Social Defence

Juvenile and youth justice systems around the world have increasingly recognized the need for a rehabilitative and preventive approach rather than a punitive one. While sociological, psychological, and legal dimensions of delinquency have been widely discussed, the intersection between juvenile justice and pharmaceutical sciences remains underexplored. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by analyzing the relationship between pharmacology, juvenile justice, and social defence. It examines the role of pharmacists and pharmacological interventions in preventing juvenile delinquency, managing children in conflict with the law, and supporting rehabilitation and reintegration.
The paper discusses the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (amended 2021) and related institutional structures such as the Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Observation Homes, Special Homes, and Juvenile Aftercare Services. It further explores how pharmacists and medical officers can contribute to ensuring proper medication management, addressing substance abuse, and promoting mental health among vulnerable children. Drawing upon international frameworks such as the Beijing Rules and Riyadh Guidelines, the paper highlights the global emphasis on child rights, prevention, and rehabilitation.
The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of including pharmacists in juvenile justice mechanisms, strengthening pharmacovigilance, and adopting a holistic health-oriented approach to juvenile rehabilitation.

Pedro Dorado Montero was one of Spain’s most relevant authors. He contributed to modern Criminal law and Penology with a very unique theory: the Protective Law for Criminals. In a time when neoclassical penal theories and new positivist theories clashed, Dorado Montero’s proposal served as a bridge between the criminal law conceptions of the 19th and 20th centuries.

In order to explore his role in the introduction of positivism within Spain and the subsequent success of this trend, this book addresses several aspects. The first three analyzed are his scholarly career, the historical and international context in which he lived, and the various European and other international influences he was exposed to. On this basis, two major points are then discussed.

Firstly, Dorado Montero has been traditionally included within the movement known as correccionalismo. However, his legal-philosophical and criminal thought indicates otherwise. It seems to lie closer to positivism than to neoclassical positions. This research aims at challenging the accuracy of the ‘eclectic’ label which traditional historiography has applied to him.

In turn, Dorado Montero described a reality in which every moral value and legal representation was a mere product of mankind’s imagination. Man is responsible for the elaboration of morals, law and culture in his own mind. Thus, for him, there were as many moral and legal orders as there were human beings on the planet. Such a claim is polemic even today. Unsurprisingly, the author received criticism from both neoclassical and positivist schools. Thus, the existence of a ‘Doradian positivism’ is explored.

Despite the growing interest in these topics over the last few decades, Dorado Montero has somehow been overlooked – even though his Derecho protector de los criminales described the criminal law of the future as well, one that will have to face the new neurological, medical, psychological and genetic challenges of our time.

Dominant discourses of ageing are often confined to what is less painful to think about and therefore idealise or denigrate ageing and later life. We present findings from an exploratory psychosocial study, in a Nordic context into three later-life transitions: from working life to retirement, from mental health to dementia, and from life to death. Because, for some, these topics are hard to bear, and therefore defended against and routinely excluded from everyday awareness, we used a method led by imagery and affect-the Visual Matrix-to elicit participants' free associative personal and collective imagination. Through analysis of data extracts, on the three transitions, we illustrate oscillations between defending against the challenges of ageing and realism in facing the anxieties it can provoke. A recurring theme includes the finality of individual life and the inter-generational continuity, which together link life and death, hope and despair, separation and connectedness.

Tindak pidana korupsi masih menjadi permasalahan utama di Indonesia. Berbagai upaya pemberantasan korupsi sudah dilakukan, namun nyatanya masih kurang efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa sudut pandang. Pertama, secara substansi pada sanksi yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 20001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Undang-Undang Tipikor) belum memberikan efek jera kepada pelakunya. Kedua, kelemahan dalam struktur hukum fungsi lembaga yang berwenang. Ketiga, budaya penerapan sanksi hanya berperspektif yuridis dan tidak menekankan pada nilai masyarakat (Shame Culture dan Guilt Culture). Maka, penulis menawarkan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut yaitu Konsep Kerja Sosial sebagai Alternatif Pidana Pokok Berperspektif Social Defence dalam Upaya Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia. Konsep ini merupakan penerapan sanksi kerja sosial ke dalam pidana pokok yang ditinjau dari teori Social Defence dengan me...

Tindak pidana korupsi masih menjadi permasalahan utama di Indonesia. Berbagai upaya pemberantasan korupsi sudah dilakukan, namun nyatanya masih kurang efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa sudut pandang. Pertama, secara substansi pada sanksi yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 20001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Undang-Undang Tipikor) belum memberikan efek jera kepada pelakunya. Kedua, kelemahan dalam struktur hukum fungsi lembaga yang berwenang. Ketiga, budaya penerapan sanksi hanya berperspektif yuridis dan tidak menekankan pada nilai masyarakat (Shame Culture dan Guilt Culture). Maka, penulis menawarkan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut yaitu Konsep Kerja Sosial sebagai Alternatif Pidana Pokok Berperspektif Social Defence dalam Upaya Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia. Konsep ini merupakan penerapan sanksi kerja sosial ke dalam pidana pokok yang ditinjau dari teori Social Defence dengan me...

Tindak pidana korupsi masih menjadi permasalahan utama di Indonesia. Berbagai upaya pemberantasan korupsi sudah dilakukan, namun nyatanya masih kurang efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa sudut pandang. Pertama, secara substansi pada sanksi yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 20001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi (Undang-Undang Tipikor) belum memberikan efek jera kepada pelakunya. Kedua, kelemahan dalam struktur hukum fungsi lembaga yang berwenang. Ketiga, budaya penerapan sanksi hanya berperspektif yuridis dan tidak menekankan pada nilai masyarakat (Shame Culture dan Guilt Culture). Maka, penulis menawarkan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut yaitu Konsep Kerja Sosial sebagai Alternatif Pidana Pokok Berperspektif Social Defence dalam Upaya Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia. Konsep ini merupakan penerapan sanksi kerja sosial ke dalam pidana pokok yang ditinjau dari teori Social Defence dengan me...

