Short wave

A series of experiments has been performed to study the moisture transfer in the protective clothing exposed to a high short wave (solar) radiant heat flux at a normal condition of 20 °C with 40 % RH in terms of heat stress caused by accumulated sweat in underwear. To simulate a practical situation, an experimental set-up was composed with a hot plate simulating the skin, one layer underwear, one of air gap of 8 mm thick, and one protective clothing (PC) layer. Three types of the PC materials made of para-polyamide fibre were employed. The underwear was soaked completely wet with 560 g•m -2 distilled water to simulate the heavy sweating. Temperature of each layer was measured with thermocouples. Rate of mass transfer was calculated from the change of weight in a specific period. The water vapour transfer rate during exposure to the solar radiation dropped significantly down to 50 % to 70 % of the one without the radiation, since the water vapour evaporated from the underwear was transferred not only to the environment but also to the skin. The transferred mass flux from the underwear to the skin indicated substantial heat stress, which was estimated to be equivalent to about 3 to 4 K increase in the body temperature of an average-sized man.

The visual receptors of the passeriform bird Serinus canaria, the canary, have been examined microspectrophotometrically and the sequences of the opsins determined. Rods have a maximum absorbance (u max ) at 506 nm. Four spectral classes of single cone are present: long-wave-sensitive (LWS) containing a photopigment with u max at 569 nm, middle-wave-sensitive (MWS) with u max at 505 nm, short-wave-sensitive (SWS) with u max at 442 nm, and ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS) with u max at about 366 nm. Double cones possess the 569-nm pigment in both members. Typical combinations of photopigment and oil droplet occur in most cone classes. An ambiguity exists in the oil droplet of the single LWS cones. In some birds, LWS cones are paired with an R-type droplet, whereas in the majority of canaries the LWS pigment is paired with a droplet similar to the P-type of double cones. Mechanisms of spectral tuning within each opsin class are discussed.

En este trabajo se evalúa la capacidad de los datos de las bandas espectrales 2 y 3 del subsistema VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) y la banda espectral 4 del subsistema SWIR (Short Wave Infrared) del sensor ASTER, para estimar la superficie cultivada y los niveles de producción de caña de azúcar en un área ubicada en el departamento Chicligasta de la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Se aplicó la metodología de clasificación multiespectral supervisada. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con los generados con igual metodología utilizando los datos de las bandas 3, 4 y 5 del sensor TM del satélite Landsat 5. El análisis estadístico de la información disponible demostró que los datos del sensor ASTER, en sus bandas 2 y 3 del VNIR, poseen la capacidad de discriminar la superficie y los niveles de producción de caña de azúcar en el área de estudio. De la comparación estadística de estos resultados con los de la imagen Landsat, resulta que la banda 3 de ASTER y 4 de Landsat poseen una significancia mayor para discriminar niveles de producción, que las bandas 2 y 3 de los respectivos sensores. Ante estos resultados, el sensor ASTER se muestra como una alternativa viable para la discriminación y cuantificación de la caña de azúcar.

The Septentrional fault zone (SFZ) is the major North American-Caribbean, strikeslip, plate boundary fault at the longitude of eastern Hispaniola. The SFZ traverses the densely populated Cibao Valley of the Dominican Republic, forming a prominent scarp in alluvium. Our studies at four sites along the central SFZ are aimed at quantifying the late Quaternary behavior of this structure to better understand the seismic hazard it represents for the northeastern Caribbean. Our investigations of excavations at sites near Rio Cenovi show that the most recent ground-rupturing earthquake along this fault in the north central Dominican Republic occurred between A.D. 1040 and A.D. 1230, and involved a minimum of $4 m of left-lateral slip and 2.3 m of normal dip slip at that site. Our studies of offset stream terraces at two locations, Rio Juan Lopez and Rio Licey, provide late Holocene slip rate estimates of 6-9 mm/yr and a maximum of 11-12 mm/yr, respectively, across the Septentrional fault. Combining these results gives a best estimate of 6-12 mm/yr for the slip rate across the SFZ. Three excavations, two near Tenares and one at the Rio Licey site, yielded evidence for the occurrence of earlier prehistoric earthquakes. Dates of strata associated with the penultimate event suggest that it occurred post-A.D. 30, giving a recurrence interval of 800-1200 years. These studies indicate that the SFZ has likely accumulated elastic strain sufficient to generate a major earthquake during the more than 800 years since it last slipped and should be considered likely to produce a destructive future earthquake.

