Structuralism (Social Theory)

In the 1960s, the formerly colonized countries of Africa became independent. These newly independent countries of Africa and countries of Asia, which became independent after World War II, came together through their leaders in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia, to form a movement that would not be aligned in the Cold War then raging between the First World, the industrialized, capitalist, and democratic countries of the West, and the Second World, the Communist countries. Later joined by the countries of Latin America, independent since the 19 th century, the term "Third World" would be applied to them. It was first used by the French economist and demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952, who saw Third World (Tiers Monde) as a modern parallel to the Third Estate (Etat) of the French Revolution, the class of commoners after the aristocracy and the clergy.

Consumer and business confidence indices play a crucial structural role in modern macrofinancial policymaking across OECD economies. By capturing expectations, perceptions, and forward-looking behavior of households and firms, these indices inform financial policy decisions related to monetary stance, credit conditions, and financial stability. This article explores how confidence indicators function structurally within OECD economies and how they influence, and are influenced by, financial policy decisions.

Demokrasi sering dipahami sebagai arena perebutan kekuasaan, ruang kontestasi kepentingan, atau panggung wacana politik. Pemahaman ini tidak sepenuhnya keliru, tetapi tidak cukup. Demokrasi, terutama Demokrasi Pancasila, pada hakikatnya adalah sistem kerja kolektif-sebuah mekanisme sosial besar yang dirancang untuk mengelola keberagaman, mendistribusikan peran, dan menggerakkan pembangunan secara berkelanjutan. Dalam perspektif ini, demokrasi lebih tepat dipahami sebagai mesin sosial. Ia memiliki komponen, fungsi, ritme, dan batas toleransi. Ketika satu komponen bekerja berlebihan sementara yang lain ditekan atau diabaikan, mesin tetap bergerak, tetapi tidak optimal-bahkan berpotensi rusak. Bengkel Ide Rakyat (BIR) memandang bahwa banyak persoalan demokrasi hari ini bukan disebabkan oleh niat buruk, melainkan oleh ketimpangan fungsi antar komponen sistem sosial. Pancasila sebagai Prinsip Rekayasa Sosial Pancasila bukan sekadar simbol ideologis atau dokumen historis. Ia adalah rancangan nilai yang membimbing cara kerja sistem sosial Indonesia. Setiap sila mengandung prinsip rekayasa sosial yang menjaga keseimbangan mesin demokrasi. Ketuhanan menanamkan batas etis agar kekuasaan dan modal tidak kehilangan arah moral. Kemanusiaan memastikan bahwa manusia tidak direduksi menjadi angka atau alat produksi. Persatuan menjaga agar perbedaan tidak berubah menjadi friksi destruktif. Musyawarah mengatur cara pengambilan keputusan agar tidak didominasi satu suara. Keadilan sosial menjadi indikator akhir apakah mesin bekerja untuk semua, bukan sebagian. Dalam kerangka ini, Pancasila tidak memerintah; ia mengatur keseimbangan.

This article attempts to present a series of definitions and theories dealing with social change and that have emerged in the sociological field. Thus, the first part deals with the definition of social change being an ever-present phenomenon in any society, whereas the second part deals with a number of theories that explain social change: First, the structuralfunctional theory that believes in the linked social systems completing each other and that a change occurring in one institution will make changes occur in other institutions. Second, the Conflict theory that admits the constant struggle for resources which represents according to theorists a fundamental condition for change.

Latin American contributions to development theory have given the field of development studies a more critical edge. These contributions relate not only to the vibrant debates on the development question but also to the activism of the social movements and a history of experimentation with diverse forms and models of development. This article traces out that history, with a focus on scholarship in the neoliberal era. The key ideas and theories range from a recovery of indigenous values of social solidarity and harmony with nature to envisioning new communal systems of production and consumption and ways to protect the global commons.

This interview arose from the topics discussed during two seminars delivered to postgraduate students at the Department of Communication and Social Research at Sapienza-University of Rome (October/November 2022). Two main topics are constantly (although diversely) discussed in the following pages: the sociological analysis of social structures and the particular structures that inform the field of sociology – their preponderance in this interview justifies the somehow Debordian title we have chosen.

