Sports & Exercise Pychology

Around the world, virtual reality training is frequently used to assist athletes in winning more medals in their sport. However, for Indian athletes to compete internationally and achieve their goals, virtual reality technology must be incorporated into Indian training materials. Virtual reality (VR) is a commonly used technology that is gaining interest from players and coaches, especially in team ball sports, because it offers a simple tool for imitating, assessing, and training situations that are frequently too difficult to recreate on the field. Virtual training has received relatively little academic attention in the field of virtual reality (VR) in sports, there hasn't been a single study on the topic in Indian sports, and even the virtual training approach isn't used in regular sports training. All pertinent studies were categorized according to the names of the authors, the year of publication, the primary objective of the study, providing an overview of the methodologies used and the results from studies using VR in all sports, as well as highlighting knowledge gaps and unresolved scientific issues in order to conduct a systematic review. Following that, the many results of Virtual reality technology in Sports were examined. This study's findings revealed the usefulness of virtual reality training in assessing sports performance accuracy and improving the sports performance of the player. Even though the authors provide the general training program, the accuracy of these methods was lower than that of the virtual reality training method. Players are more equipped to handle the challenges they confront in the competition thanks to this technique, and virtual reality technology enables researchers to standardize and regulate scenarios while focusing on particular talents and subskills. This research report also discusses the usage of virtual reality (VR) to enhance our comprehension of athletic performance.

In this 14-week observational analysis, 38 adult male participants self-reported a willingness to incorporate Alpha Surge Gummies into their existing routines. The study, which is not a clinical trial, aimed to examine the relationship between supplementation with Alpha Surge Gummies and measures of male vitality and endurance. Primary outcome measures included Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) questionnaire score, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), free testosterone, and serum testosterone. Observational findings suggested directional improvements in AMS questionnaire scores and aerobic capacity, as well as possible increases in testosterone levels. However, as with all observational studies, this protocol is subject to inherent confounds, including variability in participant adherence and lifestyle factors. While these findings are intriguing, they should be interpreted with caution, and further research is needed to fully understand the potential effects of Alpha Surge Gummies on male vitality and endurance. Disclosure. This is an observational, single-arm analysis and is not a clinical trial. Findings are hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of efficacy. Readers should consult a qualified clinician before starting or modifying any supplement regimen.

This observational analysis examined the 14-week effects of Alpha Surge Gummies on male vitality and endurance in a cohort of 38 adult participants. As an observational study, not a controlled clinical trial, participants self-reported a willingness to incorporate the supplement into their existing routines. Primary outcome measures included AMS questionnaire score, VO2 max, free testosterone, and serum testosterone. Over the 14-week period, directional findings suggested potential improvements in self-reported vitality and endurance, as well as physiological markers of testosterone levels. However, as with all observational studies, the protocol is subject to usual confounds, including selection bias and uncontrolled variables. These findings should be interpreted with caution, and further research is needed to fully understand the effects of Alpha Surge Gummies on male vitality and endurance. Disclosure. This is an observational, single-arm analysis and is not a clinical trial. Findings are hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of efficacy. Readers should consult a qualified clinician before starting or modifying any supplement regimen.

This study examined the role of ball games in promoting inclusive education and enhancing sports participation among visually impaired students in Kenyan universities. Specifically, it assessed the accessibility of adaptive sports programmes, participation levels, and institutional factors influencing engagement. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed to collect and integrate quantitative and qualitative data. The study involved 42 purposively selected respondents drawn from public and private universities, including sports directors, coaches/trainers, and visually impaired student representatives. Data were collected using structured questionnaires containing 5-point Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests, including the Friedman test, one-sample t-tests, and chi-square tests, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed low levels of accessibility and participation in adaptive sports programmes across the sampled universities. Results indicated uniformly poor perceptions of accessibility features, infrastructure, and support systems. Participation rates were generally low, with most respondents reporting infrequent involvement in sports activities. Inferential analyses showed no significant differences in perceptions of engagement and institutional support. Qualitative findings identified inadequate funding, limited adaptive sports equipment, inaccessible facilities, and weak institutional commitment as major barriers to participation. The study concludes that persistent structural and policy-related challenges continue to hinder inclusive sports participation among visually impaired students. It recommends increased investment in adaptive sports facilities, provision of specialised equipment, and stronger institutional policies to promote inclusive sports programmes in Kenyan universities.

Sport has grown incredibly in scope and in social essentialness, yet the significance of sport has gotten little in the wan of certifiable thought. Physical education and sports should outline a pivotal bit of profound established education in the general educational system and their assistance from preschool age to develop age should be managed or one of the crucial rights. Sports fitness is a current tendency for physical capacities, fuses quality and co-arrangement improves the current Labor in player's execution. The examination centers around picked sports fitness parts to ensure the playing limit among College/State level and College/National Level Football players. The current paper features the factors to improve the physical fitness of Football players.

Parkinson's disease creates a long-term rehabilitation problem because patients often need frequent movement therapy, yet access, adherence, and motivation remain difficult to sustain. MirrorMove PD is a prototype therapeutic dance system designed to address that problem through a Flutter mobile app, a Python desktop companion, and a local HTTP control bridge. The mobile app manages authentication, goals, progress, and song selection, while the desktop component displays guided choreography and session playback. Experimental scripts using MediaPipe and reference landmark extraction support future movement analysis and scoring. The project must address three major challenges: reliable pose comparison, dependable phone-to-desktop communication, and meaningful workout metrics. Two preliminary approximate experiments suggest that trust in scoring depends on keeping feedback close to user expectations and that repeated use may improve short-term confidence. Overall, the prototype is promising because it combines evidence-informed dance rehabilitation with a practical home-use delivery model that is accessible, structured, and expandable.

