Strategic Alliances

The turn of the 1990s, once hailed as the ‘end of history’, is now viewed as a transitional phase rather than a final act. Reflecting this paradigm shift, this special issue offers fresh insights into the military and strategic aftermath of the Cold War’s end, delineating changes and continuities, and discerning the patterns and processes leading to what is now often termed the ‘return of history’. It also emphasizes the expansion in the availability of archival documents and other relevant materials to scholars, including interviews with key figures and lesser-known actors.

Enerjinin can damarı petrolü artık kimin daha fazla ürettiği değil; o petrolü hangi ülkenin daha hızlı şekilde finansal kaldıraçlara, jeopolitik nüfuza, güvenlik şemsiyesine ve kalıcı stratejik avantaja dönüştürdüğü konusu hayati önem taşımaktadır.

20. yüzyılın petrol savaşları rezerv hakimiyeti için yapılmıştı. 21. yüzyılda ise tüm dünyanın gözünün önünde yaşanan son büyük enerji savaşı, hangi ülkenin elindeki rezervleri en hızlı ve en geniş şekilde son büyük vurgunla yüklü bir nakit hasadına dönüştüreceği bir savaştır.
Bugün petrol yalnızca enerji olmayıp; diplomasi, yaptırım, savunma, deniz ticaret yolları, limanlar, sigorta koridorları, varlık fonları, teknoloji yatırımları ve küresel sermaye akışlarının omurgasıdır.

Bu nedenle mesele yalnızca kuyudan petrol çıkarmak değil; o petrolü küresel güç mimarisine dönüştürmektir. Son gelişmeler maalesef sadece petrol fiyatlarını değil, 2040’a kadar şekillenecek yeni küresel enerji düzenini de belirleyecektir.

Sunulan raporda her bölümde; enerji jeopolitiğinden Türkiye'nin olabilecek konumlanmasına, ABD'nin küresel stratejisinden piyasa dinamiklerine krizin farklı bir boyutunu ele alarak, bağımsız bir senaryo üzerinden irdeleyen analitik bir çerçeve sunulmaktadır. Bir düşünce ekibi olarak, krizin kısa vadeli şoklarının ötesine geçip orta ve uzun vadeli yapısal dönüşümlerine ilişkin öngörüler yer almaktadır.

The April 1946 arrival of the USS Missouri in Istanbul is often remembered as a ceremonial mission to return the remains of Turkish Ambassador Mehmet Münir Ertegün. This article argues that the visit was far more consequential: it was an early demonstration of American commitment to Türkiye at the dawn of the Cold War and a symbolic precursor to the alliance architecture that would eventually include NATO. By examining the Missouri as both a warship and a diplomatic instrument, the article highlights how strategic communication, symbolism, and visible demonstrations of commitment shape international order. The analysis also places the 1946 visit in contemporary perspective, linking it to Türkiye's current role as a mediator state and diplomatic convenor amid renewed geopolitical competition. The story of the Missouri illustrates a timeless lesson: alliances are sustained not only by military capabilities, but also by credibility, narrative, trust, and the effective communication of strategic intent.

This study investigates the impact of social media usage on information security among students at King Faisal University in Chad. The study examines usage patterns, cybersecurity awareness, and behavioral factors associated with exposure to cyber threats. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted using an electronic questionnaire distributed to 283 students.
The findings revealed that WhatsApp was the most widely used platform (59.4%), while 14.1% of respondents reported previous account compromise incidents. The study also found a relatively high level of cybersecurity awareness, with an overall mean score of 4.07 out of 5. However, 65.7% of participants had never received formal cybersecurity training.
Statistical analyses showed no significant relationship between the intensity of social media usage and exposure to cyberattacks. In contrast, a statistically significant relationship was found between clicking suspicious links and exposure to account compromise (p = 0.0017), indicating that unsafe digital behavior plays a more critical role in cybersecurity risks than usage duration itself.
The study contributes to cybersecurity research in the Chadian academic context by highlighting the behavioral dimension of cyber risk exposure among university students.

The meaning of the Japanese word, monozukuri, has similarities to manufacturing and production, but it also differs in an important way in that the word, when used in a business setting, also encompasses selling. Early entrepreneurs in the Japanese auto industry (namely the founders of Toyota, Honda, and Mazda) influenced present understanding of the spirit of monozukuri and how this spirit is manifested in the making and selling of cars. Toyota's early contribution can be described mainly as production process innovation. In contrast, the early contribution of Honda and Mazda can be described as product innovation. Taken together, the contributions of these three companies showed that the spirit of monozukuri can lead not only to lower cost and higher manufacturing quality through production process innovation (Toyota), but also higher product performance quality through product technology innovation (Honda and Mazda). With regards to the future of work, the paper proposes that monozukuri in the Japanese auto industry has played out in a way that allows non-university-educated workers to become key contributors to the value creation that is embodied in a car. Appropriately rewarding such workers offers a promising avenue to alleviate the widening income equality seen in industrialized nations around the world today. It also suggests there exists the opportunity to recast the MBA as management education that Must Be for All.