ECLAC aims to provide and facilitate alternative forums for thought and critical thinking in which Latin American academics, economists, politicians and intellectuals can discuss the underpinnings and progress of neostructuralism, heterodox economic currents in Latin America and the Caribbean, and implications for the design, formulation and evaluation of public policies. One of our most cherished aspirations is to share theoretical and conceptual advances in neostructuralism with new generations of economists and political and social scientists, in the hope that they in turn will enrich Latin American development thinking.

This paper aims to analyze the emergence of Latin America Pink Tide and others, especially in political-economic paradigm (liberalism, neoliberalism and post-neoliberalism). Firstly, this paper describes an international political economy development generally and theoretically. Secondly, it describes political economy conditions in Latin America. Thirdly, it analyzes neoliberalism context that affects the development process in Latin America countries. Fourthly, it analyzes neoliberal development model, which is adopted in the context of Latin America. Fifthly, author is trying to address alternatives of neoliberalism development model that was conceived and adopted by the countries in Latin America, associate with pink tide phenomenon that recently emerging up in most countries in Latin America. Keywords: Alternative model, Development, International Political Economy, Latin America, Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Post-neoliberalism and Pink Tide.

This paper aims to analyze the emergence of Latin America Pink Tide and others, especially in political-economic paradigm (liberalism, neoliberalism and post-neoliberalism). Firstly, this paper describes an international political economy development generally and theoretically. Secondly, it describes political economy conditions in Latin America. Thirdly, it analyzes neoliberalism context that affects the development process in Latin America countries. Fourthly, it analyzes neoliberal development model, which is adopted in the context of Latin America. Fifthly, author is trying to address alternatives of neoliberalism development model that was conceived and adopted by the countries in Latin America, associate with pink tide phenomenon that recently emerging up in most countries in Latin America. Keywords: Alternative model, Development, International Political Economy, Latin America, Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Post-neoliberalism and Pink Tide.

The Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean prepares the CEPAL Review. The views expressed in the signed articles, including the contributions of Secretariat staff members, are the personal opinion of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. LC/G.1570-P August 1989 Notes and explanation of symbols The following symbols are used in tables in the Review: Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. A dash (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. A blank space in a table means that the item in question is not applicable. A minus sign (-) indicates a deficit or decrease, unless otherwise specified. A point (.) is used to indicate decimals. A slash (/) indicates a crop year or fiscal year, e.g., 1970/1971. Use of a hyphen (-) between years, e.g., 1971-1973, indicates reference to the complete number of calendar years involved, including the beginning and end years. Reference to "tons" mean metric tons, and to "dollars", United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Unless otherwise stated, references to annual rates of growth or variation signify compound annual rates. Individual figures and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to corresponding totals, because of rounding.

The Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean prepares the CEPAL Review. The views expressed in the signed articles, including the contributions of Secretariat staff members, are the personal opinion of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Notes and explanation of symbols The following symbols are used in tables in the Review; Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. A dash (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. A blank space in a table means that the item in question is not applicable. A minus sign (-) indicates a deficit or decrease, unless otherwise specified. A point (.) is used to indicate decimals. A slash (/) indicates a crop year or fiscal year, e.g., 1970/1971. Use of a hyphen (-) between years, e.g., 1971-1973, indicates reference to the complete number of calendar years involved, including the beginning and end years. Reference to "tons" mean metric tons, and to "dollars", United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Unless otherwise stated, references to annual rates of growth or variation signify compound annual rates. Individual figures and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to corresponding totals, because of rounding.

