Spectrum Sharing

Note éditoriale J'ai reçu le rapport publié ici d'un ami, spécialiste universitaire en physique, qui souhaite rester anonyme pour des raisons professionnelles. Le rapport contient une analyse détaillée des fréquences utilisées pendant des années pour les DRV que je reçois de communicants s'identifiant comme « défunts », parlant depuis la station Rio do Tempo dans l'autre monde. Ce document répond à l'intérêt et à la curiosité que nous avons manifesté, mon ami et moi-même, et que je remercie pour son travail de recherche approfondi. Malgré l'affirmation faite par les communicants, en réponse à une question que je leur avais posée il y a des années, selon laquelle les fréquences n'ont pas d'importance significative dans le processus de communication-« Pour moduler les ondes, nous n'avons besoin que des ondes courtes » je considère qu'il est pertinent de publier ce travail, car il constitue un document important dans la collecte d'informations sur le phénomène. L'émission interdite* L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier les fréquences sur lesquelles Rio do Tempo communique avec Anabela Cardoso.

We investigate the asymptotic behavior for an overlooked aspect of spectrum-sharing systems when the number of transmit antennas n t at the secondary transmitter (ST) grows to infinity. Considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), we apply the transmit antenna selection and the maximal-ratio combining techniques at the ST and the secondary receiver (SR), respectively. First, we obtain the signalto-noise ratio (SNR) distributions received by the SR under perfect and imperfect CSI conditions. Then we show that the SNR distributions are tail-equivalent in the sense that the right tails of the two distributions decay in the same rate as the number of transmit antennas n t grows to infinity. Based on the extreme value theory, when the transmit power of the ST is solely limited by the interference constraint, we show that the limiting SNR at the SR is Fréchet-distributed and the limiting rate scales as log(n t ). When the transmit power of ST is determined by both the maximal transmit power and the interference power constraints, the limiting SNR is Gumbel-distributed and the limiting rate scales as log(log(n t )). We further show that the average rate can be estimated by the corresponding easier-to-obtain outage rate. Numerical results indicate that the derived asymptotic rate expressions represent accurate approximations even when n t is "not-solarge". Finally, we study the robustness of the secondary transmissions by analyzing the corresponding average symbol error rates (SER) under general modulation and coding schemes. The findings indicate that the SER is Weibull distributed, when the maximal transmit power and interference power constraints are comparable. INDEX TERMS Spectrum sharing, extreme value theory, rate scaling law, symbol error rate.

The proliferation of smartphones usage necessitates the increase of mobile data traffic volumes. Thus, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) have to expand their network infrastructure in terms of coverage and capacity. However, the limited attributes of the electromagnetic spectrum, endlessly, pose challenges in meeting these demands. Recently, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) identified TV (694-790 MHz), L-band (1.427-1.518 GHz) and lower part of C-band (3.4 -3.6 GHz) for possible mobile broadband services. In this paper, a comprehensive spectrum survey in the recommended bands is provided. Spectrum occupancy measurements were conducted at the dense urban areas of University of Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Energy Detection (ED) technique and Duty Cycle (DC) model were used for measurement evaluation analysis. Findings from this work revealed that Radar L band is fairly occupied with duty cycle of 17.19%. The C band is completely free and unoccupied by neither fixed satel...

This paper presents results from spectrum occupancy measurements in the 2.3-2.4 GHz band at Turku, Finland and Chicago, USA. The band is currently under study in European regulation and standardization for mobile communication systems. We review the recently introduced Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept as a potential means for making the 2.3-2.4 GHz band available for mobile communications on a shared basis while protecting the rights of the incumbent spectrum users. The spectrum occupancy measurements conducted in one location in Finland show that the use of this band is rather low indicating that there might be potential for mobile communication systems to share this band with the incumbents under the LSA approach.