In this work, exact and approximate non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) are implemented with the Partition of Unity Finite Element Method (PUFEM) to solve short wave scattering problems governed by the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions. By short wave problems, we mean situations in which the wavelength is a small fraction of the characteristic dimension of the scatterer. Various NRBCs are implemented and a comparison of their performance is carried out based on the accuracy of the results, ease of implementation and computational cost. The aim is to accurately model such problems in a reduced computational domain around the scatterer with fewer elements and without refining the mesh at each wave number.

Finite elements for short wave scattering problems have recently been developed by various authors. These have almost exclusively dealt with the Helmholtz equation. The elements have been very successful, in terms of drastic reductions of the number of degrees of freedom in the numerical model. However, most of them are not directly applicable to problems in which the wave speed is not constant, but varies with position. Many important wave problems fall into this latter category. This is because short waves are often present in materials whose properties vary in space. The present paper demonstrates how the method may be extended so as to deal with problems in which the wave speed is piecewise constant, in various regions of the problem domain. Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce the necessary conditions of compatibility between the different regions. The paper gives numerical results, for problems for which the analytical solution is known. This shows how these methods may be extended, in a relatively simple fashion, to solve a much larger class of wave problems, of great practical interest.

This work shows the influence of Ag concentration on structural properties of pulsed laser deposited nanocrystalline CdS thin film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm the dopant concentration in CdS films and atomic concentration of elements. XPS studies show that the samples are slightly sulfur deficient. GAXRD scan reveals the structural phase transformation from cubic to hexagonal phase of CdS without appearance of any phase of CdO, Ag 2 O or Ag 2 S suggesting the substitutional doping of Ag ions. Photoluminescence studies illustrate that emission intensity increases with increase in dopant concentration upto 5% and then decreases for higher dopant concentration.

This paper introduces a new formulation of high-frequency time-harmonic scattering problems in view of a numerical finite element solution. It is well-known that pollution error causes inaccuracies in the finite element solution of short-wave problems. To partially avoid this precision problem, the strategy proposed here consists in firstly numerically computing at a low cost an approximate phase of the exact solution through asymptotic propagative models. Secondly, using this approximate phase, a slowly varying unknown envelope is introduced and is computed using coarser mesh grids. The global procedure is called Phase Reduction. In this first paper, the general theoretical procedure is developed and low-order propagative models are numerically investigated in detail. Improved solutions based on higher order models are discussed showing the potential of the method for further developments.

This paper introduces a new formulation of high-frequency time-harmonic scattering problems in view of a numerical finite element solution. It is well-known that pollution error causes inaccuracies in the finite element solution of short-wave problems. To partially avoid this precision problem, the strategy proposed here consists in firstly numerically computing at a low cost an approximate phase of the exact solution through asymptotic propagative models. Secondly, using this approximate phase, a slowly varying unknown envelope is introduced and is computed using coarser mesh grids. The global procedure is called Phase Reduction. In this first paper, the general theoretical procedure is developed and low-order propagative models are numerically investigated in detail. Improved solutions based on higher order models are discussed showing the potential of the method for further developments.

We present a procedure to gain significant accuracy in the finite element solution of electromagnetic scattering problems at high wavenumbers. The technique relies on the determination at a low computational cost of an approximate solution around the scattering obstacle, which is then used to formulate a alternate variational formulation in terms of a slowlyoscillatory amplitude. Contrary to competing approaches, the proposed method does not require any new finite element basis functions, and can thus be easily implemented in existing finite element codes.

Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) for fluid mixing depends on the length scales for observation: macro, meso and micro, each with its own UQ requirements. New results are presented here for macro and micro observables. For the micro observables, recent theories argue that convergence of numerical simulations in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) should be governed by space-time dependent probability distribution functions (PDFs, in the present context, Young measures) which satisfy the Euler equation. From a single deterministic simulation in the LES, or inertial regime, we extract a PDF by binning results from a space time neighborhood of the convergence point. The binned state values constitute a discrete set of solution values which define an approximate PDF. The convergence of the associated cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) are assessed by standard function space metrics.