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During the last decade a series of essays by prominent development theorists were published in which it was argued that development theory was in crisis. In my view the First World bias of development theory has contributed to its shortcomings. This bias is evidenced by the failure of development theory seriously to examine and incorporate into its mainstream the theories emanating from the Third World. In this paper I deal with the Latin American contribution to development theory. While development theorists have given some attention to dependency studies and structuralism, far too little appreciation has been given to the writings on marginality and internal colonialism. However, the significance of the structuralist school for development thinking and practice has yet to be fully acknowledged. Furthermore, dependency theory has been much distorted and key dependency writers have been completely ignored, especially in the Anglo-Saxon world. The following themes of the multi-stranded Latin American development school are examined: the debate on reform or revolution, the structuralist or centreperiphery paradigm, the analyses on internal colonialism and marginality, and the dependency studies. Wherever relevant the key differing positions within the Latin American school are presented. I then proceed to examine the shortcomings as well as the contemporary relevance of these Latin American theories of development and underdevelopment.

This chapter aims to analyze the development of capitalism and its influences on institutions and organizations
from its beginnings to reach the highest stage in the processes of neoliberal economic globalization
and the New Economy version with supports of information and communication technologies. In raising
this development from a critical analysis, it examines the impacts and effects on individuals, communities
and the nation state. Subsequently it is questioned the scope of the imposed transnational neoliberal
capitalism model. Finally, it is concluded that it needs a cultural transformation for not accepting the
forms of domination, power and alignment of globalizing capitalism and to reconstruct the identity of
communities through individual action and asserting collective self-determination, independence and
self-management. To a certain extent, this analysis finds that evolution and globalization support divergence
more than convergence.

This chapter aims to analyze the development of capitalism and its influences on institutions and organizations from its beginnings to reach the highest stage in the processes of neoliberal economic globalization and the New Economy version with supports of information and communication technologies. In raising this development from a critical analysis, it examines the impacts and effects on individuals, communities and the nation state. Subsequently it is questioned the scope of the imposed transnational neoliberal capitalism model. Finally, it is concluded that it needs a cultural transformation for not accepting the forms of domination, power and alignment of globalizing capitalism and to reconstruct the identity of communities through individual action and asserting collective self-determination, independence and self-management. To a certain extent, this analysis finds that evolution and globalization support divergence more than convergence.

'Steve Fossey is Trying to make more sense in the form of an introduction, beginning, and score of a dialogic performance arranged around the reflections on his project. His following up the ‘Following pieces’ (1969) by Acconci brings us through various flâneurous drifts on the production of private and public spaces and places to a rather unpretentious confession, a handing over of the sense-making to you... the reader' (Greil, 2012).

This chapter aims to analyze the development of capitalism and its influences on institutions and organizations
from its beginnings to reach the highest stage in the processes of neoliberal economic globalization
and the New Economy version with supports of information and communication technologies. In raising
this development from a critical analysis, it examines the impacts and effects on individuals, communities
and the nation state. Subsequently it is questioned the scope of the imposed transnational neoliberal
capitalism model. Finally, it is concluded that it needs a cultural transformation for not accepting the
forms of domination, power and alignment of globalizing capitalism and to reconstruct the identity of
communities through individual action and asserting collective self-determination, independence and
self-management. To a certain extent, this analysis finds that evolution and globalization support divergence
more than convergence.