Teknologi jaringan generasi kelima (5G) menjanjikan kecepatan data yang luar biasa dan latensi sangat rendah, membuka pintu bagi aplikasi-aplikasi data intensif baru. Namun, adopsi teknologi ini membawa konsekuensi signifikan terhadap konsumsi daya perangkat pengguna, khususnya smartphone. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak penggunaan jaringan 5G terhadap efisiensi daya baterai smartphone dalam skenario penggunaan data intensif yang diproyeksikan umum pada tahun 2025.
Pembahasan difokuskan pada mekanisme teknis khas 5G seperti proses Handover (perpindahan sel), Dual Connectivity pada arsitektur Non-Standalone (NSA), serta operasi pada pita frekuensi Millimeter Wave (mmWave) yang secara intrinsik lebih boros daya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur terhadap jurnal ilmiah, laporan industri telekomunikasi terkini, dan hasil pengujian benchmark baterai.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi daya smartphone pada jaringan 5G secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan 4G LTE, terutama dalam kondisi sinyal yang tidak optimal, mobilitas tinggi, dan saat menggunakan pita mmWave. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun 5G adalah sebuah evolusi penting, terdapat trade-off yang jelas antara kinerja dan efisiensi energi. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini juga memberikan sejumlah rekomendasi optimasi dari sisi teknologi perangkat, infrastruktur jaringan, dan kebiasaan pengguna untuk memitigasi dampak negatif terhadap daya tahan baterai.
Kata Kunci: 5G, Jaringan Seluler, Efisiensi Daya, Smartphone, Jaringan Komputer.

Heterogeneous cellular Network (HetNet) has emerged as a promising technology for the 5th generation mobile networks (5G) that can be used to meet the high demand of data rate and better quality of service (QoS) performance. However, the performance of HetNet will depend on how scarce resources such as frequency, time, power and spatial resource are shared among user equipments (UEs) in the system and also how interference is controlled. In this work, we utilize UE-centric clustering as a tool to effectively determine the interfering BSs that cause significant interference to each UE in the network. These interfering BSs together with the serving BSs of these interfered UEs will coordinate and make resource allocation decision together to allocate spatial directions to each UE in the network in order to manage interference in the network. We formulate the resource allocation problem as maximizing the weighted sum-rate of HetNet while fulfilling some power, QoS and interference constraints. This optimization problem is non-convex. We readily split the RA problem into two sub-problems: the spatial direction allocation problem and the power allocation problem respectively. We are able to solve these problems efficiently using SeDumi, which provides a general purpose implementation of interior point methods. Simulation results of our proposed method, when compared with the other existing methods, show significant improvement.

Pertumbuhan ekosistem Internet of Things (IoT) yang pesat menuntut infrastruktur jaringan yang mampu menangani konektivitas masif, sebuah tantangan yang sulit dipenuhi oleh jaringan 4G LTE akibat keterbatasan kapasitas dan tingginya signaling overhead. Makalah ini membahas implementasi teknologi 5G Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) sebagai solusi strategis untuk mendukung ekosistem IoT skala besar. Fokus pembahasan meliputi analisis arsitektur Network Slicing untuk isolasi layanan, serta penerapan mekanisme akses radio modern seperti Grant-Free Access dan Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) guna memitigasi isu latensi dan efisiensi spektrum. Studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa integrasi teknologi ini memungkinkan jaringan 5G mencapai target densitas koneksi hingga satu juta perangkat per kilometer persegi dengan efisiensi energi yang optimal. Kesimpulan dari makalah ini menegaskan bahwa 5G mMTC merupakan fondasi infrastruktur yang krusial bagi keberhasilan implementasi Smart City dan otomatisasi industri yang berkelanjutan.

