP and MySQL in the system. With full dedication and teamwork, we aim to provide a well-designed system that offers an efficient and transparent barangay service request process, enabling users to access an easy-to-use platform and allowing workers to perform their tasks effectively. The barangays are the first level of government that directly serve the community. They handle various services such as issuing certificates, receiving complaints, providing assistance, and responding to local concerns. However, many barangays still rely on manual, paper-based systems to manage service requests. Because of this, requests may be delayed, records can be misplaced, and it becomes difficult for both residents and officials to track the status of concerns. This study aims to develop a Digital Barangay Service Request Management System to improve how service requests are handled. The proposed system allows residents to submit requests online and monitor their status without always going to the barangay office. On the other hand, barangay officials can use a dashboard to organize, monitor, and respond to requests more efficiently. The study focuses on improving efficiency, transparency, and organization in barangay operations. It is expected that the implementation of this digital system will reduce delays, improve communication between residents and officials, and provide better monitoring of community concerns.

Background: Patient-centered measurement (PCM) aims to improve the overall quality of care through the collection and sharing of patient values, outcomes, and perspectives. However, the use of PCM in care team decisions remains limited. Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) offers a collaborative, adaptive approach to explore best practices for incorporating PCM into primary care practices by involving knowledge users, including patients and providers, in the exploratory process. Objective: This study aims to test the feasibility of using patient-generated data in team-based care; describe the use of these data for team-based mental health care; and summarize patient and provider care experiences with PCM. We conducted a multi-method exploratory study in a rural team-based primary care clinic using IKT to co-design, implement, and evaluate the use of PCM in team-based mental health care. Care pathways, workflows, and quality improvement activities were adjusted iteratively to improve integration efforts. Patient and provider experiences were evaluated using individual interviews relating to the use of PCM and patient portals in practice. All meeting notes, interview summaries, and emails were analyzed to create a narrative evaluation. Results: During co-design, a care workflow was developed to incorporate electronically collected patient-generated data from the patient portal into the electronic medical record, and customized educational tools and resources were added. During implementation, care pathways and patient workflows for PCM were developed. Patients found portal use easy, educational, and validating, but data entries were not used during care visits. Providers saw the portal as extra work, and the lack of portal and electronic medical record integration was a major barrier. The IKT approach was invaluable for addressing workflow changes and understanding the ongoing barriers to PCM use and quality improvement. Although the culture toward using PCM is changing, the use of PCM during care has not been successful. Patients felt validated and supported through portal use and could be empowered to bring these data to their visits. Training, modeling, and adaptable PCM methods are required before PCM can be integrated into routine care.

Background: Although African Americans have the lowest rates of smoking onset and progression to daily smoking, they are less likely to achieve long-term cessation. Interventions tailored to promote use of cessation resources in African American individuals who smoke are needed. In our past work, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a technology-assisted peer-written message intervention for increasing smoking cessation in non-Hispanic White smokers. In this formative study, we have adapted this intervention to be specific for African American smokers. We aimed to report on the qualitative analysis of messages written by African American current and former smokers for their peers in response to hypothetical scenarios of smokers facing cessation challenges. Methods: We recruited African American adult current and former smokers (n=41) via ResearchMatch between April 2017 and November 2017. We asked participants to write motivational messages for their peers in response to smoking-related hypothetical scenarios. We also collected data on sociodemographic factors and smoking characteristics. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify cessation strategies suggested by the study participants. Results: Among the study participants, 60% (25/41) were female. Additionally, more than half (23/41, 56%) were thinking about quitting, 29% (12/41) had set a quit date, and 27% (11/41) had used electronic cigarettes in the past 30 days. Themes derived from the qualitative analysis of peer-written messages were (1) behavioral strategies, (2) seeking help, (3) improvements in quality of life, (4) attitudes and expectations, and (5) mindfulness/religious or spiritual practices. Under the behavioral strategies theme, distraction strategies were the most frequently suggested strategies (referenced 84 times in the 318 messages), followed by use of evidence-based treatments/cessation strategies. Within the seeking help theme, subthemes included seeking help or support from family/friends or close social networks (referenced 56 times) and health care professionals (referenced 22 times). The most frequent subthemes that emerged from improvements in the quality of life theme included improving one's health (referenced 22 times) and quality of life (referenced 21 times). Subthemes that emerged from the attitude and expectations theme included practicing positive self-talk (referenced 27 times), autonomy/independence from the smoking habit (referenced six times), and financial cost of smoking (referenced five times). The two subthemes that emerged from the mindfulness/religious or spiritual