Digital transformation has become imperative for most firms to compete favorably in today's highly competitive and changing environment, but its influence on firm performance remains unclear. Due to this challenge, the study aimed to determine how digital transformation affects firm performance by accounting for the mediating mechanism of organizational learning. The study used a cross-sectional survey to obtain data from 284 mid-level employees sampled from commercial banks in Delta State, Nigeria. The data was evaluated with the partial least squares [PLS] approach to structural equation modeling. The PLS analysis reveals that digital transformation positively and significantly affected firm performance directly and indirectly through organizational learning at the 0.05 significance level. Additionally, the effect of organizational learning was more profound on organizational performance than digital transformation. Consequently, organizational learning can optimize the impact of digital transformation on organizational performance. The study, among other things, recommended that banks move beyond the euphoria of mere technology adoption and implementation to the active development of technological capabilities, which helps leverage technological resources to support a firm's strategy, practices, and performance.

Entrepreneurship is often theorized as a process of opportunity recognition, resource mobilization, and value creation. Yet entrepreneurial action also raises important ethical questions because opportunity pursuit can redistribute power, impose costs on stakeholders, and reshape the institutional conditions under which markets and communities operate. This research note argues that the ethical study of entrepreneurship should move beyond individual-level accounts of moral decision-making and toward a broader examination of openness, collaboration, ecosystem governance, and entrepreneurial capacity building. The note identifies several interrelated themes: the ethical ambiguity of entrepreneurial opportunity pursuit, the role of open strategy in stakeholder-centered innovation, the relational governance of entrepreneurial ecosystems, the importance of entrepreneurship education, and the use of cross-sector partnerships to address complex social problems. Together, these themes suggest that ethical entrepreneurship is not only a matter of founder intent, but also a function of how ventures, partnerships, and ecosystem's structure participation, accountability, learning, and value distribution.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding firms' exposure to external knowledge, partners, and digital ecosystems. Yet greater openness has not produced uniform transformation. This paper asks: how does AI-mediated organizational openness reshape internal routines and capability reconfiguration in established firms, and why do similar levels of openness lead to divergent outcomes? Building on the dynamic capabilities paradigm (Teece, 2007), we draw on a qualitative multi-case study of established firms in an emerging economy to examine how openness is enacted and governed under conditions of intelligent systems. We show that organizational openness is not a linear pathway to capability change. Instead, it operates through an articulated system of decisions concerning strategic boundaries, openness architectures, situated learning, governance culture, and managerial judgment in the use of artificial intelligence. We identify a paradox of AI-mediated openness: exposure expands, but internal reconfiguration does not necessarily follow. While the institutionalization of openness architectures and adjustable boundaries expands firms' cognitive repertoires and enables experiential learning, artificial intelligence acts not as a structural transformer, but as an amplifier of existing capability configurations. It accelerates sensing processes but does not reorganize routines or guarantee capability reconfiguration without alignment with cultural norms, strategic priorities, and governance structures. Recent research suggests that AI may enhance, enable, or replace open innovation practices (Holgersson et al., 2024), yet our findings indicate that such substitution does not eliminate the need for deliberate organizational orchestration. By reframing openness as an internal organizational condition rather than a portfolio of innovation mechanisms, this study challenges prevailing assumptions in open innovation research and advances the dynamic capabilities paradigm in AI-intensive environments. The findings contribute to ongoing debates on how AI is rewriting the rules of collaborative innovation by showing that competitive advantage emerges not from openness alone, but from the disciplined governance of openness over time. Our results have implications for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand when and how organizational openness contributes to resilient innovation in technologically dynamic contexts.

We systematically examine multi-partner alliance diversity and its innovation performance consequences at both a multi-partner alliance level as well as at the partner firm level in the context of technological knowledge sourcing. Based on resources within-firm, between-firm, and across the entire network, we identify three dimensions of multi-partner diversity, namely partner variety, relational separation, and structural disparity. We argue that each of these dimensions has distinct innovation performance consequence at alliance and partner firm levels. We tested our theory on a sample of R&D collaborations in technology-driven industries from 1990 to 2008. Our findings reveal diverging mechanisms between value creation at the multi-partner alliance level and value appropriation at the partner firm level regarding each dimension of multi-partner R&D alliance diversity. Our results suggest that managers should be cautious about the complexity of the multipartner alliance configurat...

The present work of investigation rescues the opinions of the chiefs of family of Sucre as agents of decision, observing the degree of knowledge and effect that they have the products related to the just trade on the familiar economy, opposite to the products that come from other regions of the world across the import. The topic has relevancy knowing that Bolivia is a producing country of prime matters and that it does not incorporate in the majority of his product sad devalue, and that has big industrial differences with other economies worldwide.

The NATO Academic Conference held at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, in March 2024 saw academia meet with military officials along with many other officials and practitioners. The conference offered a unique chance to explore the topic of the China-Russia partnership through both a panel discussion and a breakout session covering periods from the historical perspective to the modern space domain, and themes from hybrid warfare to the social media interests of the new generation.