The ongoing study aims to understand the concept of human’s development and education in journals such as Revista Brasileira de Ciencias do Esporte, Revista Movimento and Revista Motrivivencia. We assume that critical productions do not satisfy the requirements of the socialist project o n human emancipation, overlooking mechanisms and structures that determine and influe nce the meaning of what is a social being. Copies published between the years 2000 and 2009 will be reviewed. We attempt to offer to the academic community some reflections that may help college students and professors discuss some field conceptions and its p urpose as a curricular component.

Low team performance in basketball is alarming. I explored the perception of basketball coaches in their leadership and strategies that influence athlete performance. The qualitative descriptive research design, purposive sampling, in-depth interview, and thematic analysis were the paddles of my research journey. Upon reaching the shore, I found that leadership is values-based and relational, while coaching strategies are athlete-centered, which influence the performance and development of athletes. I believe that sports coordinators, basketball coaches, and school leaders may address structural barriers through values-driven coaching, coordinated planning, and balanced academic-athletic support. I have high hopes for multiple linear regression to examine how values-based and relational leadership influence team performance, while simultaneously conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis to develop and validate instruments.

Le corps comme surface. Anthropologie des modalités contemporaines d'auto-monstration et de transaction scopique.
Cet article propose une analyse anthropologique des reconfigurations contemporaines du rapport au corps dans les sociétés numériques occidentales (2008–2026). Il interroge un ensemble de phénomènes hétérogènes — spornosexualité (Simpson, 1994, 2014), sextrémisme militant (FEMEN ; Zychowicz, 2020), masculinisme manosphérique (Ging, 2017, 2019), domination financière en ligne (McCracken & Brooks-Gordon, 2021), homosocialité compétitive en salle (Pope et al., 2000 ; Wacquant, 2004) — pour soutenir qu'ils relèvent d'une mutation anthropologique commune : la transformation structurelle du régime scopique entourant le corps humain.
Thèse. Contrairement à une formulation rapide qui parlerait de « bisexualisation » de la société, l'article soutient que la mutation contemporaine n'affecte pas les orientations sexuelles (au sens des taxinomies post-Krafft-Ebing) mais le régime scopique lui-même. Le corps devient simultanément surface produite, comparée, exhibée et marchandée, indépendamment du contenu de la sexualité partenariale du sujet. Cette mutation brouille structurellement les frontières entre homosocial et homoérotique (Sedgwick, 1985), entre regardeur et regardé (Mulvey, 1975 ; Bordo, 1999), entre désir d'objet et auto-objectivation (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).
Méthode. Articulation systématique de six cadres théoriques (régime scopique foucaldien-mulvéen ; homosocialité sedgwickienne ; masculinité hégémonique connellienne ; capital corporel bourdieusien étendu en capital scopique ; auto-objectivation Fredrickson-Roberts redoublée en trois régimes ; performativité butlérienne) avec revue de la littérature clinique (dysmorphie musculaire : Pope et al. 1993-2000, Ganson et al. 2025), bibliométrie illustrative agrégée (PubMed, Google Trends, corpus Twitter de Gündüz et al. 2023, n=277 293), études de cas typifiées et modèles logistiques heuristiques de diffusion (Verhulst-Bass-Rogers).
Résultats principaux. (1) Construction d'une typologie en quatre modalités d'auto-monstration corporelle, structurée par deux axes (spectateur désiré vs rival/témoin ; énonciation symbolique vs incarnée), permettant de cartographier sextrémisme militant, masculinisme performatif, spornosexualité de plateforme et homosocialité compétitive. (2) Démonstration que ces modalités partagent une infrastructure scopique commune neutre par rapport aux contenus politiques, mobilisable indifféremment par des projets féministes, néolibéraux ou réactionnaires. (3) Identification de la domination financière (findom) comme paraphilie paradigmatique du régime numérique, en raison de quatre traits (dématérialisation complète, marchandisation explicite, médiation plateformaire intégrale, couplage production-consommation scopique). (4) Articulation d'une anthropologie de la paraphilie à deux niveaux : individuel-clinique (au sens du DSM-5) et collectif-culturel (formations partagées qui débordent le cadre nosographique).
Mots-clés : anthropologie de la sexualité ; régime scopique ; homosocialité ; spornosexualité ; FEMEN ; manosphere ; financial domination ; dysmorphie musculaire ; auto-objectivation ; capital scopique ; performativité ; paraphilie.

Football requires mastery of fundamental skills that are not only obtained through core training but also through effective warming up. However, warm-up activities used in learning are often conventional and lack integration with course materials. This study aimed to develop a learning-based football warm-up model using the ball as the main medium, providing physiological, technical, and psychological benefits simultaneously. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach, modified from Borg and Gall's steps into five stages: information gathering, product design, expert validation, small-scale field testing, and large-scale field testing. The subjects were physical education students, consisting of 30 participants in the small-scale trial and 100 participants in the large-scale trial. The instrument used was a basic football skill test by Nusri et al. (2022). The developed warm-up model consisted of 36 activities grouped into five components: ball feeling, passing, dribbling, shooting, and heading. Paired Samples T-Test analysis on five variables (np, nr, nd, nlp, and n_bp) showed significant differences between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.01). This indicates that the developed warm-up model effectively improved students' fundamental football skills and cardiovascular endurance. The developed warm-up model is proven to be relevant to support learning outcomes in basic football skills and can serve as an innovative alternative in sports courses.