We present ISO-SWS spectroscopy of NGC 1068 for the complete wavelength range 2.4 to 45µm at resolving power ∼1500. Selected subranges have been observed at higher sensitivity and full resolving power ∼2000. We detect a total of 36 emission lines and derive upper limits for 13 additional transitions. Most of the observed transitions are fine structure and recombination lines originating in the narrow line region (NLR) and the inner part of the extended emission line region. We compare the line profiles of optical lines and reddening-insensitive infrared lines to constrain the dynamical structure and extinction properties of the narrow line region. The most likely explanation of the considerable differences found is a combination of two effects. (1) The spatial structure of the NGC 1068 narrow line region is a combination of a highly ionized outflow cone and lower excitation extended emission. (2) Parts of the narrow line region, mainly in the receding part at velocities above systemic, are subject to extinction that is significantly suppressing optical emission from these clouds. Line asymmetries and net blueshifts remain, however, even for infrared fine structure lines suffering very little obscuration. This may be either due to an intrinsic asymmetry of the NLR, as perhaps also suggested by the asymmetric radio continuum emission, or due to a very high column density obscuring component which is hiding part of the narrow line region even from infrared view. We present detections and limits for 11 rotational and ro-vibrational emission lines of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ). They arise in a dense molecular medium at temperatures of a few hundred Kelvin that is most likely closely related to the warm and dense components seen in the near-infrared H 2 rovibrational transitions, and in millimeter 1 Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) with the participation of ISAS and NASA.

The mean field dynamo equations for a two-dimensional (radius±latitude) aV model are solved in the leading order of asymptotic expansion by the use of a WKBJ method. The limiting case of short waves (large regeneration rate) is considered. The solution is shown to possess properties of travelling dynamo waves obeying Yoshimura's law. Indeed, the dynamo wave propagates along lines of constant angular velocity. This solution is compared with the one obtained for the one-dimensional model and with observational results for solar large-scale magnetic activity. The internal differential rotation, deduced from helioseismological data, is represented by an analytic fitting function. Specific locations of the dynamo wave maxima and reversals calculated in this approximation, using both the one-dimensional model and the paraboloidal approximation of the two-dimensional model, are shown to be close to each other. In our approach two non-overlapping independent dynamo waves are obtained. The first wave propagates equatorwards over low latitudes, while the second one propagates polewards over high latitudes. The wave maxima are located at the bottom of the convection zone.

The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the Mars Express mission is an infrared spectrometer optimised for atmospheric studies. This instrument has a short wave (SW) channel that covers the spectral range from 1700 to 8200:0 cm À1 (1.2-5:5 mm) and a long-wave (LW) channel that covers 250-1700 cm À1 (5.5-45 mm). Both channels have a uniform spectral resolution of 1:3 cm À1 . The instrument field of view FOV is about 1:6 (FWHM) for the Short Wavelength channel (SW) and 2:8 (FWHM) for the Long Wavelength channel (LW) which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 7 and 12 km when Mars is observed from an height of 250 km. PFS can provide unique data necessary to improve our knowledge not only of the atmosphere properties but also about mineralogical composition of the surface and the surface-atmosphere interaction. The SW channel uses a PbSe detector cooled to 200-220 K while the LW channel is based on a pyroelectric (L i T a O 3 ) detector working at room temperature. The intensity of the interferogram is measured every 150 nm of physical mirrors displacement, corresponding to 600 nm optical path difference, by using a laser diode monochromatic light interferogram (a sine wave), whose zero crossings control the double pendulum motion. PFS works primarily around the pericentre of the orbit, only occasionally observing Mars from large distances. Each measurements take 4 s, with a repetition time of 8.5 s. By working roughly 0.6 h around pericentre, a total of 330 measurements per orbit will be acquired 270 looking at Mars and 60 for calibrations. PFS is able to take measurements