Background: Although African Americans have the lowest rates of smoking onset and progression to daily smoking, they are less likely to achieve long-term cessation. Interventions tailored to promote use of cessation resources in African American individuals who smoke are needed. In our past work, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a technology-assisted peer-written message intervention for increasing smoking cessation in non-Hispanic White smokers. In this formative study, we have adapted this intervention to be specific for African American smokers. We aimed to report on the qualitative analysis of messages written by African American current and former smokers for their peers in response to hypothetical scenarios of smokers facing cessation challenges. Methods: We recruited African American adult current and former smokers (n=41) via ResearchMatch between April 2017 and November 2017. We asked participants to write motivational messages for their peers in response to smoking-related hypothetical scenarios. We also collected data on sociodemographic factors and smoking characteristics. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify cessation strategies suggested by the study participants. Results: Among the study participants, 60% (25/41) were female. Additionally, more than half (23/41, 56%) were thinking about quitting, 29% (12/41) had set a quit date, and 27% (11/41) had used electronic cigarettes in the past 30 days. Themes derived from the qualitative analysis of peer-written messages were (1) behavioral strategies, (2) seeking help, (3) improvements in quality of life, (4) attitudes and expectations, and (5) mindfulness/religious or spiritual practices. Under the behavioral strategies theme, distraction strategies were the most frequently suggested strategies (referenced 84 times in the 318 messages), followed by use of evidence-based treatments/cessation strategies. Within the seeking help theme, subthemes included seeking help or support from family/friends or close social networks (referenced 56 times) and health care professionals (referenced 22 times). The most frequent subthemes that emerged from improvements in the quality of life theme included improving one's health (referenced 22 times) and quality of life (referenced 21 times). Subthemes that emerged from the attitude and expectations theme included practicing positive self-talk (referenced 27 times), autonomy/independence from the smoking habit (referenced six times), and financial cost of smoking (referenced five times). The two subthemes that emerged from the mindfulness/religious or spiritual

Background: Pregnant and breastfeeding Women Living with HIV (WLHIV) often have difficulties in reaching adequate levels of adherence (&gt;95%) to Antiretroviral treatment. “Forgetting” is the most commonly mentioned reason. Sending reminders via SMS is expected to improve adherence. We conducted a pilot study to investigate acceptability, user experience and technical feasibility of sending reminder-SMS to WLHIV. Methods: This was a 6-months observational pilot-study among WLHIV attending antenatal and postnatal care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania. Women received a reminder-SMS 30 minutes before usual time of intake. One hour later, they received an SMS asking whether they took medication to which they could reply with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Messages were sent 3 times a week on randomly chosen days to prevent reliance on daily messages. We calculated the percentage of number of SMS delivered, failed to be delivered, and replied to. We analysed feedback from exit...

Introduction: Digital Adherence Tools (DAT) to promote adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV are being increasingly adopted globally, however their effectiveness and acceptability in limited resource settings has been challenging. In this study, we examine the acceptability of DATs to improve adherence to ART. Methods: This study was part of a three-arm randomized controlled trial (REMIND) which investigated the effect of two different DAT's: SMS text messages (SMS) or real-time medication monitoring (RTMM) on treatment adherence; compared to standard of care. Exit interviews and in-depth interviews were conducted at 48 weeks follow-up, to collect data on their experiences (successes, challenges, and barriers) and behaviours regarding the implementation of the interventions. Translated transcripts, memos and field notes were imported to NVivo software version 12. We used a thematic framework analysis which drew from Sekhon's theoretical framework of acceptability (TFA), which comprises of seven constructs (affective attitude, perceived burden, perceived effectiveness, ethicality, self-efficacy, intervention coherence and opportunity costs). Results: Of the 166 participants enrolled, 143 (86%) were interviewed (68 in the SMS arm and 75 in the RTMM arm). Participants were highly satisfied (98%) with the DAT system and the majority of them reported it motivated them to take their medication (99%). The majority of participants reported they were confident in their ability to comply with the intervention and understood how the intervention worked (97%). Very few reported negatively about the devices (carrying the device), with only 6% reporting that they did not feel comfortable and 8% had ethical concerns with the SMS-content A few participants reported challenges with their connectivity/network and that the visits were too time-consuming. A few participants reported that they incurred extra cost for the sake of the study. Conclusion: Overall, the acceptability of these DATs was high. However, several factors may hamper their acceptability including the content and number of SMS, carrying the devices and the network availability.