Globally, obesity is a major public health challenge, with over 650 million adults classified as obese, contributing to increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders, altered gait mechanics, and cardiometabolic diseases (World Health Organization, 2021). Evidence from international studies shows that physical activity and body composition significantly influence joint loading, muscle strength, and metabolic health in adults with obesity (Messier et al., 2004; Hinman et al., 2013). Regionally, in South Asia, the prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary transitions, leading to increased knee joint stress, reduced mobility, and heightened cardiometabolic risk (Sharma et al., 2019). Research in this region suggests that muscle strength and body composition may mediate the impact of physical activity on joint mechanics, but the evidence remains limited and primarily small-scale. Locally, in Pakistan, urban adults exhibit high rates of obesity and low levels of physical activity (Ahmed, Malik, & Khan, 2019). Few studies have objectively measured joint loading, body composition, and physical activity simultaneously, and the mediating role of fat and lean mass on joint loading has not been explored. Addressing this gap is critical to develop context-specific, evidence-based interventions for reducing joint stress, improving musculoskeletal health, and mitigating cardiometabolic risk among middle-aged adults with obesity. Research Problem: Obesity among middle-aged adults in Pakistan is associated with reduced physical activity and increased joint loading during walking, which may contribute to musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic disorders. However, limited evidence exists on how physical activity, body composition, muscle strength, and lifestyle-related risk factors interact to influence joint loading patterns in this population. Pakistan-specific data using objective measures are needed to inform effective prevention and intervention strategies. Knowledge Gap: There is limited evidence describing joint loading during walking and its association with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in middle-aged adults with obesity. The influence of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, BMI) and muscle strength on joint loading, blood pressure, and cardiometabolic risk markers remains insufficiently explored. Furthermore, it is unclear whether fat mass and lean mass mediate the relationship between physical activity and joint loading, and whether sex-based differences exist in these associations, particularly within the Pakistani population. Justification of the Study: Obesity is a major public health concern in Pakistan, contributing to increased joint loading, reduced physical activity, and elevated cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged adults. Despite international evidence linking physical activity, body composition, and joint mechanics, there is limited Pakistan-specific research using objective measures of gait, body composition, and muscle strength. Understanding the interplay between physical activity, body composition, muscle strength, and joint loading is critical for identifying factors that influence musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic health in this population. This study is justified because it provides large-scale, context-specific evidence (n = 500) that can guide evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing knee joint stress, promoting physical activity, and mitigating cardiometabolic risk among middle-aged adults with obesity in Pakistan. There is a significant relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA, minutes/day) and knee joint loading parameters (peak knee moments and vertical ground reaction force) in middle-aged adults with obesity, as tested by Pearson correlation. MVPA, fat mass, lean mass, and muscle strength significantly predict knee joint loading, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and cardiometabolic risk markers, as tested by multiple regression Volume 4, Issue 1 (2026) Literature Review Obesity and Joint Loading: Obesity is associated with increased knee joint loading due to excess body weight, leading to higher vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) and altered gait mechanics (Messier et al., 2004; Hinman et al., 2013). International studies consistently show that higher fat mass correlates with elevated peak knee moments, contributing to early-onset osteoarthritis and reduced functional mobility. However, some studies suggest that lean mass may buffer joint stress, indicating that body composition, rather than total weight alone, is a key determinant (Beattie et al., 2012). Methodological gaps: Many studies rely on small, clinic-based samples or self-reported physical activity, limiting generalizability. Objective gait and joint loading measures are often missing. Contextual gaps: Few studies have investigated these relationships in South Asian populations, where obesity patterns and musculoskeletal adaptations may differ. Contradictory findings: Some research reports that higher BMI does not always correlate with joint loading in adults who are physically active, suggesting that activity and muscle strength may moderate mechanical stress (Messier et al., 2005). Physical Activity and Joint Mechanics: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) improves muscle strength, reduces fat mass, and mitigates joint loading Wirth et al., 2017). International evidence demonstrates inverse associations between MVPA and knee joint stress, highlighting the protective role of regular activity. Methodological gaps: Many studies use questionnaires rather than accelerometers or pedometers, making activity levels less precise. Longitudinal evidence linking physical activity to joint loading remains sparse. Contextual gaps: In Pakistan, physical activity is influenced by urban lifestyle, cultural norms, and environmental barriers, but these factors are rarely quantified alongside joint mechanics. Contradictory findings: Some studies show that high-intensity exercise may transiently increase joint loading, raising questions about the dose-response relationship between activity and knee stress. Body Composition and Muscle Strength as Mediators: Fat mass increases mechanical load, whereas lean mass and muscle strength can attenuate joint forces and improve mobility . Muscle strength is also inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk markers, including blood pressure, CRP, and HOMA-IR. Methodological gaps: Previous research rarely uses DXA or other objective body composition methods alongside joint loading measures. Many studies ignore the potential mediating role of fat and lean mass between physical activity and joint stress. Contextual gaps: Pakistani adults with obesity have lower physical activity and muscle strength levels than their Western counterparts, but large-scale studies examining these relationships are lacking. Contradictory findings: Some studies report weak or nonsignificant mediation effects of lean mass on joint loading, suggesting population-specific variability that may depend on sex, age, or activity patterns. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors: Age, sex, education, dietary habits, and health behaviours (smoking, alcohol, screen time) influence physical activity, body composition, and joint health (Ahmed, Malik, & Khan, 2019; Ali & Jafri, 2016). Methodological gaps: Most studies treat these factors as covariates rather than investigating their direct or moderating effects on joint loading. Contextual gaps: In Pakistan, socio-cultural factors-particularly gender norms-affect activity participation, yet few studies examine how these factors intersect with obesity and joint mechanics. Contradictory findings: Some regional studies suggest men have higher joint loading due to higher activity, while others show women experience greater stress due to lower muscle strength, highlighting sex-specific differences that remain unclear.