Resumen: En esta investigación se abordan las vivencias de un grupo de personas que optaron por la parentalidad adoptiva, tras no poder concebir un hijo de forma biológica, por lo que deciden iniciar el proceso de adopción en Chile. Este trabajo adquiere relevancia pues aborda un área de estudio donde se requiere mayor profundidad de análisis y conocimientos: identifi car las necesidades de los padres adoptivos, expectativas, sentimientos, y evaluación de lo vivido en torno al proceso de adopción. Se abordó desde el paradigma fenomenológico pues permite conocer las vivencias de las personas a través de los fenómenos que se producen en la interacción entre investigador/investigado (Lyotard, 1960). De esta forma al entrevistar las personas que lograron fi nalizar su proceso de adopción, se pudo concluir que los padres al inicio del proceso poseen sentimientos positivos asociados a la posibilidad de poder tener un hijo. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzan en las distintas etapas del proceso, la emocionalidad se torna negativa producto de la extensa espera que deben afrontar, reconociendo la rabia, la frustración, la tristeza, como los más recurrentes. Finalmente, una vez que el menor es recibido por su nueva familia los sentimientos que afl oran se asocian con el amor, la alegría y el compromiso que les genera el hecho de ejercer la deseada parentalidad. Palabras Clave: Familia adoptiva; parentalidad; proceso de adopción; tiempo de espera Abstract: This research discusses the experiences of a group of people who decided for adoptive parenthood, after failing to conceive a child biologically. Hence they decided to start the adoption process in Chile. This work becomes relevant as it deals with a study fi eld in which greater depth of analysis and expertise are required: identifying the needs of adoptive parents, expectations, feelings, and assessment of what is lived during the process of adoption. It was addressed from the phenomenological paradigm since it allows knowing the experiences of people through the phenomena that arise in the interaction between researcher/researched (Lyotard, 1960). Thus when interviewing people who successfully completed their adoption process, it was concluded that parents in the early phase of the process had positive feelings associated with the possibility of having a child. Nevertheless, as they moved through the different stages of this process, negative emotions arose due to the extensive delay of the procedure, recognizing anger, frustration, sadness, as the most recurrent emotions. Finally, once the child was received by his new family the feelings that emerged were associated with love, joy and commitment, generated by the fulfi llment of the desired parenthood.

More than a decade of successful social resistance and a series of financial and economic crises (that started in the mid-1990s in the periphery and finished with the 2008 'credit crunch' in usa and Europe) have severely damaged the prestige of neoclassical economics and its political proposals in the global South. As a result, many critical responses to the neoliberal prescription for limited state intervention have emerged. In this competition for the hearts and minds of economists in Latin America, the neostructuralist traditionan updated version of the structuralist thought put forward by the United Nation's Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac) in the 1940s and 1950s -has emerged to the fore. Neostructuralism owes its prominence to the long term intellectual influence of eclac in the region, which is evident in the widespread current use of some of their earliest ideas such as the terms 'centre' and 'periphery' and the strong association of development with industrialisation. Furthermore, the originality and the autochthonous character of this Latin American school of economic thought have also granted them some esteem in the subcontinent and beyond.

Resumen: En esta investigación se abordan las vivencias de un grupo de personas que optaron por la parentalidad adoptiva, tras no poder concebir un hijo de forma biológica, por lo que deciden iniciar el proceso de adopción en Chile. Este trabajo adquiere relevancia pues aborda un área de estudio donde se requiere mayor profundidad de análisis y conocimientos: identifi car las necesidades de los padres adoptivos, expectativas, sentimientos, y evaluación de lo vivido en torno al proceso de adopción. Se abordó desde el paradigma fenomenológico pues permite conocer las vivencias de las personas a través de los fenómenos que se producen en la interacción entre investigador/investigado (Lyotard, 1960). De esta forma al entrevistar las personas que lograron fi nalizar su proceso de adopción, se pudo concluir que los padres al inicio del proceso poseen sentimientos positivos asociados a la posibilidad de poder tener un hijo. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzan en las distintas etapas del proceso, la emocionalidad se torna negativa producto de la extensa espera que deben afrontar, reconociendo la rabia, la frustración, la tristeza, como los más recurrentes. Finalmente, una vez que el menor es recibido por su nueva familia los sentimientos que afl oran se asocian con el amor, la alegría y el compromiso que les genera el hecho de ejercer la deseada parentalidad. Palabras Clave: Familia adoptiva; parentalidad; proceso de adopción; tiempo de espera Abstract: This research discusses the experiences of a group of people who decided for adoptive parenthood, after failing to conceive a child biologically. Hence they decided to start the adoption process in Chile. This work becomes relevant as it deals with a study fi eld in which greater depth of analysis and expertise are required: identifying the needs of adoptive parents, expectations, feelings, and assessment of what is lived during the process of adoption. It was addressed from the phenomenological paradigm since it allows knowing the experiences of people through the phenomena that arise in the interaction between researcher/researched (Lyotard, 1960). Thus when interviewing people who successfully completed their adoption process, it was concluded that parents in the early phase of the process had positive feelings associated with the possibility of having a child. Nevertheless, as they moved through the different stages of this process, negative emotions arose due to the extensive delay of the procedure, recognizing anger, frustration, sadness, as the most recurrent emotions. Finally, once the child was received by his new family the feelings that emerged were associated with love, joy and commitment, generated by the fulfi llment of the desired parenthood.

