Side Lobe Level (SLL)

In this modern era a great deal of metamorphism is observed around us which eventuate due to some minute modifications and innovations in the area of Science and Technology. This paper deals with the application of a meta heuristic optimization algorithm namely the Cuckoo Search Algorithm in the design of an optimized planar antenna array which ensures high gain, directivity, suppression of side lobes, increased efficiency and improves other antenna parameters as well[1], [2] and [3].

Oil palm fruits farmers in Indonesia have determined the ripeness of oil palm fruits in the traditional way, namely using human eye visuals, which have the weakness of inconsistent levels of accuracy and are prone to errors. The development of increasingly sophisticated technology will help oil palm fruits farmers recognize the characteristics of fruit maturity. Advanced technology, such as frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar, can assist farmers in accurately identifying fruit maturity. To ensure high accuracy and sensitivity, an antenna with low side lobe level (SLL), high gain, and wide bandwidth in the 23-26 GHz range is required. Using CST Microwave Studio 2023, a designed and simulated antenna achieved an SLL of 24 dB, a gain of 15 dBi, and a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz. These results indicate that higher gain enhances energy directionality and overall antenna performance. Additionally, a smaller angular value improves the antenna's radiation focus, making it more effective for precision sensing in oil palm fruit ripeness detection.

A comparison between different modern population based optimization methods applied to the design of scannable circular antenna arrays is presented in this paper. This design of scannable circular arrays considers the optimization of the amplitude and phase excitations across the antenna elements to operate with optimal performance in the whole azimuth plane (360 • ). Simulation results for scannable circular arrays with the amplitude and phase excitation optimized by genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization and the differential evolution method are provided. Furthermore, in order to set which design case could provide a better performance in terms of the side lobe level and the directivity, a comparative analysis of the performance of the optimized designs with the case of conventional progressive phase excitation is achieved. Simulation results show that

The fifth generation (5G) of telecommunications is an attractive application for many researchers during the last years. The 5G requires high date rate with low latency communication medium and patch antenna was used recently for this application. In this article a patch antenna for 5G at 38 GHz was proposed. This article worked on enhancing the gain of patch antenna at Ka-Band and reducing side lobes level (SLL) in radiation pattern. The gain of the patch antenna was improved using a reflector layer located under antenna's ground with free space air gap separating between two layers. Moreover, the SLL were reduced to satisfy low latency condition for 5G communications. The proposed antenna shows high gain around 8.10 dB with high front-to-back (F/B) ratio of 16.24 dB and wide operating bandwidth around 1.4 GHz for high data rate requirements as well as having reduced overall size antenna. The article based on analytical calculations for patch dimensions and optimization procedure to achieve the desired performance of antenna. Computer simulation technology (CST) had been used as an environment for simulation.

A comparison between different modern population based optimization methods applied to the design of scannable circular antenna arrays is presented in this paper. This design of scannable circular arrays considers the optimization of the amplitude and phase excitations across the antenna elements to operate with optimal performance in the whole azimuth plane (360 •). Simulation results for scannable circular arrays with the amplitude and phase excitation optimized by genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization and the differential evolution method are provided. Furthermore, in order to set which design case could provide a better performance in terms of the side lobe level and the directivity, a comparative analysis of the performance of the optimized designs with the case of conventional progressive phase excitation is achieved. Simulation results show that

This paper presents the synthesis and optimization of printed circular antenna array using the Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). The CSA is a simple and effective global optimization algorithm which can be used to solve linear and non-linear problems. It has been applied to solve a wide variety of optimization problems. In our case, it is used to find the optimum weights of amplitudes and phases of complex feeding currents of a uniform printed circular antenna array. The goal to be achieved is a directional radiation pattern. To study the effect of these optimizations, a Gaussian centered at 90° is considered in our simulations. The obtained results are promising in terms of reduced Side Lobe Level (SLL) and directional factor array.