People with a depressed mood tend to perform poorly on executive function tasks, which require much of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area of the brain which has also been shown to be hypo-active in this population. Recent research has suggested that these aspects of cognition might be improved through physical activity and cognitive training. However, whether the acute effects of exercise on PFC activation during executive function tasks vary with depressive symptoms remains unclear. To investigate these effects, 106 participants were given a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and were administered a set of executive function tests directly before and after the CPET assessment. The composite effects of exercise on the PFC (all experimental blocks) showed bilateral activation changes in dorsolateral (BA46/9) and ventrolateral (BA44/45) PFC, with the greatest changes occurring in rostral PFC (BA10). The effects observed in right ventrolateral PFC varied depending on level of depressive symptoms (13% variance explained); the changes in activation were less for higher levels. There was also a positive relationship between CPET scores (VO 2 peak) and right rostral PFC, in that greater activation changes in right BA10 were predictive of higher levels of aerobic fitness (9% variance explained). Since acute exercise ipsilaterally affected this PFC subregion and the inferior frontal gyrus during executive function tasks, this suggests physical activity might benefit the executive functions these subregions support. And because physical fitness and depressive symptoms explained some degree of cerebral upregulation to these subregions, physical activity might more specifically facilitate the engagement of executive functions that are typically associated with hypoactivation in depressed populations. Future research might investigate this possibility in clinical populations, particularly the neural effects of physical activity used in combination with mental health interventions.

This study examines the Influence of team cohesion on performance outcomes in team sports, exploring the intricate dynamics between interpersonal relationships , shared goals and collective efficacy. The population of this study comprised of all the players at different level of Sports of Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan. The total number of registered players of University of Punjab is round about 350 respectively. So, it is difficult for the researcher to contact the whole population, to overcome this problem, the researcher selected 110 players as sample of the study by using available sampling technique. For the collection of data, the researcher developed a self-designed the questionnaire with Likert scale. The developed scale was gone through the process of validity and reliability. The researcher personally distribute the questionnaire and collect back after getting it filled by the respondents. Ethical approval was taken from the department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version-26) and thus suitable statistical tools were applied according to parametric data. On the basis of data analysis and findings, the researcher arrived at conclusion that team cohesion is a significant driver of both team performance and individual contribution in sports settings. With 42% and 38% of variance explained in the respective simple regression models, and 50% in the full hierarchical model, cohesion emerges as a practically important variable. Task cohesion is a stronger predictor of performance than social cohesion, as goal-focused unity more directly influences outcomes than interpersonal liking. Its effects vary by subgroup, with younger, more experienced athletes in interdependent sports like basketball and football benefiting the most. Overall, strengthening task cohesion can significantly enhance team performance and athletes' sense of contribution, even at moderate cohesion levels.

Rekreasyonun kişinin bedensel ve ruhsal yenilenmesindeki rolü nedeni ile insan hayatında önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu nedenle toplumu geleceğe taşıyacak olan gençlerin, bedensel ve ruhsal açıdan sağlıklı bireyler olabilmeleri için, mevcut rekreasyonel faaliyet ve eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmanın 2 amacı vardır. Birincisi A.İ.B.Ü. Orman Fakültesi öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel eğilimlerini belirlemek, ikincisi ise öğrencilerin demografik yapısının rekreasyonel tercihlere olan etkilerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla 137 öğrenci üzerinde rekreasyonel faaliyetlerin en yoğun olduğu ilkbahar mevsimi içerisinde anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak cinsiyet ve gelirin rekreasyonel tercihlerde en çok etkili katılımcı özellikleri olduğu saptanmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, kullanıcı özelliklerinin (sosyo-ekonomik özellikler ve alan kullanım alışkanlıkları) kısıtlayıcılar üzerinde etkili olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amacıyla Ankara'da bulunan Harikalar Diyarı Parkında 250 kullanıcıya anket uygulanmıştır. Kısıtlayıcıların ölçülmesinde beş noktalı Likert Ölçeği'nden faydalanılmış ve yapılan analizlerde altı kısıtlayıcı faktör grubu (alan yetersizliği, ekonomi, kalabalık, güvenlik, kullanım alışkanlıkları, içsel nedenler) tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, orta yaş kullanıcılar için uygun alanlar oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Farklı gelir grubundaki kullanıcıların beklentileri karşılanmalıdır. Deneyimli kullanıcıların ilgisini canlı tutacak organizasyonlar düzenlenmelidir. Bu kapsamda, kısıtlayıcıların saptanması kullanıcı memnuniyeti açısından önemlidir.

The field of sports psychology is important for improving athlete performance by focusing on psychological aspects that go hand in hand with physical training. This review looks at key psychological concepts and methods, including mental toughness, motivation, stress management, and goal setting, along with their effects on athletic results. Mental toughness, which includes resilience, confidence, and focus, is essential for athletes to perform under pressure and bounce back from setbacks. Techniques like visualization and self-talk are useful for building this trait, helping athletes maintain high performance levels despite difficulties. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, drives athletic performance. Intrinsic motivation relates to personal satisfaction and long-term engagement. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is driven by rewards, which can boost short-term performance but may not support long-term commitment. Stress management is crucial because chronic stress can hurt performance. Techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation training, and biofeedback can reduce stress and improve performance. Goal setting, based on Locke and Latham's SMART criteria, gives athletes clear goals and structured paths to reach them. This enhances motivation and performance. This study looks at the role of sports psychology in improving athlete performance using a mixed-methods approach. It combines quantitative surveys with performance data and qualitative interviews with focus groups. The research examines how sports psychology techniques like mental imagery, goal setting, and relaxation help athletes perform better. Participants will include 150 athletes from various sports for the quantitative part and 20 athletes for qualitative in-depth interviews and focus groups. The study aims to provide clear insights into the effectiveness of sports psychology practices and their impact on performance measures.