This paper proposes an innovative intelligent water level monitoring system. Many efforts have been made to replace the conventional manually controlled system with the sophisticated automatic control systems. Basically, the work carried out in this paper proposes an approach to intimate the concerned authority when the water level exceeds the danger mark to give an alert to the public via GSM technology, apart from the regular monitoring and controlling the water level. By implementing the proposed system, the man power required for continuous monitoring the water level in the dams will be reduced. Further, under abnormal conditions, it provides an alert to human beings well in advance, so that loss of property and life can be minimized.

Fire safety in remote and geographically isolated regions, such as Bantayan Island, is chronically hindered by fragmented infrastructure, delayed emergency response cycles, and a systemic lack of accessible fire safety education. These vulnerabilities often transform manageable incidents into large-scale disasters. This study introduces the Bantayan Online Fire Report System, a comprehensive web and mobile-based ecosystem engineered to bridge the critical communication gap between residents and emergency personnel. The development process was strictly guided by the ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) model, ensuring the platform met rigorous standards for functional suitability, reliability, and the security. The system architecture integrates a centralized administrative dashboard for real-time resource mapping, automated push notifications for rapid dissemination of safety protocols, and a lightweight mobile interface optimized for low-bandwidth environments common in rural areas. By digitizing the reporting pipeline, the platform replaces traditional, high-latency communication methods with instantaneous data transmission and GPS-enabled location tracking. Initial pilot testing and empirical evaluations demonstrated a significant reduction in incident-to-response latency and a measurable increase in community disaster awareness. The system was appraised through usability testing, where it achieved high scores in learnability and user satisfaction among both local authorities and residents. These findings underscore the transformative potential of localized digital interventions in overcoming logistical barriers in underserved communities. Ultimately, the Bantayan Online Fire Report System serves as a scalable prototype for enhancing disaster resilience, proving that integrating technology with civic participation can effectively mitigate fire-related risks and safeguard human life in the remote Maritime Provinces.

Background: Mobile phoned–based interventions have been increasingly used in clinical populations to improve health and health care delivery. The literature has shown that mobile phone–based text messages (short message service, SMS) are instantaneous, cost effective, and have less chance of being misplaced. Studies using mobile phone based–text messages have reported text messages as effective reminders that have resulted in increased appointment attendance, adherence to treatment, and better self-management. There have been no reports of adverse events when using text messaging in terms of misreading or misinterpreting data, transmitting inaccurate data, losing verbal or nonverbal communication cues, privacy issues, or failure or delay in message delivery. However, the literature has cited a need for personalized messages that are more responsive to individual needs. In addition, there has been a dearth of information on the use of reminders in nonclinical populations.

Background: Neurofibromatoses (NF) are rare genetic conditions associated with substantial psychosocial burden and impaired quality of life (QoL). We developed the first NF-tailored mind-body program (the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF) and adapted it for delivery via live videoconferencing to decrease participation barriers and increase its reach. In a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), we found that the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF had excellent feasibility and acceptability when delivered via live videoconferencing; furthermore, the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF showed proof of concept in improving QoL compared with an NF-tailored health education control program (the Health Enhancement Program for NF). A fully powered trial is needed to ascertain the efficacy and durability of the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF delivered via secure live videoconferencing among geographically diverse patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF versus the Health Enhancement Program for NF, both delivered in groups via secure live videoconferencing, among geographically diverse patients with NF across the United States and internationally. Here we describe the protocol, manualized treatments, evaluation plan, and study design. Methods: This is a single-blind RCT. Patients are told that they will be randomized to one of the two stress management programs (stress management program 1: the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program for NF and stress management program 2: the Health Enhancement Program for NF). Patients are recruited from NF-specific national and international foundations and NF clinics across the United States through study ads and a video of participants who have completed the program as part of the pilot study or ongoing trial. Interested participants are screened for eligibility via secure live videoconferencing (self-reported stress and difficulties coping, no change in antidepressant medication within the past 3 months, no psychotherapy within the past 3 months, no major upcoming surgeries within the next 12 months, English speaking, and able to complete questionnaires online and participate in live video interventions) and consent obtained before participation. Both programs are manualized comprising 8 sessions delivered via secure live videoconferencing by trained clinical psychologists. Primary outcomes are physical health QoL and psychological health QoL. Secondary outcomes are social relationship QoL, environment QoL, and psychosocial and resiliency variables. Outcomes are assessed at baseline, posttraining, and 6-and 12-month follow-ups. The trial is ongoing. Thus far, we have recruited 55 patients and aim to recruit a total of 224. Recruitment will close in May 2020; we plan to complete data analyses by June 2021.