NATO: krew, pot i łzy na 75-lecie Kontekst strategiczny -coraz więcej wyzwań, coraz mniej stabilności Na początku 2024 r. sytuacja geostrategiczna wokół Sojuszu kształtowała się znacząco gorzej niż dwanaście miesięcy wcześniej. W największym stopniu decydował o tym niepomyślny rozwój sytuacji w Ukrainie, gdzie rosyjska ofensywa na wschodzie kraju, której towarzyszyły intensywne bombardowania celów cywilnych, a zwłaszcza infrastruktury energetycznej na całym obszarze państwa, czyniła -mimo poważnych strat ludzkich i w sprzęcie -powolne, ale stałe postępy. Kijowowi natomiast trudno było nie tylko zwiększać, ale wręcz utrzymywać odpowiednie zdolności bojowe, pomoc zaś oferowana głównie przez państwa NATO, mimo niemałych wysiłków wielu z nich, wciąż odbiegała od ukraińskich potrzeb, zwłaszcza w konsekwencji trwającej od grudnia 2023 r. blokady jej kolejnych transz przez Partię Republikańską w amerykańskim Kongresie oraz -motywowanej obawami przed eskalacją konfliktu i napięć w relacjach z Rosją -niechęci części sojuszników (w tym Niemiec i USA), by zezwolić na użycie dostarczanej broni do działań ofensywnych na rosyjskim terytorium. Równocześnie Rosja nie ustawała w działaniach destabilizacyjnych wobec szeregu innych krajów europejskich (Mołdawia, państwa Bałkanów Zachodnich), nasilając też hybrydową presję na członków NATO, zwłaszcza ze wschodniej flanki (np. w formie ataków cybernetycznych, akcji dezinformacyjnych czy stymulowania kryzysu migracyjnego na granicach Finlandii, republik bałtyckich i Polski). Łączyła to przy tym z retoryką -w wielu regionach aprobowaną (Sahel i Afryka Subsaharyjska, Azja Południowa) -"obrony przed ekspansjonizmem Zachodu". Międzynarodowy kontekst funkcjonowania Sojuszu determinowało też gwałtowne pogorszenie się sytuacji na Bliskim Wschodzie. Podjęta w reakcji na atak Hamasu z 7 października 2023 r. i porwanie ponad 200 zakładników interwencja Izraela w Strefie Gazy, mimo pewnego zrozumienia dla potrzeby reakcji ze strony zaatakowanego państwa, wzbudzała w świecie, nie tylko w NATO, duże wątpliwości, zarówno z uwagi na swoją skalę i brutalność oraz powagę powodowanych zniszczeń i ofiar wśród ludności cywilnej, jak 1 Łącznie z powołanymi wcześniej inicjatywami tego typu, w tym koalicją F-16 (Dania, Holandia i Norwegia jako liderzy) czy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa informatycznego (pomysł Luksemburga i Estonii), w 2024 r. funkcjonowano już osiem takich projektów (w lutym 2024 r. Francja zaproponowała też program w zakresie zdolności uderzeniowychdeep strike -ale do tej pory się on nie zmaterializował) (C.

تتناول هذه الدراسة انعكاسات الحرب الإدراكية على الأمن القومي الجزائري، من خلال تحليل آليات التضليل الإعلامي والتلاعب المعلوماتي داخل الفضاء الرقمي. كما تعالج إشكالية المناعة الإدراكية وسبل تعزيز الأمن المعلوماتي، عبر مقاربة ترتكز على بناء نموذج وطني لحماية المجال الإدراكي الجزائري في مواجهة التهديدات الرقمية المعاصرة.

This paper examines the inflation hedging capabilities of stock market and real estate investments in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Using historical data from 1991 to 2022, we analyze the performance of the BSE Sensex and Mumbai property prices relative to inflation rates. Our findings indicate that while both asset classes have provided long-term returns exceeding average inflation, real estate has demonstrated more consistent short-term inflation hedging properties. The BSE Sensex showed higher volatility and a slight negative correlation with inflation, aligning with previous studies on the Indian market. In contrast, Mumbai's real estate market exhibited a moderate positive correlation with inflation and more frequent outperformance of inflation rates. The paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a focused analysis of Mumbai's market and offering insights into the comparative inflation hedging effectiveness of stocks and real estate in an emerging market context. These findings have implications for investors seeking to protect their portfolios against inflation in India's dynamic economic environment..

El constante cambio de los mercados globales y las demandas de los grupos de interés han posicionado la integración de la responsabilidad social como un elemento fundamental en la contabilidad moderna. Esta investigación examina los mecanismos de incorporación de la responsabilidad social empresarial en los procesos contables y evalúa su impacto en la transformación de los sistemas de información financiera. Este estudio emplea una metodología de enfoque mixto (cualitativo-cuantitativo), utilizando un cuestionario validado aplicado a 33 profesionales contables del municipio de Escárcega, Campeche. El análisis de datos integra técnicas estadísticas (Rho de Spearman, α de Cronbach) con métodos cualitativos de interpretación. Los resultados demuestran una correlación positiva y significativa (ρ = 0.607, p < .001) entre la integración contable de la RSE y el desempeño organizacional positivo, evidenciando mejoras sustanciales en la calidad de la información financiera, la elaboración de reportes corporativos integrales y una toma de decisiones más estratégica. No obstante, el estudio identifica desafíos significativos  en la armonización normativa y la disponibilidad de personal capacitado. Se concluye que la integración efectiva de la responsabilidad social en los sistemas contables requiere  actualizaciones regulatorias y el desarrollo de competencias profesionales especializadas, constituyéndose en un factor clave para la gestión empresarial contemporánea.



The constant change in global markets and stakeholder demands has positioned the integration of social responsibility as a fundamental element in modern  accounting. This  research examines the mechanisms for incorporating Corporate Social Responsibility into accounting processes and evaluates its impact on the transformation of financial information systems. The study employs a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative), using a validated questionnaire administered to 33 accounting professionals in the municipality of Escárcega, Campeche. Data analysis integrates statistical techniques (Spearman's Rho, Cronbach's α) with qualitative interpretation methods. The results demonstrate a positive and significant correlation (ρ = 0.607, p < .001) between the accounting integration of CSR and positive organizational performance, showing substantial improvements in the quality of financial information, the preparation of comprehensive corporate reports, and more strategic decision-making. However, the study identifies significant challenges in regulatory harmonization and the availability of trained personnel. It is concluded that the effective integration of social responsibility into accounting systems requires both regulatory updates and the development of specialized professional competencies, establishing itself as a key factor for contemporary business management.