With this research, it is aimed to determine the satisfaction and expectation level of the students various age groups who study in high schools and play volleyball. It going importance for players to fulfill their expectation and increase their saticfaction level. In addition to that they stated that they to sport not regarding any financial benefit but because they love it and have aims with it. As a result in this study the player's satisfaction and expectation level for sports are at approximate level in the items that have been made to determine the expectation and satisfaction level is in high levels at every opportunity. The parents should be told that sport activities don't affect their lessons in negative way. The necessary measures should be taken by the school management to increase the player's success level of lessons. The families and teaches should encourage the students for sports and support them in this respect.

Birleşmiş Milletler’in belirlemiş olduğu 17 sürdürülebilir kalkınma
hedefinin 3.’sü sağlıklı ve kaliteli yaşamdır. Belirlenen bu hedef,
insanların yaşamalarını fiziksel ve mental olarak sağlıklı bir şekilde
sürdürmelerine olanak sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Sağlıklı ve kaliteli
yaşam hedefi doğrultusunda bireylerin egzersiz ve spora katılımının
devamlılığı sağlanmalıdır. Teknolojik gelişmeler ve değişen yaşam
tarzları bireylerin daha pasif bir hayat benimsemesine yol açmakta, bu
durum da egzersiz ve spora katılımı azaltmaktadır. İnsanların daha aktif
bir yaşam tarzı benimsemeleri adına, egzersiz ve spora katılım
güdülenmelerinin derinlemesine olarak anlaşılması ve artırılması
gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, kitabın bu bölümünde ilk olarak egzersiz
ve spora katılım güdülenmesi ile sürdürülebilirlik ilişkisi ortaya
koyularak egzersiz ve spora katılımın sağlıklı ve kaliteli yaşam ile
ilişkisi ele alınacaktır. Sonrasında ise temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar
açıklanarak bireylerin egzersiz ve spor güdülenmesi için temel
psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının nasıl tatmin edileceği ortaya koyulacaktır. Bu
bölüm, bireylerin egzersiz ve spor güdülenmesinin anlaşılması,
artırılması ve sonuç olarak daha aktif bir yaşam tarzı benimseyerek
sağlıklı ve kaliteli yaşam sürmeleri konusunda hem teorik hem de
uygulamalı bilgiler sunmaktadır.

ABSTRACT
In recent years, there has been an increase in research and applications aimed at enabling athletes to efficiently manage both their sports and educational lives. Therefore, a detailed examination of athletes’ dual career competencies is important in terms of identifying the current situation and taking necessary measures. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to determine athletes’ dual career competencies and to examine dual career competence in terms of athletes’ characteristics. A total of 434 athletes (mean age18.64±2.65) participated in the research, including
151 women (mean age=19.38±2.33) and 283 men (mean age=17.90±2.94). A personal information form prepared by the researchers and Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the findings, it has been determined that the perception of having dual career competencies and the importance given to dual
career competence did not significantly differ according to gender, age, education level, and sport type variables. However, significant differences were found in the sub-dimensions of perceived competence and perceived importance according to athletes’ academic performance and sports experience. Overall, it can be concluded that athletes with higher academic performance and more sports experience perceive themselves as having higher dual career competencies and place greater importance on dual career competence. Coaches, sports psychologists and managers
can plan various practices by taking into account the findings regarding the dual-career competencies of athletes and develop athletes in this area.

Early Learning Sports Development is the only field in sports history to document its own founding in real time — including the institutional failures, the commercial misdirections, and the two-decade practitioner implementation record that constitutes its evidentiary foundation.

This part of the Encyclopedia establishes Implementation Precedence as the form of field legitimacy available when every conventional validation pathway proves structurally incapable of reaching a domain's substance. In the case of Early Learning Sports Development, two such pathways were encountered and documented.

Academic institutions, engaged systematically across nearly two decades, proved architecturally incapable of studying foundational sports development (Stages 1–4, birth to age 5) — not through indifference, but through the structural design of funding mechanisms, methodological frameworks, and publication pathways that do not accommodate practitioner-generated knowledge at the field-establishing stage.

The entertainment industry, accessed through a university intermediary in 2008–2010, recognized the commercial surface of the work without being equipped to engage the developmental architecture beneath it.
Neither pathway reached the substance of the field. Both are documented here accurately — as partial contacts with the work, each revealing more about the limitations of their own institutional architecture than about the field they briefly encountered.

The field was not validated by academia. It was not validated by Hollywood. It was built, over 20 years, in gymnasiums — across two Chicagoland park districts, 20+ partner organizations, and 15,000+ families served through Coach Pickles' Jelly Bean Sports®. That implementation record, now comprehensively documented and optimized for Answer Engine Optimization, constitutes the starter authority from which all future study of Early Learning Sports Development begins.

Keywords: Early Learning Sports Development, Implementation Precedence, Natural Order of Sport©, Governing Dynamics of Sport©, The Jelly Bean Way©, Bradley J. Kayden EdD, Coach Pickles, birth-to-five sports development, Stages 1-4 sports development, Developmental Dark Ages©, AEO field establishment, practitioner-generated knowledge, academic institutional incapacity, starter authority