Background: Recent research on health care delivery has shown that mobile based interventions are effective in bringing behavior change among clinical populations. Mobile phone-based interventions are considered to be convenient and economical to the provider and non-invasive and hence acceptable to the receiver. Studies have also shown that personalized text message reminders are more acceptable and effective than automated mass messages. However, despite the increasing literature on mobile phone-based interventions (mHealth) contributing to improvement in health care, there is a dearth of information on the use of reminders for social and medical service referrals provided to nonclinical populations by community-engagement programs. Objective: This pilot study aimed to apply mobile phone-based interventions to improve the utilization rates of medical and social service referrals provided to community members by Community Health Workers (CHW's) through HealthStreet -a community engagement initiative at the University of Florida (UF). Methods: 300 eligible HealthStreet members were randomly assigned to CALLSONLY, TEXTONLY, CALLS+TEXT reminder intervention groups. Reminders were sent based on their assignment on the 15 th and 45 th day after the baseline assessment reminding them to utilize the medical and/or social referrals that were provided by the community health workers based on their expressed need during the baseline assessment. A telephonic follow up was done on the 30 th and 60 th day to assess the rate of utilization of the referrals. Further, a telephone based brief satisfaction survey was also administered to all participants on the 60 th day follow up call. Results: Out of 290 participants, 201 (69.3%) successfully completed the 30-day HealthStreet follow up and 149 (51.4%) participants successfully completed the 60-day HealthStreet follow up. At the 30-day follow up, 52 of the 201 respondents reported the use of at least one referral and there were no differences for utilization by contact status. At the 60-day follow up, 69 of the 149 participants reported utilizing at least one referral; there were no differences for this group either. Conclusions: Findings from this study did not find any significant difference in the rate of service referral utilization between participants who received different types of reminders. The absence of a significant difference between the two groups may be because of the smaller sample size of the study.

Mobile phoned-based interventions have been increasingly used in clinical populations to improve health and health care delivery. The literature has shown that mobile phone-based text messages (short message service, SMS) are instantaneous, cost effective, and have less chance of being misplaced. Studies using mobile phone based-text messages have reported text messages as effective reminders that have resulted in increased appointment attendance, adherence to treatment, and better self-management. There have been no reports of adverse events when using text messaging in terms of misreading or misinterpreting data, transmitting inaccurate data, losing verbal or nonverbal communication cues, privacy issues, or failure or delay in message delivery. However, the literature has cited a need for personalized messages that are more responsive to individual needs. In addition, there has been a dearth of information on the use of reminders in nonclinical populations. The goal of this study ...

Giris ve Amac: Bu calisma patoloji sonuclarinin belirlenen surelerde cikmasi, hasta memnuniyetinin, hizmet verimliligi ve hizin artirilmasi, zaman ve is gucu kayiplarinin onlenmesi amaciyla ilgili hekime, klinik idari sorumlularina ve hastalara bilgilendirmek icin kisa mesaj gonderme uygulamasi sunulmustur. Gerec ve Yontem: Calisma 01.03.2017-31.10.2017 tarihleri arasinda Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi Patoloji Kliniginde tetkik sonuclarina yonelik uygulanan Kisa Mesaj Sistemi (SMS) uygulamasinin etkinligi degerlendirilmistir. Calisma geriye donuk tanimlayici bir arastirma olup, veriler Microsoft Excel programinda analiz edilmistir. Kademeli SMS Uygulamasi rapor sure asimindan itibaren ilk mesaj ilgili uzmana, 24 saat icinde rapor cikmamissa ikinci mesaj klinik idari sorumlusuna, 24 saat icinde hala rapor cikmamissa bashekim yardimcisina sirasiyla mesaj gonderilmektedir. Patoloji sonucu ciktigi zamanda hastalara standart formatta...