avec qui j'ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à collaborer depuis le début de ma thèse, et qui m'ont fait honneur d'être présents dans le Jury. J'exprime aussi ma gratitude la plus profonde et mes remerciements les plus sincères à mon Directeur de thèse, Professeur Alain Azoulay. Merci de m'avoir transmis cette passion pour l'aéronautique, ce goût du savoir faire des analyseurs, champs et antennes, mais avant tout, merci de ta gentillesse, de ta disponibilité et de tes encouragements qui m'ont sans cesse motivés. Je n'oublierai jamais ce jour où tu m'avais proposé ce sujet de thèse pendant que j'essayais de vaincre CST Microwave Studio, c'est là où tout s'est déclenché ! J'ai été énormément ravie de t'avoir comme directeur et je te souhaite une excellente retraite. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Monsieur Dominique Lecointe, chef du Département Électromagnétisme (EMG) de Supélec, qui a bien voulu m'accueillir au sein de ce département pendant ces trois dernières années. Je te remercie de m'avoir offert l'occasion de découvrir et de profiter de la grande richesse de ce laboratoire en termes de recherche scientifique et de moyens expérimentaux, sans laquelle il m'aurait été impossible d'accomplir cette thèse. Je remercie tout particulièrement Laurence Frémy, François Jouvie et Vincent Polledri pour leur sympathie et leur soutien. Je ne pourrais bien sûr jamais oublier mon co-encadrant de thèse, Monsieur Thierry Letertre, enseignant chercheur au département des Télécommunications de Supélec. Merci Thierry pour ton aide précieuse, ton énorme sympathie et ta joie de vivre, j'ai admiré et j'admirerai toujours ta bonne humeur pendant tes cours et expérimentations à la Plateforme Télécommunications Multi Services (PTMS). Je te souhaite une très bonne vie de docteur qui t'attend les bras ouverts ! Au début des années 2000, les instances aéronautiques ont exprimé le besoin de développer un nouveau système de radiocommunication aéronautique du fait de l'augmentation du trafic aérien et de la saturation croissante des capacités de communication radio entre les aéronefs et les stations de contrôle aérien. L'une des composantes de ce système, nommée L-DACS ("L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System"), devrait opérer dans la bande L aéronautique (960-1164 MHz), dans laquelle fonctionnent également de nombreux autres systèmes radioélectriques. La compatibilité radioélectrique (CRE) de L-DACS avec ces systèmes est un des facteurs principaux à prendre en considération dans le développement d'un tel système. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'identifier les principaux problèmes reliés à la CRE et d'en étudier les cas critiques. Ces travaux sont fondamentaux en aéronautique, puisque tout dysfonctionnement dans la communication ou dans les systèmes de radionavigation peut mettre en danger la sécurité du vol. Les conclusions de cette thèse contribueront à la normalisation du système L-DACS et à la finalisation de ses spécifications. Dans une première étape, on étudie l'état de l'art dans les communications aéronautiques et en CRE. On analyse en particulier les dernières spécifications des deux systèmes candidats L-DACS. Ensuite, on propose un algorithme de calcul de brouillage dans le but d'étudier la CRE dans le domaine fréquentiel, d'en identifier et d'en traiter les cas critiques. L'analyse fréquentielle étant insuffisante dans plusieurs cas, on propose alors une approche temporelle d'étude de CRE. Après en avoir présenté les avantages, on présente un exemple d'étude de l'effet d'un système L-DACS sur un récepteur DME ("Distance Measuring Equipment") à l'aide d'un banc de test CRE aéronautique. Cette thèse a été réalisée en collaboration avec la Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile (DGAC), qui est un acteur principal pour la réglementation des communications et un affectataire de fréquence pour le spectre aéronautique en France. La thèse contribue aux études menées par la DGAC à l'échelle nationale et internationale. Dans les perspectives, on propose la poursuite de cette étude par une approche temporelle plus générale pour étudier la CRE entre des systèmes radioélectriques quelconques en tenant compte de paramètres supplémentaires liés à la dynamique des systèmes et aux propriétés de leurs technologies.

This short note addresses a popular misconception-that new technologies such as spread spectrum have eliminated the problem of radio interference. That is false. Spread spectrum is a great technology, but it does not eliminate the problem of interference. Similarly, although some have asserted otherwise, signals below the noise floor can create interference. We first show that a number of authors have embraced these misconceptions in works addressing public policy-unfortunately, we are not attacking a strawman. Simplifying these authors' views somewhat, they argue, (1) technology has eliminated the problem of interference, therefore (2) the legal rationale for radio regulation under the Communications Act of 1934, affirmed in the 1943 NBC case, must be reconsidered; and, (3) on such reconsideration, the First Amendment trumps an obsolete theory of interference; and therefore (4) the fundamental structure of the Communications Act is invalid. We then provide a nonrigorous (no equations!) explanation of the nature of interference created by spread spectrum signals or by signals below the noise floor. We also offer a few pointers to the technical literature for those who wish to understand these issues in more depth.