This study examined community-based sports programmes and socioeconomic inclusion of disadvantaged groups in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The research focused on two main objectives: to identify the types of community-based sports programmes available to disadvantaged groups and to determine their contribution to socioeconomic inclusion. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with a target population comprising disadvantaged groups, including youths, women, and persons with disabilities who are engaged in or have access to community sports initiatives across the state. Using snowballing sampling techniques, a total of 200 respondents were selected to participate in the study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire titled Community Sports and Socioeconomic Inclusion Questionnaire (CSSIQ), developed and validated by experts, with a reliability coefficient of 0.86 established using Cronbach Alpha. Data analysis involved mean (x ̅) and standard deviation to address the research questions. The findings revealed that community-based sports programmes such as football tournaments, volleyball competitions, athletics, and fitness activities are widely accessible and provide avenues for skill acquisition, networking, empowerment, and social participation. The results also showed that such programmes significantly contribute to socioeconomic inclusion by enhancing employability, promoting social cohesion, and improving the self-reliance of disadvantaged groups. The study concludes that community-based sports programmes are a viable strategy for fostering inclusion and empowerment in Bayelsa State. It is recommended that policymakers, community leaders, and development agencies invest in expanding sports infrastructure, provide capacity-building opportunities, and integrate sports into broader socioeconomic development initiatives.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of festivals on participants' emotional experience and social integration, as well as to explore the relationship between emotional experience and social integration. In this context, this study seeks to explore experienced by participants who attended either the 16th Black Sea Ereğli Anchovy Festival and the 23rd International Love, Peace, Friendship, Culture, and Arts Festival. The data of this research were collected from 385 participants between July and October 2023.
The findings indicate that festivals have a positive impact on participants' emotional experience and social integration, and that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional experience and social integration (R²=0.420, p<0.05). Furthermore, it was determined that the sub-dimensions of emotional experience, namely aesthetic, entertainment, and escape experiences, had positive significant relationship on social integration mong these effects, the strongest effect was found between escape experience and social integration (t=5.187). The findings reveal that festivals serve as a significant tool for strengthening individuals' social interaction, sense of belonging, and group dynamics.

This study examines the impact of fear of crime and xenophobia on the participation of local residents in recreational activities in areas with high concentrations of Syrian refugees under temporary protection status in Turkey. The primary objective of the research is to reveal the restrictive effects of anti-immigrant attitudes and security concerns on recreational activities. Conducted in the Altındağ district of Ankara, this study employs a semi-structured interview technique to deeply analyze the fear of crime and xenophobic attitudes of 31 participants. According to the findings, a significant portion of Turkish citizens living in Altındağ report that the presence of Syrian refugees heightens their security concerns and reduces their participation in recreational activities. Participants' fear of crime is intensified by concerns related to physical assault, sexual violence, and theft. Xenophobic attitudes, on the other hand, are exacerbated by the belief that Syrians do not integrate socially, leading to further restrictions on individuals' daily activities. The results of the study indicate that fear of crime and xenophobia create substantial limitations on recreational activities.

The stadium was louder than it had ever been. Seventy thousand fans on their feet. Two minutes left. Championship on the line. The quarterback stepped into the huddle, knowing this was the biggest game of his life. Scouts in the stands. Legacy at stake. Years of early mornings, late-night film sessions, and grueling practices converged on this drive. He broke the huddle and jogged to the line. The defense shifted. The crowd roared. The clock bled seconds. And then something unexpected happened. The noise faded. Not completely-but enough. The game slowed down.

This review examines the complex relationship between sleep physiology, hormonal regulation, physical performance, and psychiatric medications. Sleep is a biologically active and highly organized process that plays a critical role in hormonal balance, metabolic regulation, cognitive function, and physical recovery. Key hormonal systems—including testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and melatonin—are closely linked to sleep architecture and circadian rhythm regulation. Disruptions in sleep duration or quality may impair physical performance, recovery processes, and body composition outcomes. In addition, many psychiatric disorders are strongly associated with sleep disturbances, and pharmacological treatments used in psychiatry can significantly influence sleep architecture and circadian patterns. This article provides an overview of sleep physiology, the role of sleep in athletic performance and metabolic regulation, and the potential effects of psychiatric medications on sleep quality and recovery.

This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Any diagnosis, treatment decisions, or medication adjustments should be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare professional.

Note: The full text of this article is written in Turkish.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare affective responses for two bouts of cycle ergometry with differing duration and intensity, but equal total work in kilocalories. Methods: Thirty-seven participants (20 male, 17 female, mean age 23.9 yr) completed a multistage cycle ergometer protocol to determine ventilatory threshold (VT) and peak oxygen consumption (mean = 34.9 mL-kg1-min-1). Two cycling trials were prescribed: 30 min at 85% of VT (50.1% •102 reserve) and an average of 24 min at 105% of VT (64.7% (lO2 reserve). The length of the 105% of VT bout was adjusted to yield equal total work in each exercise trial. Results: Using repeated-measures ANOVA, heart rate and exertion were significantly higher, and affective valence was significantly less positive (P < 0.01) for the higher-intensity, shorterduration bout, with no differences in felt arousal (P > 0.05). Additionally, affective valence became less positive during the higherintensity bout (P < 0.01) but not the lower-intensity bout (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These data extend previous findings by showing that the decline in ratings of pleasure during higher-intensity exercise is not dependent on differences in total caloric,expenditure. Additionally, results from this study support continued promotion of prescriptions that focus on exercise intensity that does not exceed the VT.

This study employed a descriptive-predictive design using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns on burnout and self-efficacy as a mediator. A total of 266 professional esports athletes answered the online forms of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, Athlete Self-Efficacy Scale, Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale 2, and Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport. Results showed that perfectionistic strivings positively predicted self-efficacy and burnout. Perfectionistic concerns did not significantly predict self-efficacy but positively predicted burnout. Self-efficacy negatively predicted burnout, supporting its protective role. Mediation analysis revealed a significant negative indirect effect of perfectionistic strivings on burnout via self-efficacy whereas the indirect effect of perfectionistic concerns was not significant. Research implications, limitations, and directions were discussed.