This study explores the influence of 'digital transformation 'on organizational performance across sectors such as retail, finance, healthcare, and manufacturing. A sample of 300 respondents, including senior managers, employees, and customers from organizations undergoing digital transformation, was surveyed using a Likert scale-based questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS to perform descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and multiple regression. The findings show that 'digital transformation 'has a significant positive effect on 'KPIs' key performance indicators like customer satisfaction, revenue growth, and operational efficiency. This study exposes that, important factor for successful digital transformation is employee readiness. Other hand organizational culture and leadership commitment had not as much of impact on digital transformation. It gives valuable insights for business house wanting to optimize their competitiveness and best performance in this globalization era.

The economic liberalization reforms of 1991 marked a pivotal moment in India's financial history, transforming its stock market and integrating it into the global financial system. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Indian stock market's evolution from 1980 to 2024, emphasizing key performance metrics such as market capitalization, liquidity, and volatility. Through a dual-method approach, integrating empirical and contextual analyses, the study investigates macroeconomic variables-GDP growth, inflation, and exchange rate fluctuations-and their impact on stock market performance. Hypotheses are tested using quantitative techniques, including Vector Error Correction Models (VECM) and Granger causality tests, complemented by qualitative analyses of regulatory reforms, financial inclusion, and comparative insights with other emerging markets. The findings reveal the critical role of regulatory institutions like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in enhancing market efficiency and investor confidence. They also highlight the dual impact of inflation, the influence of exchange rate volatility on foreign portfolio investments (FPIs), and the persistent regional disparities in market participation. Comparative analysis with Brazil, China, and Russia underscores India's unique liberalization trajectory, shaped by its democratic framework and gradualist approach. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers, including the need to address financial inclusion, strengthen regulatory compliance, and ensure resilience to global economic shocks. By integrating empirical evidence with contextual depth, this paper contributes to the discourse on emerging market financial liberalization and its implications for sustainable growth.

This study examines the role of income diversification strategies in the Indian banking sector with special focus on insurance cross-selling practices under the bancassurance model. The research analyses the relationship between insurance distribution through banks and growth in non-interest income. Primary data were collected from 200 respondents across four districts of Andhra Pradesh. Statistical tools including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used. The results reveal a strong positive association between insurance cross-selling activities and non-interest income generation. The study further evaluates the role of regulatory guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) in strengthening customer protection and preventing mis-selling practices.

Practitioners and researchers have turned their attention toward collaborative arrangements and new Collaborative Project Delivery Models (CPDMs). In this paper we present findings from a study focusing on the impact of a project alliance on project performance, as an example of a CPDM compared to traditional project practice. Findings are based on a case study where empirical data has been collected by carrying out semi-structured interviews with thirteen professionals within the Norwegian oil and gas industry. A main finding is that a project alliance contributes to better project performance by promoting a better working relationship between the partners compared to traditional projects. This result is achieved through closer cooperation, shorter decision paths, transparent partners, and an overall alliance culture tailored around collaboration. It is challenging to discover areas where the investigated project alliance has not been performing as expected, or has performed worse than traditional projects. Findings also show some barriers related to the co-location and the interfaces between the companies, the project alliance, and the partner organizations. Conclusions drawn should be of interest to both researchers and practitioners contemplating to shift from a traditional project practice to a more collaborative one.

Cite as: Nevstad, K., Karlsen, A. S. T., Aarseth, W. K., & Andersen, B. (2022). How a project alliance influences project performance compared to traditional project practice–Findings from a case study in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. The Journal of Modern Project Management, 9(3).

The Ukrainian crisis, which was exacerbated by Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022, is a multidimensional phenomenon with historical, geopolitical, and security roots. The main question of this research is as follows: What is the position of the EU and the US on sanctions against Russia within the framework of the variables shaping and perpetuating the Ukrainian crisis, and what scenarios can be drawn for the future? To answer this question, the present study is not a hypothesis test, but rather seeks to discover the variables and drivers that affect the European Union and the United States sanctions against Russia in the Ukrainian crisis. This study, using the futures research method and structural analysis with the MiKMac software, examines the place of Western sanctions against Russia in the complex network of variables affecting this crisis. The findings show that sanctions alone are not an independent and determining variable, but rather operate in dynamic interaction with other drivers. Among the 15 key variables identified, “Russian technology spin-off” was identified as the main influential variable, and “Russian financial flexibility” as the key moderating variable. Also, “China’s reaction to secondary sanctions” is a two-way variable with high potential to create breaking points in the system. Based on these two pivotal variables, four possible scenarios were drawn: “perfect storm”, “strategic deadlock”, “new bipolar world”, and “collapse and chaos”. The conclusion shows that the effectiveness of sanctions is highly dependent on their interaction with internal (such as the resilience of the Russian economy) and external (such as China’s position) factors and cannot be analyzed in isolation.

Relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), previously based on closeness and friendship, have significantly strengthened since 2020 and reached the level of strategic cooperation. This cooperation now encompasses political, economic, and security dimensions and is of strategic importance to both countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the developments that led to this leap and the opportunities it has created for deepening relations between the two countries. Using a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study examines the process of improving relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the UAE after 2020. The findings show that regional developments in West Asia and the South Caucasus have paved the way for upgrading relations to a strategic partnership. This process was facilitated by creating new platforms for cooperation, overcoming political and geopolitical obstacles, and creating opportunities in the areas of energy, trade, and security. This trend shows a promising prospect for further enhancing bilateral cooperation in the future.

En un mundo cada vez más cambiante, las organizaciones e instituciones requieren de un proceso de evaluación constante que les permita adaptarse y ajustarse a los requerimientos de la sociedad para mantenerse vigentes. Resulta entonces indispensable el establecimiento de alianzas entre la Universidad y el Sector Productivo como una forma de contribuir al intercambio de conocimientos, experiencias y tecnología, en la búsqueda del establecimiento, fortalecimiento y afianzamiento de relaciones de intercambio y reciprocidad para producir acuerdos que mejoren las condiciones y la calidad de vida de los habitantes. En este sentido, el propósito de esta investigación consiste en generar una propuesta de Modelo Teórico basado en el Ecodesarrollo que promueva alianzas estratégicas entre

The GCC states and Turkey have recently experienced economic growth and played influential regional roles. In tandem, their relationships grew significantly, and Turkey was considered for a while a ‘strategic partner’. Some regional disorders and the expansion of Iran’s influence gave momentum to their relationships. However, two competing regional parties have appeared: Turkey and Qatar versus Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain. Their differences are based mainly on some dynamics of the Arab Spring, mainly over Egypt, the political Islam movements, Libya, and even reached the Horn of Africa. The book seeks to comprehend these complicated relations through the lens of the balance of threat theory and provides an up-to-date analysis on important shifts in Middle East politics. It concludes that their mutual perception of potential interdependence to counter common threats did not reach its ends, and that the ‘Iran factor’ as a motive for alliance was temporary. Additionally, ideology plays a key role in re-alignment but does not operate in isolation from geopolitical rivalry. It seems that their competing agendas are often at the expense of their own interests. The book proposes some ideas that can be considered to make convergence possible again.

This book argues that contemporary Turkish foreign policy is grounded in strengthening relations with major powers in both the West and the East through a framework of flexible alliances. Such alliances are designed to avoid dependence on a single dominant partner, to capitalize on the advantages offered by both orientations, and to balance one against the other in periods of tension. Nevertheless, Turkey faces a structural dilemma in constructing these alliances, as they cannot be relied upon unconditionally and often entail elements of competition and political divergence. Accordingly, Ankara has sought to develop a third trajectory to advance the national interest, namely the enhancement of autonomy through strategic self-sufficiency in both economic and defense spheres, alongside the adoption of a more assertive policy posture. While the book provides a detailed account of contemporary foreign policy orientations, their trajectories, and their alliance patterns, and examines the domestic and external developments between 2010 and 2021 that have shaped them, it also explores the extent to which these patterns are rooted in earlier policies dating back to the War of Independence and the founding of the Republic. Foreign policy issues are thus embedded in a prevailing current and a shared national perception of Turkey’s status, although their realization ultimately depends on governmental approach, effectiveness, and conduct.
The first phase of Turkish foreign policy following the establishment of the Republic in 1923 was characterized by two guiding principles: regional isolation and international neutrality. In the pursuit of building a modern nation-state, Turkey sought to distance itself regionally from its Ottoman and Islamic legacy in neighboring regions. At the international level, it adopted a policy of neutrality amid great power competition, maintaining balanced relations with both Russia and the Western states. This approach reflected, on the one hand, its cordial relations with Bolshevik Russia, which had provided military assistance during the War of Independence (1919–1922) against Western powers that occupied extensive parts of Anatolia and Istanbul. On the other hand, these same Western states, following the establishment of the Republic, were regarded as a potential counterweight to any Soviet ambitions over Turkish territory and its strategic straits.
With the intensification of international polarization during the Cold War (1946–1991), Turkish foreign policy shifted toward alignment with the Western bloc in opposition to Soviet influence and communist ideology. However, Turkey continued to pursue independent policies whenever its national security and interests were directly at stake. A notable example was Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit’s decision to intervene militarily in northern Cyprus in 1974, which resulted in the first major crisis with the West since independence. This independent stance led to the imposition of a U.S. arms embargo at a time when Turkey was heavily dependent on American military supplies. The episode left a lasting negative imprint and later became a key driver of policies emphasizing self-reliance, autonomy, and the diversification of partners and alliances.
After decades of regional disengagement, Turkey began to assume a more active regional role, seeking engagement with regions that shared historical, cultural, and economic linkages. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the disintegration of Yugoslavia opened new geopolitical spaces in which President Turgut Özal sought to position Turkey as a leading actor. These included the Turkic world, or the newly independent Muslim republics in Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Black Sea basin, the Balkans, and, more broadly, the Middle East and Europe. Although Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan (1996–1997) attempted to pursue a more active foreign policy through strengthening ties with the Islamic world, his efforts were curtailed following his forced resignation and the banning of his Welfare Party. Amid deteriorating political, security, and economic conditions, a new domestic variable emerged with the establishment of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its ascent to power in 2002.
Over the past two decades, AKP rule has had far-reaching implications for both domestic and foreign policy. In its first decade, it introduced a set of new principles, including balancing security and democracy, the “zero problems” policy, and a multidirectional approach to international relations. The latter reflected the importance the party attached to maintaining relations with both East and West, while seeking to balance its traditional alignment with the West. This orientation also mirrored the internal diversity of the AKP coalition, which brought together Islamist reformists, liberals, secular actors, technocrats, and business elites, each with distinct foreign policy preferences.
A range of domestic and external developments between 2010 and 2020 had a profound impact on the evolution of Turkey’s foreign policy orientations, its flexible alliances, and its increasing reliance on power alongside diplomacy. These included escalating tensions with Israel following the Gaza war and the Mavi Marmara incident, strained relations with the European Union and the United States, internal political transformations, the failed coup attempt of 15 July 2016, and the repercussions of the Arab uprisings, particularly in neighboring Syria. Taken together, these developments contributed to a gradual shift toward a more assertive and security-oriented foreign policy.
Institutional changes also played a significant role. Following the adoption of the presidential system in 2017, foreign policy decision-making became increasingly centralized within the presidency, thereby enhancing the role of leadership characteristics and what may be termed “personal diplomacy.” At the same time, civil–military relations were reconfigured, further shaping Turkey’s external posture, particularly in military and security domains.
As a result of these cumulative transformations, new features of Turkish foreign policy have emerged since 2016, including a stronger emphasis on autonomy, a preference for flexible alliances, and a greater reliance on the use of power in pursuing national objectives. The quest for autonomy—rooted in historical experiences of occupation, partition, and dependency—has been reinforced through efforts to achieve strategic self-sufficiency, particularly in the defense sector, where domestic production reached approximately 90 percent by 2019.
At the same time, Turkey has pursued a dual orientation: maintaining its Western alliances—most notably through NATO and its economic partnership with the European Union—while expanding its relations with Russia, China, and Iran. These relationships serve to diversify Turkey’s strategic options, even as they are constrained by geopolitical tensions and structural limitations.
Finally, Turkish foreign policy has increasingly incorporated the use of power through the establishment of overseas military bases, direct interventions, and maritime strategies, particularly in Syria, Libya, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Caucasus. These practices reflect a broader strategic shift toward proactive regional engagement and an effort to position Turkey as a more assertive and autonomous actor within a rapidly evolving international order.