The rising popularity of multimedia applications and potential commercial usage of Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) clearly indicates that Quality of Service (QoS) support in MANETs is an unavoidable task. Essentially, Multimedia traffic should get preference over conventional data traffic during communication through some kind of priority-based mechanism to assure a timely and guaranteed delivery of multimedia data. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme for supporting QoS in MANET by classifying the traffic flows in the network into different priority classes, and giving different treatment to the packet injection rate of the flows belonging to different classes. In our suggested scheme, the MAC protocol of any intermediate node of a flow detects the presence of high priority traffic in its neighborhood (transmission/reception zone) and back-propagates this knowledge back to the source which then can adaptively control packet injection rate of the low priority flow. This will ensure the high priority flow to get desired access to the medium to maintain its flow-rate.

This work evaluates the impact of different path loss models on capacity of small cell (SC) networks, including the relationship between cell size and capacity. We compare four urban path loss models: the urban/vehicular and pedestrian test environment from the ITU-R M. 1255 Report, and the two-slope Micro Urban Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) models from the ITU-R 2135 Report. We show that when using the ITU-R two-slope model that considers the existence of a breakpoint in the behaviour of path loss, for coverage distances, R, up to break-point distance divided by reuse factor, supported cell throughput, Rb-sup, is much lower than expected when traditional single-slope models are assumed. For Rs longer than dBP/rcc the results for Rb-sup increase with R, whereas they are steady or decrease with R when using the traditional single-slope propagation models. We conclude that the two-slope propagation model yields a significantly lower throughput per square km than a traditional one-slope model if and only if cell radius is small.

The fast growth and demand for mobile broad band service has driven Telecom network operators to adopt an innovative approached to improve network capacity and enhance Quality of service in Mobile Telephony. The high demand of mobile broadband to pave way for Spectrum refarming which involves reallocating underutilized frequency bands (e.g., 2G/3G) to more advanced networks like 4G LTE. The research focus and objectives was to investigate the impact of spectrum refarming on 4G capacity and QoS improvement and examines the technical, economic, social and regulatory challenges associated with spectrum refarming. The study will follow a quantitave and comparative approach and data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires and distributed to Telecom engineers, IT specialist with hands-on experience in Telecom, regulatory authorities, supporting staff outside IT and Telecom space. The findings indicate that spectrum refarming can significantly enhance the 4G network capacity, improve quality of service and user experience though its implementation is often limited by technical and regulatory challenges and per the results received from the survey, (88.6%) of respondents acknowledged spectrum refarming will significantly improve 4G coverage and capacity, (6.85 %) believed it is not possible and (4.5%) were uncertain. The study also contributes to the field that provide actionable recommendation for telecom operators and policymakers to improve the spectrum management practices. Additionally, (81.8%) of the respondents reported spectrum sharing policy should be introduced to facilitate refarming ,11.4% didn't support the idea of spectrum sharing ,6.8% of respondents not sure and total Reponses were 40.

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In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), the computational complexity of resource allocation algorithms is a significant problem that must be addressed. However, the high computational complexity of the optimal solution for tackling resource allocation in CRNs makes it inappropriate for use in practical applications. Therefore, this study proposes a power-based pricing algorithm (PPA) primarily to reduce the computational complexity in downlink CRN scenarios while restricting the interference to primary users to permissible levels. A twostage approach reduces the computational complexity of the proposed mathematical model. Stage 1 assigns subcarriers to the CRN's users, while the utility function in Stage 2 incorporates a pricing method to provide a power algorithm with enhanced reliability. The PPA's performance is simulated and tested for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-based CRNs. The results confirm that the proposed algorithm's performance is close to that of the optimal algorithm, albeit with lower computational complexity of cognitive radio, OFDM, pricing technique, resource allocation 1 | INTRODUCTION According to the Federal Communications Commission, approximately 70% of spectral bands in the United States are unoccupied [1,2]. Accordingly, dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio (CR) have been introduced as smart and efficient techniques to solve the problem of underused spectral bands and to satisfy the rising demand for wireless spectra. CR technology is suitable for use in fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks for providing high spectrum usage with good service quality. However, the problem of resource allocation (RA) in CR networks (CRNs) has been the focus of extensive research attention [3-9]. The orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) multicarrier technique is a promising candidate