Background: Despite Ethiopia's significant athletic heritage and high-altitude physiologica l advantages, the professional football sector has experienced a performance plateau in continenta l rankings. There is a critical need to transition from descriptive observations to predictive, datadriven frameworks to optimize the talent pipeline for the national team. Objective: This study aims to identify the multi-dimensional determinants of football performance within the Ethiopian Premier League (EPL) and develop a 10-year predictive model (2025-2035) to forecast the trajectory of the Ethiopian National Team. Methods: Utilizing a longitudinal, correlational research design, the study synthesizes historica l performance data and current physiological metrics. The research employs Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to weight determinant variables and ARIMA time-series analysis to forecast future performance trends. Key variables include aerobic capacity (VO2 max), hematologica l profiles, organizational factors, and other factors like corruption, socioeconomics, manageme nt, sport injury, and nutrition. Results: Descriptive analysis identifies that Access to Specialized Medical Care (r = 0.72) and Aerobic Capacity (r = 0.68) are the strongest predictors of player success. The regression model achieved an R 2 of 0.58, explaining 58% of the variance in performance. The 10-year forecast indicates that under a "Scientific Intervention" scenario, standardizing medical and nutritio na l protocols, the national squad could achieve a 15% increase in player "Peak Duration" and enhanced competitive stability by 2030, contrasting with the stagnation predicted by the "Status Quo" model. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Ethiopian football's progress is limited more by external constraints than by biological potential. Recommendations include the standardization of sports medicine across all EPL clubs, the establishment of a National Data Repository for longitud ina l tracking, and formal academic-athletic partnerships with institutions like Haramaya University.

This study aims to examine the relationship between posture, Functional Movement Screen (FMS), and football skill tests in U18 amateur male football players, and to compare the posture and skill outcomes of athletes grouped according to FMS asymmetry status. Material and Methods: A total of 47 football players (mean age: 16.64±0.76 years) participated in the study. Posture was assessed using the PostureScreen 13.7 application. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and skill tests, including the Yeagley juggling test and the Loughborough Football Passing Test (LSPT), were administered to all athletes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0; relationships were examined with the Pearson correlation test, and between-group differences were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-test (p≤0.05). Results: No significant relationship was found between FMS and skill tests (p>0.05). However, significant relationships were identified between certain posture and FMS parameters (p≤0.05). In the anterior view, head tilt, shoulder tilt, and total tilt values were positively correlated with the Yeagley juggling test (p≤0.05). When athletes were grouped according to functional asymmetry in FMS, a significant difference was found in the Yeagley test among those without asymmetry (p≤0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in the LSPT (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that posture analysis and FMS may contribute to strategic planning for improving athletic performance. The relationship between FMS and posture suggests that enhancing movement quality and posture may represent an intervention area for improving football performance.

Background and Study Aim Sports performance and overall health of athletes are highly dependent on various physiological markers. Among these, blood biochemistry is of great importance and should be carefully considered in athletes' training regimens. However, the effect of strength and resistance training on serum phosphorus levels still requires further clarification and more effective solutions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of strength and resistance training on serum phosphorus levels in elite male soccer players. Material and Methods A sample of 90 volunteers was recruited from football athletes in the Peshawar division. Thirty participants were selected from each of the under-16, under-19, and under-23 age groups. They were divided into three groups: the Resistance Training Group (RTG), the Strength Training Group (STG), and the Control Group (CG). Each group consisted of 30 participants, with 10 from each age category. Phosphorus levels and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) were assessed before and after a 12-week strength and resistance training intervention. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and paired sample t-tests were used to evaluate changes over time. Results Significant improvements were observed in serum phosphorus levels in the Resistance Training Group (4.77±0.258 vs. 3.66±0.207, P<0.001) and in the Strength Training Group (4.31±0.304 vs. 3.66±0.209, P<0.001). A 12-week regimen of strength and resistance training significantly improved serum phosphorus levels among the participants. Analysis of variance indicated that both strength and resistance training significantly affected serum phosphorus levels after 12 weeks of intervention. Tukey's HSD test revealed that the effects of resistance training were more pronounced than those of strength training. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of incorporating both strength and resistance training in athletic programs. These training approaches are crucial for optimizing physical health and performance. The findings underscore the need for educators and trainers to adapt and refine their methods to maximize the benefits of these interventions. By doing so, they can enhance the effectiveness of training regimens and contribute to the overall well-being of athletes.

This article examines current challenges in the product strategy of sports organizations. Depending on the type of sports organization, the composition of their market products varies. The wide variety of these products significantly complicates marketing activities, as the product portfolio should only include items that align with the organization’s mission and generate economic or reputational benefits. Misinterpretation of the nature and varieties of market products undermines marketing effectiveness and competitive advantage. The study’s outcome is the development of a classification system for sports organizations’ products. The proposed methodology introduces a four-category classification: sports-related vs. non-sports-related and intangible vs. tangible products. Additionally, the article presents a framework for hierarchically structuring sports organizations’ diverse product offerings based on their functional roles and strategic importance.

Emotional intelligent is the quality that enables us to confront with patience, insight and imagination, many problems that we face in our effective relationship with ourselves and other people. It is "an innate potential of a person to realize, comprehend, identify, utilize, understand and interpret the emotion" EI has become an integral part of an individual's life, from simplest to the most difficult task /situation emotional intelligence plays a significant role. Educators, Executive, and lifestyle gurus agreed that in this contemporary world what people need more in their life is emotional awareness. A sample size of 200 was chosen (100 Sportspersons and 100 Non-Sportspersons) from various institutes located in Belagavi city. EII (English) by Dr. S. K. Mangal and Mrs. Shubhra Mangal was used. Mean, SD and t-test were carried out to make comparison between the sample groups. The analysis of the results showed there is a significant difference in Emotional Intelligence of Sportspersons and Non-Sportspersons.