The current status of meteorological sensors used aboard ships and buoys to measure the air-sea fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater is reviewed. Methods of flux measurement by the bulk aerodynamic, inertial dissipation and eddy-correlation methods are considered; and areas are identified where improvements are needed in measurement of the basic variables. In some cases, what is required is the transition from emergent to operational technology, in others new technologies are needed. Uncertainties in measured winds caused by flow distortion over the ship are discussed; and the possible role of computational fluid mechanics models to obtain corrections is considered. Basic studies are also needed on the influence of waves and rain on the fluxes. The issues involved in the specification of sea surface temperature are described, and the relative merits of the available sensors are discussed. The improved capability of buoy-mounted systems will depend on the emergence of low-power instruments, and/or new means of increasing the available power capacity. Other issues covered include the continuing uncertainty about the performance of rain gauges and short-wave radiometers. Also, the requirements for new instruments to extend the range of observations to extreme wind conditions are outlined, and the latest developments in the measurement of aerosol fluxes by eddy-correlation are presented.

The unusual luminescence of particular varieties of natural pink calcite (CaCO 3 ) samples was studied by laser-induced time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy at different temperatures. The luminescence is characterized by intense blue emission under short-wave UV lamp excitation with an extremely long decay time, accompanied by pink-orange luminescence under long wave UV excitation. Our investigation included optical absorption, natural thermostimulated luminescence (NTL) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) studies. Two luminescence centers were detected: a narrow violet band, with λ max =412 nm, ∆=45 nm, two decay components of τ 1 =5 ns and τ 2 =7.2 ms, accompanied by very long afterglow, and an orange emission band with λ max =595 nm, ∆=90 nm and τ=5 ns. Both luminescence centers are thermally unstable with the blue emission disappearing after heating at 500 C, and the orange emission disappearing after heating at different temperatures starting from 230 ˚C, although sometimes it is stable up to 500 C in different samples. Both centers have spectral-kinetic properties very unusual for mineral luminescence, which in combination with extremely low impurity concentrations, prevent their identification with specific impurity related emission. The most likely explanation of these observations may be the presence of radiation-2 induced luminescence centers. The long violet afterglow is evidently connected with trapped charge carrier liberation, with their subsequent migration through the valence band and ultimate recombination with a radiation-induced center responsible for the unusual violet luminescence.

We study a model of small-amplitude traveling waves arising in a supercritical Hopfbifurcation, that are coupled to a slowly varying, real field. The field is advected by the waves and, in turn, affects their stability via a coupling to the growth rate. In the absence of dispersion we identify two distinct shortwave instabilities. One instability induces a phase slip of the waves and a corresponding reduction of the winding number, while the other leads to a modulated wave structure. The bifurcation to modulated waves can be either forward or backward, in the latter case permitting the existence of localized, traveling pulses which are bistable with the basic, conductive state.

The stability of Marangoni roll convection in a liquid-gas system with deformable interface is studied in the case when there is a nonlinear interaction between two modes of Marangoni instability: long-scale surface deformations and short-scale convection. Within the framework of a model derived in , it is shown that the nonlinear interaction between the two modes substantially changes the width of the band of stable wave numbers of the short-scale convection pattern as well as the type of the instability limiting the band. Depending on the parameters of the system, the instability can be either long-or short-wave, either monotonic or oscillatory. The stability boundaries strongly differ from the standard ones and sometimes exclude the band center. The long-wave limit of the side-band instability is studied in detail within the framework of the phase approximation. It is shown

The efficacy of short wave ultraviolet light (UV-C) as a non-thermal process for liquid egg products (LEP) was investigated. Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain (ATCC 8739), which shows lower sensitivity to UV-C light than E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium, was chosen as a target microorganism. The inactivation of UV resistant strain of E. coli in LEP was examined by evaluating the effects of depth of liquid food medium (0.5, 0.3 and 0.153 cm), UV light intensity (1.314, 0.709 and 0.383 mW/cm 2 ) and exposure time (0, 5, 10, and 20 min) by using a collimated beam apparatus. The best reduction (>2-log) was achieved in liquid egg white (LEW) when the fluid depth and UV intensity were 0.153 cm and 1.314 mW/cm 2 , respectively. Maximum inactivation was 0.675-log CFU/ml in liquid egg yolk (LEY) and 0.316-log CFU/ml in liquid whole egg (LWE) at the same conditions. The kinetics of UV inactivation of E. coli in LEP was nonlinear. Our results emphasize that UV-C radiation can be used as a pre-treatment process or combined with mild heat treatment to reduce the adverse effects of thermal pasteurization of LEP.