This paper deals with the problem of multibeam satellite precoding design under spectrum sharing constraints. These regulation restrictions allow the coexistence with other wireless services such as terrestrial mm-wave wireless local loop systems. This work focuses on the case where the satellite operator can use a certain frequency band whenever the signal power strength is limited over the coverage area. The precoding design is optimized considering this restriction by means of formulating a robust optimization. Numerical results show the trade-off between the achievable rates of the satellite segment and the regulation violation outage.

This paper investigates the price-based resource allocation strategies for the uplink transmission of a spectrum-sharing femtocell network, in which a central macrocell is underlaid with distributed femtocells, all operating over the same frequency band as the macrocell. Assuming that the macrocell base station (MBS) protects itself by pricing the interference from the femtocell users, a Stackelberg game is formulated to study the joint utility maximization of the macrocell and the femtocells subject to a maximum tolerable interference power constraint at the MBS. Especially, two practical femtocell channel models: sparsely deployed scenario for rural areas and densely deployed scenario for urban areas, are investigated. For each scenario, two pricing schemes: uniform pricing and non-uniform pricing, are proposed. Then, the Stackelberg equilibriums for these proposed games are studied, and an effective distributed interference price bargaining algorithm with guaranteed convergence is proposed for the uniform-pricing case. Finally, numerical examples are presented to verify the proposed studies. It is shown that the proposed algorithms are effective in resource allocation and macrocell protection requiring minimal network overhead for spectrum-sharing-based two-tier femtocell networks.

Due to the fast growth in wireless communication services, the need for radio spectrum increased. However, most of the suitable radio spectrum has already been allocated using long term licenses. A considerable part of the allocated spectrum is underutilized over time and space. Cognitive Radio (CR) technology has arisen to solve the spectrum scarcity problem by allowing cognitive radio devices to opportunistically make use of the unused frequency bands in the allocated spectrum, which are termed white spaces or spectrum holes. Four CR functions have to be performed to allow CR devices to efficiently utilize the available spectrum holes without interfering with licensed devices already operating in the allocated spectrum. This paper presents a survey of the CR technology, its architecture and operation, a detailed description of the four CR functions, and the techniques and processes used in each function.

Recent advances in the fields of Cognitive Radio and the proliferation of open spectrum access promise that spectrum-agile wireless communication will be widespread in the near future, and will bring significant flexibility and potential utility improvements for end users. With spectrum efficiency being a key objective, most relevant research focuses on smart coexistence mechanisms. However, wireless nodes may behave selfishly and should be considered as rational autonomous entities. Selfishness, pure malice or even faulty equipment can lead to behavior that does not conform to sharing protocols and etiquette. Thus, there is a need to secure spectrum sharing mechanisms against attacks in the various phases of the sharing process. Identifying these attacks and possible countermeasures is the focus of this work.

In this paper, new, exact expressions for the probability density functions and the cumulative distribution functions of the ratio of random envelopes involving the α-µ, η-µ, and κ-µ fading distributions are derived. The expressions are obtained in terms of easily computable infinite series and also in terms of the multivariable Fox H-function. Some special cases of these ratios, namely, Hoyt/Hoyt, η-µ/Nakagami-m, κ-µ/Nakagami-m, κ-µ/η-µ with an integer µ for the η-µ variate, η-µ/η-µ with an integer µ for only one of the η-µ, and their reciprocals are found in novel exact closed-form expressions. In addition, simple closed-form expressions for the asymptotes of the probability density functions and cumulative distribution functions of all ratios, both for the lower and upper tails of the distributions are derived. In the same way, asymptotes for the bit error rate on a binary signaling channel are obtained in closed-form expressions. To demonstrate the practical utility of these new formulations, an application example is provided. In particular, the secrecy capacity of a Gaussian wire-tap channel used for device-to-device and vehicle-to-vehicle communications is characterized using data obtained from field measurements conducted at 5.8 GHz.