Background Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, which causes an estimated 59 000 human deaths globally every year. The vast majority of human rabies cases are attributable to bites from infected domestic dogs and consequently control of rabies in the dog population through mass vaccination campaigns is considered the most effective method of eliminating the disease. Achieving the WHO target of 70% vaccination coverage has proven challenging in low-resource settings such as Sub Saharan Africa, and lack of public awareness about rabies vaccination campaigns is a major barrier to their success. In this study we surveyed communities in three districts in Southern Malawi to assess the extent of and socio-economic factors associated with mobile phone ownership and explore the attitudes of communities towards the use of short message service (SMS) to inform them of upcoming rabies vaccination clinics. Methods This study was carried out between 1 October–3 December 2018 during t...

In addition to the wireless telephony boom, a similar exponentially increasing trend in wireless data service—for example, short message service (SMS)—is visible as technology advances. We develop a structural model to examine user demand for voice service and SMS. Specifically, we measure the own- and cross-price elasticities of these services. The cross-price elasticity is of significant importance because marketing activities are critically influenced by whether the goods are substitutes or complements. The research context poses significant econometric challenges due to three-part tariffs and sequential discrete plan choice and continuous quantity choice decisions. Using detailed individual consumption data of more than 6,000 customers, we find that SMS and voice service are small substitutes. A 10% increase in the price of voice minutes will induce about a 0.8% increase in the demand for SMS. The own-price elasticity of voice is also low, to the order of approximately −0.1. You...

Background The prevalence of smoking among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is higher than that reported in the general population, and it is a significant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases in this group. Mobile phone interventions to promote healthier behaviors (mobile health, mHealth) have the potential to reach a large number of people at a low cost. It has been hypothesized that mHealth interventions may not be as effective as face-to-face strategies in achieving smoking cessation, but there is no systematic evidence to support this, especially among PLHIV. Objective This study aimed to compare two modes of intervention delivery (mHealth vs face-to-face) for smoking cessation among PLHIV. Methods Literature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating effects of mHealth or face-to-face intervention strategies on short-term (4 weeks to &lt;6 months) and long-term (≥6 months) smoking abstinence among PLHIV was sought. We systematically reviewed relevant RCTs and condu...

Objectives: To assess whether timing of SMS reminders improved postal questionnaire return rates from participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Study Design and Setting: A Study Within A Trial (SWAT) embedded in a multicentre RCT evaluating three treatments for frozen shoulder. Participants who provided a mobile telephone number were randomized to either pre-notification SMS on the day of the questionnaire mail-out or post-notification SMS four days following questionnaire mail out for the three-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who returned a valid questionnaire. A systematic review was undertaken to identify other embedded trials to perform a meta-analysis. Results: Of the 269 participants, 122/135 (90.4%) returned a valid questionnaire in the pre-notification arm and 119/134 (88.8%) in the post-notification arm (difference of -1.6%; 95% CI of difference: -8.9%, 5.7%). There was no difference in time to response (HR=1.04; 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.34) or need for additional reminders (OR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.43 to 1.17). Meta-analysis of two RCTs showed no difference in response rates between pre and post-notification reminders (OR=0.78 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.45). Conclusion: Timing of SMS reminders did not improve response rates, time to response or affect the need for additional reminders.

As there are increasing numbers of mobile subscriber and the market demands of reaching customer personally, Short Message Service (SMS) has become a target of unsolicited text message known as Spam that resulting waste in time, money, and privacy. Many text classification methods using traditional machine learning algorithm has been proposed to prevent spam. However, none of these solutions can guarantee 100% spam-proof solution as each filtering and modeling technique has their own weaknesses and strengths. The objective of this paper is to propose SMS spam classification using Vector Space Model (VSM) and Artificial Neural Network techniques on the publicly available SMS dataset. The result shows a significant improvement based on the accuracy which is 99.10%. This paper will contribute on practical applications and provide contribution to the body of knowledge