The Strait of Hormuz isn't shutting down. It's being controlled. And that shift should worry the world far more than a full blockade ever could. For weeks, the global focus has been predictable-threats, escalation, the fear that oil could suddenly stop flowing. But while everyone was watching for chaos, something quieter was unfolding. Iran wasn't preparing to shut the Strait of Hormuz. It was preparing to manage it. That's a very different kind of power. A proposal now suggests that ships could move safely through the Omani side of the strait-free from attack-under a structured arrangement. It sounds like de-escalation. Almost reassuring.

As the global security architecture faces unprecedented strain from revisionist powers, Japan and Poland have emerged as the indispensable frontline anchors of the United States’ alliance networks in the Indo-Pacific and Europe, respectively. Both nations share a profound geopolitical symmetry. They are geographically proximate to revanchist authoritarian neighbors, China for Japan, and Russia for Poland and both rely fundamentally on the U.S. security umbrella to deter regional hegemony. This policy brief examines the geopolitical similarities between Japan and Poland through the dual lenses of hard security and economic security. It outlines their shared strategic concerns, current and potential areas of bilateral cooperation, and the institutional frameworks that can facilitate this alignment. The brief concludes with two concrete policy recommendations to deepen Japan-Poland cooperation in both hard and economic security domains, ensuring the resilience of the democratic international order.

Dado el carácter relacional de las Organizaciones del Tercer sector (OTS), los públicos son una pieza fundamental, ya que se requiere su apoyo y comprensión para la consecución de los objetivos. El principal reto al que se enfrentan las fundaciones educativas es el de la gestión de su reputación y su RSO con sus públicos de interés, dado que son ellos quienes evalúan y legitiman sus acciones. Por tanto, la comunicación corporativa es primordial en este tipo de organizaciones para atraer el apoyo de los públicos y sumar más voluntarios, obtener un incremento en sus donativos, aumentar significativamente el número de beneficiarios, fortalecer su capital social e incrementar el impacto social de sus acciones.

Recent survey experiments have found that the public in NATO member states is more supportive of intervening militarily on behalf of formal allies than non-allies. However, we lack empirical evidence on whether this effect of alliance treaties generalizes to non-NATO and non-Western countries. To fill this gap, we conducted a preregistered cross-national survey experiment on population samples (N = 7200) in two Western NATO countries (the United States and the United Kingdom) and four non-Western regional powers (Russia, China, India, and Brazil). The results of our experiment show that while allied commitments increase public support for military interventions globally, their effect is comparatively weaker in non-Western, non-NATO countries. Our findings contribute to the scholarly debates on the microfoundations of collective defense and the generalizability of IR experiments beyond the Western context.

El propósito de este trabajo fue explorar los factores de desempeño en las empresas integradoras mexicanas (una forma de alianza estratégica), aplicando un modelo teórico integral derivado de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura del periodo 1985-2010. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el desempeño de las alianzas está en función de dos actores: el socio y la alianza, y que cada uno de ellos tiene sus propios factores determinantes. The purpose of this work was to explore the performance factors at Mexican integrative companies (a form of strategic alliance), by applying a comprehensive theoretical model derived from a thorough review of literature published from 1985 to 2010. The results obtained show that the performance of alliances depends on two actors, namely, the partner and the alliance, each of which has its own determining factors. O objetivo desse estudo foi o de explorar os fatores de desempenho das empresas integradoras mexicanas (uma forma de aliança estratégica...