IntroductionThe world’s population is ageing. As older persons live longer and increase in number, society faces a greater disease burden and, in public welfare, a corresponding resource deficit. New technology is one solution to this deficit but there is scarce knowledge about ethical aspects of such innovations in care practices. In CARING FUTURES, we address this scarcity by interrogating how new technology in care can become ethically sound and, correspondingly, how ethics of care can become more technology aware. Our concern is to protect quality care for the future.Methods and analysisCARING FUTURES advances transdisciplinarity through knowledge exchange around technology-mediated care and ethics of care, involving key stakeholders. We rely on established and innovative methods to generate experience-near and practice-near knowledge. Through this empirical research, we seek to expand understanding of technology-mediated care and to enrich ethics of care theory.Ethics and disse...

This article introduces a psycho-societal approach to the micro-processes of Danish neoliberal welfare services, elaborating a learning and identity perspective. My many years of encounters with professionals in welfare services have illuminated how they display a strong identification with, but also a significant ambivalence towards, welfare service innovation, being both enthusiastic and burdened. People-to-people work in public welfare services has strong roots in providing everyday learning that facilitates participation and coownership. This is however a challenging task since decades of neoliberal policies and practices has dominated the Danish welfare sector. By applying a psycho-societal conceptual approach illustrated by an empirical example I sketch out how identification, ambivalence and defence are significant features of welfare service professionals’ learning and practices. On the one hand, current practice-based work situates a skilled and devoted professional to dire...

Background: Empirical studies on healthcare personnel indicate that professionals' experiences with dying and death become silenced and unutterable within the healthcare service. Aim: To explore and interpret silence about encounters with death and dying among healthcare professionals in Norway. Method: The method used was theoretical exploration, using a psychosocial approach. Findings: This analysis reveals complex interrelations and two-way dynamics between subject-worlds, sociocultural and societal worlds when it comes to dealing with death and dying at work. A performance culture saturates these worlds, and may be implicated in silencing death within the healthcare institutions of the Norwegian welfare state. Conclusions: This article suggests that silence about death and dying among healthcare professionals is indicative of crucial emerging and unresolved tensions in the neoliberal episteme, accompanied and reinforced by the ineluctable basic conditions of life and intrapsychic defence against threats towards the self. Implications for practice: • Silence about death and dying presents a serious challenge for dying patients and next of kin. Healthcare professionals should be enabled to acknowledge their thoughts and emotions about death in order to be able to support and contain patients and next of kin • Learning activities such as peer support and supervision can help the processing of difficult psychological content and allow for emotional aspects of professionals' work to be acknowledged and thought about in a way that encourages reflective and sound practice • Clinical managers should address whether performance pressures induce shameful feelings in staff, who may believe that by providing appropriate levels of care they are compromising productivity. Shame in turn, may undermine professionals' emotional wellbeing and ability to continue to provide attuned and adequate care for dying patients • Creative approaches to facilitate reflection on this difficult topic could be encouraged by introducing death as a cultural trope (for example, by the symbolic use of art, literature, music) into clinical contexts

Must society be really defended? Penal trials against No Tav activists between social defence and state defence. This paper offers the results of an ethnographic research consist- ing of a period of one and a half year of observation of the criminal proceedings against the activ ovement , as well as the analysis of the documents of the trials. The interpretation suggested here aims at highlighting these proceedings as contemporary phenom- ena of political trials in which both the principle of social defence foundation and justifica- tion of the right to punish and the principle of raison d état are at stake. In conclusion, the contribution shows how these principles, which are already irreconcilable with the Magna Charta of the accused person, take on a new form when the State turns global. The public economic order is defended, while those who dispute the merit and the method of infrastructure by critically raising a debate on social and environmental issues prove to be a suitable enemy targeted by criminal sanctions.

This article introduces a psycho-societal approach to the micro-processes of Danish neoliberal welfare services, elaborating a learning and identity perspective. My many years of encounters with professionals in welfare services have illuminated how they display a strong identification with, but also a significant ambivalence towards, welfare service innovation, being both enthusiastic and burdened. People-to-people work in public welfare services has strong roots in providing everyday learning that facilitates participation and co-ownership. This is however a challenging task since decades of neoliberal policies and practices has dominated the Danish welfare sector. By applying a psycho-societal conceptual approach-illustrated by an empirical example-I sketch out how identification, ambivalence and defence are significant features of welfare service professionals' learning and practices. On the one hand, current practice-based work situates a skilled and devoted professional to direct processes and outcomes based on personalised identification-often in collaboration with citizens. On the other hand, a number of ambivalences and defence reactions saturate the very same processes and outcomes. Learning and identity work in multiple arenas People-to-people work in public welfare services has for many years been founded on a learning approach as one of the imperative understandings of human development and growth. In practice-based work, human, professional and organisational developments serve as core activities and objectives-many delivered in different forms of collaboration and participation. Consequently, learning in public welfare services is a strong dimension that seeks to stimulate human development, greater coping and higher life quality. However, this represents a difficult challenge for a public sector that for decades has been regulated by regimes of New Public Management. Research findings indicate that NPM provides limited space for transformative learning-both for professionals and citizens. Learning theory, on the other hand, is rich in transformative learning concepts that offer a variety of ways and