In the paper, we describe a novel H-plane horn antenna for an experimental wireless link operating in frequency bands 71 to 76 GHz and 81 to 86 GHz. The horn antenna was designed considering a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, The waveguide WR12 was used as a feeder. In order to improve transition between a thin-substrate SIW horn antenna and the air, we combined two approaches; a printed transition and a dielectric load. That way, a better impedance matching and better radiation properties were reached. In comparison with other planar horn antennas, we obtained a more directional radiation pattern with more than 5 dB higher gain and sufficient side lobe suppression in the E-plane. The novel planar H-plane horn antenna was compared with a designed conventional metallic horn antenna.

In the paper, we describe a novel H-plane horn antenna for an experimental wireless link operating in frequency bands 71 to 76 GHz and 81 to 86 GHz. The horn antenna was designed considering a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, The waveguide WR12 was used as a feeder. In order to improve transition between a thin-substrate SIW horn antenna and the air, we combined two approaches; a printed transition and a dielectric load. That way, a better impedance matching and better radiation properties were reached. In comparison with other planar horn antennas, we obtained a more directional radiation pattern with more than 5 dB higher gain and sufficient side lobe suppression in the E-plane. The novel planar H-plane horn antenna was compared with a designed conventional metallic horn antenna.

This paper delves into the synthesis of symmetric scanned linear antenna arrays with a primary objective of minimizing the side lobe level in the radiation pattern. The optimization parameters under scrutiny pertain to the amplitudes of the feeding current. We introduce novel optimization algorithms tailored to realize our intended outcome, namely the Antlion Optimization (ALO) and a novel hybrid algorithm. The paper showcases the application of these optimization algorithms across three distinct scenarios, each featuring scanned linear antenna arrays with 20, 26, and 30 elements. The results obtained substantiate the efficacy and superiority of our proposed algorithms, as they outperform and rival existing algorithms such as Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) and Firefly Algorithm (FA)

The substrate integrated H-plane horn antenna has been struggling with very limited impedance bandwidth since its invention, which is coming from its natural aperture discontinuity. Apart from a variety of series transitions introduced so far, here, parallel transitions are applied to the antenna aperture in addition to narrow slots on the horn walls around the aperture to widen the antenna impedance bandwidth. It is shown that the depth of the transitions can easily determine the center frequency of the matching bandwidth. The new parallel transitions also reduce the antenna back radiation since they act as chokes around the horn aperture. Keywords-Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW); horn antenna.

In this paper, the technique of restoring the pattern even after the element failure is demonstrated in linear arrays (LA). The process involves in determining the amplitude excitation coefficients of each element in the linear array using grasshopper algorithm (GHA). Linear array with 20 elements is considered for the implementation, while the analysis is carried out using the radiation pattern in terms of side lobe level. Two cases of element failure are considered. In the first case, second element failure is inflicted, while in the second case, the same is repeated with 30-element linear array. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB, and the results are analyzed using the corresponding radiation pattern plots and convergence plots.

The main limitation of chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems is its short reading range which is generally less than as the amplitude of the back scattered tag signal is inversely proportional to the fourth root of the reading distance. In this paper, a design of reflectarray (RA) antenna consisting of unified unit cell. Five different unit cells structures centered at 6GHz for chipless RFID reader applications is introduced. The proposed RA has a narrow half power beam width (HPBW) and high gain which significantly enhance the reader sensitivity, maximize the reader reading range, reduce the multipath effects, and improve the tag localization. The proposed RA is realized on a rectangular single layer Rogers RT5880 lossy substrate of thickness and relative permittivity. radiating cells or elements with uniform element spacing are arranged on the rectangular substrate of dimensions () and fed by a pyramidal horn antenna with gain of and HPBW equals 46.7°and 42.8° at E-plane and H-plane respectively. The simulation results showed that the proposed RA gives high gain up to which is greater than the feeder gain by and three times narrower HPBW of about .It operates over frequency range from to with fractional bandwidth (FBW) and has side lobe level, , which can't be achieved by the conventional antenna arrays.