Competição ou cooperação? A crescente competitividade do mundo dos negócios aumenta a importância do posicionamento estratégico nas organizações. Nesse contexto, a Teoria do Jogos é uma ferramenta útil para a Administração Estratégica, na medida em que fornece um instrumental analítico capaz de nortear as organizações sobre as possíveis reações dos concorrentes aos seus movimentos e como proceder diante de tais reações. Contudo, o seu uso ainda permanece muito restrito. Este artigo faz uma revisão dos princípios básicos da Teoria dos Jogos e procura investigar os motivos pelos quais essa poderosa ferramenta vem sendo ignorada pela maioria dos pesquisadores ligados à Administração Estratégica. A identificação das possíveis contribuições e limitações da aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos na Estratégia de Negócios também é motivo de investigação.

Competição ou cooperação? A crescente competitividade do mundo dos negócios aumenta a importância do posicionamento estratégico nas organizações. Nesse contexto, a Teoria do Jogos é uma ferramenta útil para a Administração Estratégica, na medida em que fornece um instrumental analítico capaz de nortear as organizações sobre as possíveis reações dos concorrentes aos seus movimentos e como proceder diante de tais reações. Contudo, o seu uso ainda permanece muito restrito. Este artigo faz uma revisão dos princípios básicos da Teoria dos Jogos e procura investigar os motivos pelos quais essa poderosa ferramenta vem sendo ignorada pela maioria dos pesquisadores ligados à Administração Estratégica. A identificação das possíveis contribuições e limitações da aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos na Estratégia de Negócios também é motivo de investigação.

Με τη βιβλική αρχαιολογία στο πλαίσιο μιας εκτεταμένης πολιτικής προπαγάνδας, η νίκη του Δαβίδ συμβόλιζε τους πολέμους του Ισραήλ εναντίον των Αράβων νομιμοποιώντας τον εποικισμό της σύγχρονης εποχής. Μετά την Πρώτη Ιντιφάντα το 1987 που συγκλόνισε τον κόσμο, επιστήμονες αμφισβητούν τα ιερά κείμενα στην ανασύνθεση της ιστορίας του πρώιμου Ισραήλ. Εξάλλου η βιβλική γενεαλογία ελάχιστα πλέον αφορά την αρχαιολογία. Αποτελεί μόνο στρατευμένη μελέτη για την ασυγκάλυπτη ατζέντα του Μεγάλου Ισραήλ που στρώνει τον δρόμο προς την κόλαση του Άλλου.

Desde la perspectiva teórica de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, el modelo de compromiso social y desarrollo sustentable practicado por Empresas Polar, puede interpretarse a la luz de diversos enfoques conceptuales relacionados con la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial. En este estudio de caso sobre el análisis de dicho modelo puede observarse, cómo una empresa seriamente comprometida en verdad con estos principios, logra articular su responsabilidad como empresa frente al resto de la sociedad, integrando ésta dentro de su propia agenda estratégica corporativa.

This working paper examines the United States (U.S.) Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) designation as a normative global security framework. MNNA status provides access to U.S. military assistance and surplus defence technologies and arms. However, it lacks the defence guarantees of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and therefore functions as an intermediate, incentive-based arrangement situated between formal alliances and more flexible partnerships Despite its rapid expansion between 2001 and 2025 to 22 designated states and its growing global reach, MNNA remains strikingly under-researched both empirically and theoretically, with little systematic analysis of its strategic and normative implications. This working paper offers the first in-depth historical and analytical study of the MNNA designation, establishing it as a foundation for ongoing scholarly investigation. It asks: how does MNNA status enable the U.S. and designated countries to balance their normative expectations in security cooperation, alliance formation, strategic restraint, and broader regional commitments amid growing systemic fragmentation in international politics? The main empirical section analyses the global and regional distribution of MNNA status, focusing on South America, the Middle East and the Levant, Africa, the Gulf region, and the Indo-Pacific. This overview maps the different uses of the MNNA designation across regions and the distribution of the varying needs of both the United States and the designated countries. The regional analysis reveals that the MNNA designation is applied unevenly across global security environments and tailored to specific regional normative and strategic contexts. Rather than serving a single fixed function, MNNA encompasses multiple security roles, with different dimensions emphasised across different regions.

El texto examina la emergencia de los Grupos de Apoyo Mutuo (GAM) en A Coruña durante el confinamiento de marzo de 2020, concebidos como una red vecinal que, mediante infraestructuras digitales, desborda el lugar pasivo asignado por el Estado y traduce la COVID-19 en una cuestión de cuidados. A partir de una etnografía digital (entrevistas telemáticas, seguimiento de chats y asistencia a jornadas) y del diálogo con la teoría feminista de los cuidados, argumenta que los GAM producen un “agarre” colectivo que evita la disyuntiva entre obediencia y crítica impotente,y reconfigura lo sensible en torno a la vulnerabilidad. Subraya la centralidad de las mujeres, la desigualdad barrial y la capacidad de estas prácticas para sostener cuerpos y ciudad ante el colapso institucional. Finalmente, propone entender esta coalición mestiza como una alianza “incomún”: un común divergente que articula una política afectiva de la vida sin borrar diferencias, en plena incertidumbre