Social media platforms now sit at the center of everyday communication for individuals and organizations. That visibility and reach also make them attractive to attackers. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes embedded in social media ecosystems through content creation tools, recommendation systems, automated interaction, and moderation, well-known threats such as phishing and impersonation are being reshaped rather than replaced. This article reviews double-masked peer-reviewed research on cybersecurity risks tied to social media use, with emphasis on how AI-enabled techniques amplify deception, accelerate malicious content spread, and complicate detection. A thematic analysis synthesizes empirical findings across social engineering, account compromise, malicious link distribution, data leakage, and human factors. The literature indicates that social media security problems are socio-technical: attacks succeed through a mix of platform features, organizational workflows, and user judgment under pressure. The article closes with stakeholder-specific implications for platform developers, organizational security teams, and policymakers, and identifies research gaps that remain unresolved.

One of the key issues of modern cryptography is the problem of establishing a secure end-to-end communication over an insecure communication channel. Short Message Service (SMS) is a hugely popular and easily adopted communications technology for mobile devices. Users conduct business, disclose passwords and receive sensitive notification reports from systems using this communication technology. SMSs by default are sent in clear text form within the serving GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network, Over The Air (OTA), and potentially over the public Internet in a predictable format. This allows anyone accessing the GSM system to read, and or modify the SMS content even on the fly. In this paper, we present an approach mainly consists of two steps, first, SHA-1 authentication is used to generate a message digest that is combined with previous message digest and a shared secret key to form an initial key stream. Secondly, this key will be used as input to a mathematical e...

Background: Failure to take medicines for diabetes as prescribed contributes to poor outcomes from the condition. Mobile phones are ubiquitous and short message service (SMS) texts have shown promise as a low-cost intervention. We tested the effectiveness of SMS-text messaging in improving outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: StAR2D was a 12-month two-arm randomised trial of SMS-text messaging and usual care in Cape Town, South Africa and Lilongwe, Malawi. Messages used behaviour change theory and were developed with patients and staff. The intervention group received four messages each week. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of patients who collected > 80% medication and changes in systolic blood pressure, lipids, cardiovascular risk, and the proportion of the participants reaching treatment goals. The trial took place between 1 October, 2016 and 1 October 2018, 1186 participants were randomised to intervention (593) and control (593) groups. 91% of participants completed follow-up. There was a reduction in HbA1c (DCCT) in both groups but not in mean change (95% CI) between groups (-0.08% (-0.31 to 0.16) (IFCC -0.82 mmol/mol (-3.44 to 1.79). There was a small but not significant increase in the proportions of participants likely to have collected 80% or more of medication (Relative risk 1.11 (0.84 to 1.47; P = 0.47). There was a significant difference between groups in change in systolic blood pressure from baseline of 3.46 mmHg (1.48 to 5.44, P = 0.001) in favour of the intervention group. The between group difference in change in 10-year risk of coronary heart disease was -0.71% (-1.46 to 0.04, P = 0.064). The proportion of participants meeting treatment goals in the intervention group was 36.0% and in the control group 26.8% (Relative risk 1.36 (1.13 to 1.63, P = 0.001). Participants reported many challenges to adherence despite finding messages acceptable and useful.

Background Health outcomes for people treated for type 2 diabetes could be substantially improved in sub-Saharan Africa. Failure to take medicine regularly to treat diabetes has been identified as a major problem. Resources to identify and support patients who are not making the best use of medicine in low- and middle-income settings are scarce. Mobile phones are widely available in these settings, including among people with diabetes; linked technologies, such as short message service (SMS) text messaging, have shown promise in delivering low-cost interventions efficiently. However, evidence showing that these interventions will work when carried out at a larger scale and measuring the extent to which they will improve health outcomes when added to usual care is limited. Objective The objective of this trial is to test the effectiveness of sending brief, automated SMS text messages for improving health outcomes and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to a...

Abstrak- Perangkap tikus pada penelitian ini memiliki fasilitas short message service (sms) yang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi secepatnya bahwa ada seekor tikus yang terperangkap. Hal ini berguna untuk mengurangi resiko penyebaran penyakit akibat kematian tikus. Fitur lain yang ada pada perangkap ini yaitu perangkap ini akan mengirim sms setiap satu jam secara berulang sampai pengguna perangkap ini mematikannya dengan cara melakukan panggilan telepon pada nomor telepon yang ada pada perankap tikus ini. Setelah melakukan semua rangkaian kegiatan penelitian didapatkan bahwa perangkap tikus ini dapat mengirimkan sms dalam waktu rata-rata 27,68 detik dan dapat mengulangi pengiriman sms selama 1 jam dengan waktu toleransi 7 detik. Abstact- In this research mousetrap have short massage service facility that aims to give information quickly when rat is caught. This is useful for reducing the risk of death due to disease mouse. To know the rats are caught by using sensors photodiode ...