In this modern era a great deal of metamorphism is observed around us which eventuate due to some minute modifications and innovations in the area of Science and Technology. This paper deals with the application of a meta heuristic optimization algorithm namely the Cuckoo Search Algorithm in the design of an optimized planar antenna array which ensures high gain, directivity, suppression of side lobes, increased efficiency and improves other antenna parameters as well[1], [2] and [3].

A 16×16 substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed array antenna is proposed in this paper. The array consists of two layers. The top layer employs novel SIW based sub-arrays with a compact size. The bottom layer is an 8×8 SIW corporate-feed network to feed the sub-arrays. The Chebyshev amplitude weighting is employed in the feed network, which substantially reduces the side lobe level. The array antenna is fabricated using low cost printed circuit board technology. The experimental results show that the proposed array antenna has a large bandwidth of 15% from 18.5 GHz to 21.5 GHz with a peak gain of 29.1 dBi at 20.5 GHz. Across the entire band, high radiation efficiency above 62% and a low side lobe level below-17 dB are realized. The design principle can be used as a guidance for large-scale planar array antenna design and the proposed antenna can be used as a receiving antenna located on the ground in satellite communication systems.

In this paper, the design and synthesis of Circular Antenna Array Configuration (CAAC) is performed using the Amplitude-Spacing technique. The synthesis process uses the novel evolutionary computing tool known as Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO). A 25 element and 50 element CAAC is designed with objectives like sidelobe level (SLL) suppression with beam-width (BW) constraints. While mitigating the inter-element spacing, the constraint on the circumference of the circle is also imposed. Analysis based on the results in terms of radiation pattern in which the SLL and BW are computed. The whole simulation is carried out in MATLAB.

In this modern era a great deal of metamorphism is observed around us which eventuate due to some minute modifications and innovations in the area of Science and Technology. This paper deals with the application of a meta heuristic optimization algorithm namely the Cuckoo Search Algorithm in the design of an optimized planar antenna array which ensures high gain, directivity, suppression of side lobes, increased efficiency and improves other antenna parameters as well[1], [2] and [3].

We investigate the directivity, sidelobe level (SLL) and maximum radiation angle characteristics of a frequency selective surface (FSS) superstrate placed above a 5 ϫ 1 patch array antenna for different scan angles. We find that the frequency at which a high directivity is achieved moves higher as the scan angle of the array is increased, and that the size of the original FSS superstrate needs to be increased along the direction of the scan angle, in comparison to that of the broadside case (0°), to effectively enhance the directivity and suppress the SLL. A rectangular FSS superstrate with enlarged dimension in the scan direction is proposed, and the radiation patterns of the original and elongated FSS composites are compared. For a 20°scan angle of the array antenna, the directivity and the SLL of the changed FSS composite are enhanced by 1.3 and 3.9 dB, respectively, relative to those of the original FSS composite. We compare and summarize the results for the directivity and SLL characteristics of four different antenna prototypes, namely a single antenna; a conventional 5 ϫ 1 array antenna; the FSS antenna composite with a single patch antenna; and an FSS array composite comprising of a 5 ϫ 1 array antenna designed for a scan angle of 0°.

Presented is the first device functionally equivalent to choke flanges used to connect rectangular waveguide components, intended for solderless cascading of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) circuits without connectors or dedicated transitions to other kinds of transmission line. A line-up containing two SIW components connected by a novel choke-like pair has shown a return loss better than 214 dB inside a 5.4-6.4 GHz bandwidth. Uniform results were observed for all measurement conditions, including full electrical isolation between every part in the system required by some particular applications.

In this modern era a great deal of metamorphism is observed around us which eventuate due to some minute modifications and innovations in the area of Science and Technology. This paper deals with the application of a meta heuristic optimization algorithm namely the Cuckoo Search Algorithm in the design of an optimized planar antenna array which ensures high gain ,directivity, suppression of side lobes, increased efficiency and improves other antenna parameters as well[1], [2] and [3].