The aim of the study was to verify the test of 10 maximum repetitions (10RM) in the straight chest press exercise in the machine being used different types of warm up. Twenty two individuals of the men gender and divided in two groups had been selected, group with previous heating of flexibility (GF) (n=11), and group specific warm up (GS) (n=11). The individuals of the sample had been submitted to the 10RM test, in two days. In the first day, one equally became fulfilled the test of 10RM for both the groups, following the traditional model of the test. In as the day, GS carried through the test of 10RM with heating of two series with 15 repetitions 55% of the 10RM load. The GF preceded the test of 10RM with the heating through exercises of flexibility for the static method, with two series of 20 seconds of duration for each position, after to reach the pain threshold. It was kept an interval 20 seconds of a series for another one. We conclude that no significant differences through...

Purpose
This section of the Encyclopedia of Early Learning Sports Development© documents the structural incapacity of American academic institutions to study foundational sports development—the developmental period from birth through age five that precedes competitive athletic participation.

Method
Systematic analysis of institutional responses across twenty years (2006-2026), including targeted outreach to eight academic institutions (2025-2026).

Key Findings
Academic inability to engage with foundational sports development research reflects architectural barriers rather than individual resistance or quality concerns.

Primary Evidence
The Michigan State University case study demonstrates that even the institution explicitly established to study youth sports—the Institute for the Study of Youth Sports—proved categorically incapable of engaging with foundational research despite comprehensive evidence:

20+ years of implementation data
15,000+ families served
20+ partner organizations
Zero serious injuries recorded

Three Barriers Identified

-Departmental Silos: No academic department claims foundational sports development as a legitimate domain
-Problem-Obsessed Research Orientation: Institutions study casualties after they occur, rather than foundations that would prevent them
-Safe-Bet Funding Structures: Grant mechanisms fund established fields, not field establishment

These barriers operate as self-reinforcing systems resistant to incremental reform.
Implications

The documented pattern of institutional incapacity validates alternative field establishment pathways, including Answer Engine Optimization (AEO) and implementation precedence documentation.

Conclusion
Early Learning Sports Development must proceed through practitioner-driven field establishment rather than traditional academic validation—not as a preference but as a structural necessity imposed by categorical institutional limitations.
Word Count: Approximately 12,500 words

Keywords
Field and Domain Terms
Early Learning Sports Development
foundational sports development
birth-to-five development
pre-competitive athletics
sports development methodology

Institutional Terms
institutional incapacity
academic barriers
departmental silos
interdisciplinary research barriers
structural incapacity
categorical absence

Research Terms
field establishment
practitioner research
implementation precedence
research paradigm incompatibility
practitioner-academic collaboration
field establishment research

Framework Terms (Copyrighted ©)
Natural Order of Sport©
Governing Dynamics of Sport©
The Jelly Bean Way©
Making Kids Coachable©
Golden Rule© paradigm
Platinum Rule© paradigm
Four Dimensions Framework

Concept Terms
coachability preservation
orphan field
developmental interconnection
cultural protection
flow optimization
parent integration
authoritative model
knowledge structure transformation

Methodology Terms
Answer Engine Optimization (AEO)
youth sports dropout
70% attrition rate

Institutional References
Michigan State University
Institute for the Study of Youth Sports
Hedstrom and Gould

This paper argues that the global dominance of Kalenjin runners in distance events-epitomized by but not exclusive to the Olympic 3000m steeplechase-is best understood as the output of a sophisticated, multi-stage selection funnel.

Moving beyond reductive, single-factor explanations of genetics or environment, we present a model wherein profound cultural salience generates a vast participant base from a population with favorable physiological predispositions. This talent pool is then subjected to a series of increasingly stringent competitive filters: school competitions, high-volume training camps, and national selection. Within this funnel, specialized knowledge is transmitted directly from champion-athletes to aspirants, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of excellence.

We contend that this systematic, cultural-institutional apparatus, which distills world-beaters from thousands of contenders through relentless training and competition, is the primary engine of a dominance unparalleled in modern sport, described as "the greatest geographical concentration of achievement in the annals of sport".

A Eletromiografia de superficie pode mostrar a qualidade da coordenacao muscular, por meio dela, pode-se verificar a existencia de assimetrias entre o membro dominante e nao dominante de um individuo. O mae-geri e uma tecnica usada por muitos karatecas, assim, analisar a ativacao dos musculos envolvidos no movimento faz-se importante para a compreensao dos aspectos biomecânicos envolvidos na realizacao do golpe. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar atraves de EMG o comportamento dos principais musculos envolvidos no golpe mae-geri. Participaram do estudo 4 caratecas com idades entre dezoito e trinta anos. A ativacao dos musculos reto femoral e biceps femoral nos 4 atletas apresentou padroes distintos em relacao ao tempo de ativacao e amplitude do sinal, todavia, observou-se em todos os atletas a ativacao dos dois musculos em conjunto. O teste t pareado demonstrou haver diferenca significativa (p=0,006) para o musculo reto femoral entre o membro dominante e nao dominante, todavia em rel...

This study aims to examine the career development strategies and self-leadership capacities of recreation students both before and during their university education. This study also investigates, from a human resources management standpoint, just how well recreation departments managed students' career planning. Thirty-two participants were selected from all four grades using maximum variation sampling and data were collected through focus group discussions. Participants were asked 15 questions that fell under four main dimensions. Data were video recorded and then analyzed using different content analysis techniques (i.e., open coding-thematizing-categorization). The results reveal that nearly all of the participants stated that they had not received any kind of information until they took the entrance examination or a course designed specifically for said exam. Additionally, most of the students stated that although they had received partial information about career opportunities in recreation during school, they did not want to pursue a career in recreation. When the self-leadership of participant was examined, students were found to be able to motivate themselves when needed and that most of them had the potential to sustain this motivation until they achieved their goal.