Over the years, communication through Short Message Service (SMS) has been a primary tool for mobile subscribers. SMS has varied applications in health, industry, finances, education and social networking among others. The growth of mobile devices and SMS usage has consequently increased the attack surface for cyber-criminals culminating to the proliferation of malicious activities introduced using SMS spam, phishing, spyware, malware etc. Ham messages are normal messages people trade with one another and are usually not unwanted by the recipient, while spam messages are unsolicited junk and redundant messages that may be sent to a large number of people at once and are usually unwanted. Various spam detection models have been developed using various traditional machine and deep learning techniques. However, most studies where comparison between deep and traditional machine learning algorithms is done, have unfortunately omitted K-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine (SVM) w...

Background: Village health workers (VHWs) play an essential role because they extend the capacity of primary healthcare, particularly for developing countries. In Lesotho, VHWs are part of the primary healthcare connecting the community with clinics in their respective villages. They contribute to the prevention of the spread of tuberculosis (TB) within their catchment areas by encouraging communities to partake in TB screening. This study aimed at identifying factors associated with the utilisation of VHWs’ service to undertake TB screenings in Lesotho.Methods: This study emanates from the main study that used a cross-sectional descriptive design. A total of 19 health service areas (HSAs) comprised 17 catchment areas and two clinics, each randomly selected from the District Health Management Team (DHMT) and the Lesotho Flying Doctors Service (LFDS), respectively. A total of 2928 individual household members aged 15 and above were included in the study. Data analysis included descri...

Objectives: To compare lifetime and past year prevalence estimates of cocaine use among secondary school students in six South American countries. Methods: Data are from the 2009 Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) and United Nations Office on Drug Control Policy (UNODC) collaborative study on drug use; with national representative samples of over 170,286 secondary school students in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. Results: Cocaine was the second most commonly reported illicit substance used following marijuana in Argentina and Uruguay, and was the most common illicit substance following marijuana and inhalants in the other four countries surveyed. Past year use ranged from a high of 3.5% in Uruguay to a low of 1.1% in Peru. Conclusions: Cocaine prevalence shows a worrisome pattern among high school students in South America. Rates in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are close to the United States and Canada. This analysis provides evidence to support the notion that cocaine use is a problem in South American countries, particularly among those that have no known history of cocaine production. Implications for drug policy, health among teenagers and education in Latin America are discussed.

Controlling appliances is a main part of automation. The main object of Home automation is to provide a wireless communication link of home appliances to the remote user. The main objective of this work is to make such a system which controls the home appliances remotely. This paper discusses two methods of controlling home appliances one is via voice to text SMS and other is to use the mobile as a remote control, this system will provide a benefit to the elderly and disable people and also to those who are unaware of typing an SMS.

Currently, text communication cannot be used to ask for help in emergency situations. Even in the Next Generation 9-1-1 system, an IP/SIP-based emergency communication system, there has been no investigation into how text communications such as Instant Messaging (IM) and Short Message Service (SMS) can be integrated. We identify the technical challenges in the integration of IM and SMS networks with the NG9-1-1 system, and propose a solution for each challenge. We also describe a working prototype system using our approach.

Evidence shows that variations in the degree and type of a message&#39;s emotional arousal, particularly disgust, can influence message impact on smokers&#39; interest in quitting and likelihood of seeking help. Negative emotional appeals are widely used to attract attention of Latino audiences, but positive appeals, especially those designed to increase smokers&#39; confidence in their ability to quit, are also recommended as a way to attract them to enroll in cessation services. Methods: We employed positive and negative variations in Facebook advertising appeals to study their effects on “conversions” and subsequent enrollment in a tobacco cessation service (a bilingual text messaging and mobile media service specifically targeting Latino young adults in South Texas). Differences in advertisement characteristics on conversion rate and enrollment were examined using exact Chi-squared tests for proportions and 95% confidence intervals for their corresponding odds ratios. Results: T...