This article explores the consequences of institutionalization for subsequent cycles of mobilization through the case of Feminist Health Centers in Italy. It examines how the new feminist wave that emerged in the 2010s engages with the process of institutionalization that led to the creation of Public Family Health Centers during the 1970s. While previous studies have examined the immediate impact of institutionalization on the actors directly involved in it, little attention has been paid to its influence on successive cycles of mobilization. Addressing this gap, the study argues that institutionalization constitutes an ambivalent legacy that both enables and constrains subsequent activism. On the one hand, it provides organizational continuity and serves a powerful symbol of past victories in the movement's collective memory. On the other, it represents a controversial legacy for new generations seeking radical organizing. The study contends that the impact of institutionalization varies according to the meanings attributed to it by earlier cycles. When institutionalization is framed as a successful achievement, it may strengthen subsequent activism by enhancing legitimacy yet simultaneously act as a burden that complicates a return to grassroots practices. Conversely, when perceived as cooptation, its weaker symbolic resonance facilitates new generations' ability to contest it and return to grassroots organizing. The article also introduces the concept of "institutionalization of repertoires" as the process by which the State or other actors adopt a repertoire developed by social movements without incorporating movement actors themselves. Drawing on 40 interviews, archival research and document analysis, the study advances the study of social movements by exploring this distinctive type of institutionalization and its consequences for new cycles of mobilization.

Agonising about Australia's place in the scheme of things has been the principal pastime of policymakers since our notional independence. As Michael Wesley argues persuasively in Blind Spot: Southeast Asia and Australia's Future, our "government and society suffer from a form of strategic long sightedness". We reflexively identify with faraway members of the Anglosphere, such as the United States and the United Kingdom. But even more consequentially, we outsource responsibility for our foreign and security policy to one great and powerful friend or another. This means, Wesley argues, that "our leaders seem to believe that whatever the challenge, the solution was investing ever more heavily in the alliance with the United States".

Jest to fragment książki na temat kryzysu Ligi Narodów, która ma obejmować lata 1929-1939/ 46. Problem bezpieczeństwa Europy i świata był najważniejszym celem powstania i funkcjonowania Ligi, dlatego też sprawy rozbrojenia z natury rzeczy musiały odgrywać bardzo ważną rolę. Prezentowany tekst jest - z punktu widzenia całości książki - nazbyt obszerny. w trakcie kolejnej redakcji usunięte zostaną powtórzenia i dłużyzny, które pojawiają się także z powodu skomplikowanej materii mieszczącej się w szerokim pojęciu rozbrojenie (de facto mówimy o redukcji i ograniczeniu zbrojeń). Do zastanowienia pozostaje rozstrzygnięcie zmniejszenia tego tekstu i jaka jego część znajdzie się w książce, która nosi roboczy tytuł Liga Narodów w latach kryzysu. Będę wdzięczny za każdą uwagę [email protected] treści: Wprowadzenie i reguły gry; 1. Przygotowania s. 8; 2 . Otwarcie Konferencji s. 39; 3. Próby ratowania KR przez mocarstwa, s. 49; 4. Deklaracja z 11 grudnia 1932 roku, s. 59; 5. 1933 – rok prze...

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to broaden the external validity of the “brand alliance” theory, as it is set up by Simonin and Ruth, by analysing transnational brand alliances. It aims to discuss the significance of country of origin in this context.Design/methodology/approachBased on a broad literature review of the brand alliance and country of origin literature the authors conducted an empirical study that examined consumer attitudes towards cross‐national brand alliances.FindingsThe findings demonstrate the role that the relationship between country of origin fit and brand fit plays in predicting consumer attitude towards cross‐border brand alliances; and that when brand familiarity decreases, the positive influence of country of origin fit on attitudes towards the brand alliance increases, and is greater than that of brand fit.Research limitations/implicationsThe degree of importance that consumers place on each product in the brand alliance was not taken into account. Fut...

Supply chains (SCs) are increasingly challenged to deliver greater value with fewer resources while minimising environmental impact. Postponement strategies have emerged as a potential solution to strike this balance, yet their impact on environmental sustainability beyond economic considerations remains under-examined. Recognising this gap, this study reports on a systematic literature review that employs a design-oriented approach combined with the Contexts, Interventions, Mechanisms, and Outcomes (CIMO) logic to deepen the understanding of the effects of postponement strategies on environmental and economic sustainability. The study elaborates on the extant literature to offer a nuanced conceptualisation of postponement and capture its recent evolution, extending its scope beyond deferring value-adding activities that increase uncertainty to also include the activities' geographical location and acknowledge the involvement of different SC partners. This further enabled the precise characterisation of contemporary postponement applications, leading to the development of propositions that suggest under which conditions postponement strategies may enhance or harm both the environmental and economic performances of SCs. Finally, building on the identified findings and propositions, a future research agenda is provided to encourage further advancements in postponement and contribute to more sustainable SCs.

The term "Asian settler" refers to a dynamic positionality that can help us to imagine and grow worlds beyond the settler racial capitalist state. Asian settler ally "being" and "becoming" enacts simultaneously the work of bringing solidarity into being even as we can locate relationships of solidarity in the past and transformative relationalities in the here and now. As Asian settlers, we are constantly learning how to be our best and highest selves, pressing against the limits of our imaginations as we deepen our capacities to stand with Indigenous peoples, land-based communities, and the earth to flourish in abundant futures.