General, simple, exact, closed-form expressions for the ratio of independent non-identically distributed α-μ random variables are derived. These important results find applicability in several performance analysis of wireless communication systems, in particular those for which the ratio of signal powers is of relevance. One such application, currently of enormous interest, is the capacity analysis of spectrum sharing networks. Motivated by this, a comprehensive capacity study of spectrum sharing systems undergoing α-μ fading is performed, followed by insightful discussions.

Smart mobile device usage is increasing rapidly; hence, cellular operators face the challenge of spectrum resource shortage. To address this issue, researchers have explored several approaches to achieving a highly efficient utilization of wireless communication network resources. One promising solution lies in the fair coexistence of 5G/Wi-Fi 6 in the unlicensed 5 GHz band. This research investigates a duty cycle mechanism to perform fair spectrum sharing between these two wireless technologies, intending to optimize performance metrics such as throughput, capacity, bit error rate (BER), and latency. The results of this study demonstrate a significant improvement in system performance when employing the proposed coexistence method compared to using 5G alone in a single cell. Specifically, a 40% increase in throughput and a 14% improvement in capacity are reported. Moreover, for a single cell using Wi-Fi 6 only, the BER was reduced by 19%, and the latency was less than one millisecond. Additionally, the duty cycle mechanism reported here is used to prioritize call services, with the blocking probability for voice-over internet protocol (VoIP) and video stream calls being improved. Furthermore, the adaptive bandwidth reservation reduced the blocking probability of video calls from 21.8% to 0.9% compared to the fixed method; no VoIP calls were blocked.

Cognitive Radio plays a major part in communication technology by resolving the shortage of the spectrum through usage of dynamic spectrum access and artificial intelligence characteristics. The element of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio is a fundamental approach in utilising free channels. Cooperatively communicating cognitive radio devices use the common control channel of the cognitive radio medium access control to achieve spectrum sharing. Thus, the common control channel and consequently spectrum sharing security are vital to ensuring security in the subsequent data communication among cognitive radio nodes. In addition to well known security problems in wireless networks, cognitive radio networks introduce new classes of security threats and challenges, such as licensed user emulation attacks in spectrum sensing and misbehaviours in the common control channel transactions, which degrade the overall network operation and performance. This review paper briefly presents the known threats and attacks in wireless networks before it looks into the concept of cognitive radio and its main functionality. The paper then mainly focuses on spectrum sharing security and its related challenges. Since spectrum sharing is enabled through usage of the common control channel, more attention is paid to the security of the common control channel by looking into its security threats as well as protection and detection mechanisms. Finally, the pros and cons as well as the comparisons of different CR-specific security mechanisms are presented with some open research issues and challenges.

I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Fernando J. Velez, for all the knowledge and guidance he provided during this journey. I also want to thank several friends that helped me with the work that will be presented in the following pages and highlight that this work would not be possible without their help. First of all I would like to thank the engineer Rui Paulo for the support, friendship, and for his help with the work involving the LTE-Sim, for the knowledge he shared and for the codes he provided that made it possible to perform most of the simulations done with LTE-Sim. To Bruno Cruz for his friendship during all my time in Portugal and for the help he provided with the code he developed that were key to the results that will be shown in this thesis. To my great Brazilian friend Rooderson Andrade, who not only helped me with the knowledge about MIMO but also supported me in all moments. To Marisa Lourenço, my college at the Instituto de Telecomunicações who helped a lot with the work performed with Matalab.To Emanuel Teixeira for his support in several aspects of this work, specially with the work involving Matlab. To Emanuel Mahina, another college from the Instituto de Telecomunicações whose friendship and insights were of paramount importance. To all the teachers I had during this Master course and that guided me through the different areas of knowledge that contributed to this work. Finally, I would like to thank the Instituto de Telecomunicações for the opportunity, and for the scholarship supported by National Founding from FCT through CONQUEST (CMU/ECE/030/2017), for the support provided via National Founding from FCT through the UID/EEA/50008/2013, and as well as for the equipment provided by ORCIP (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022-141) and for the support from COST CA 15104.