In this essay I will carry out a description of the evolution of the thinking of the ECLAC, I will depart the concept of the system center - periphery exposed in documents originating of this institution, which is the essence of structuralist perspective that dominated its reflection during the first 40 years of this institution; also in this period, and particularly since the 60's, the Dependency Theory (with its various analysis approaches) was developed within the institution and thinkers related to it. Subsequently I will analyze the appearance of what has been called neo-structuralism, emerging in the late 80's, describe the context in which it appears, its main proposals and scope. Finally, there will be a comparison of the two strands of thought of the ECLAC, based on which it is concluded that although neo-structuralism maintains conceptual and methodological elements it incorporates and synthesizes elements from different, and sometimes conflicting, perspectives of analysis. For example we can identify some of the neoliberal strategy proposals, development models of Asian countries and human development, environmental sustainability and gender concepts, raised by other agencies of the UN system.

Structuralism and dependency theory were the first significant contributions to political economy to arise from Latin America. Their enduring influence can be gauged by the casual manner in which the previous sentence uses the term 'periphery' -no explanation is required, because it seems to express an obvious feature of the contemporary world. Yet, on reflection, there is nothing simple about it: dividing the world into 'centre' and 'periphery' implies the existence of systemic and possibly insurmountable differences between rich and poor countries, which must themselves be explained, both historically and analytically. This is what these theories set out to do, initially in the context of the Latin American transition from primary export-led growth to import-substituting industrialisation (ISI). In spite of this geographically and historically specific frame of reference, the insights of structuralists and dependency theorists have been incorporated into a rich literature on development policy, and the condition of underdevelopment, spanning most of the world.

Building on Hayter et al.'s (2003) characterisation of resource peripheries in terms of four institutional dimensions, this article conceptualises four, similar 'transformations' (political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental) intended to evolve this conceptual framework. The case of Chile is analysed in order to ground the analysis, emphasising the structural aspects of its historical experience as a resource periphery. It is clear that the country's condition as a resource periphery has been central to the transformations that have taken place since the early colonial period. In order to illustrate this, the article briefly explores the links between Latin American structuralist and emerging resource periphery accounts. As such, we discuss some of the policy options that might allow the country to move beyond resource periphery status -a goal which is necessary if uneven development in Chile is to be tackled. We conclude that if even and equitable development are goals of geographical analysis then structuralistinformed political-economic work of this nature warrants renewed emphasis.

of Thinking in terms of fields requires a conversion of one's entire usual vision of the social world, a vision interested only in those things which are visible ... In fact, just as the Newtonian theory of gravitation could be developed only by breakin g away from Cartesian realism, which refused to reco gnize any mode of physical action other than impact, direct contact, in the same wày, the notion of the field presupposes that one break away from the realist representation which leads one to reduce the effect of the milieu to the effect of the direct action that takes place in any interaction. It is the structure of the relations constitutive of the space of the field which determines the forms that can be assumed by the visible relations of interaction and the very content of the experience that agents may have of them. (Bourdieu, 1982:-4l; Bourdieu 1990c: 192) This work aims to introduce the reader to Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields, to evaluate it critically and, through case studies, to test its implementation in the analysis of new objects. While the use of Bourdieu's concept of the habitus has given rise to countless discussions, the literature strangely remains more silent on the theory of fields, although it lies at the heart of his work. A series published by Editions du Seuil, started and initially edited by Bourdieu, includes a number of monographs that apply the theory of fields;r some journals have devoted whole issues to explicitly mobilizing the theory in order to study specific areas, and a growing number of works make use of it.

Since Chile's democracy was restored in 1990, the new government supported by an alliance called La Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (which was composed by four main political parties,) decided to deepen the free trade policy implemented by August Pinochet's regimen. They did the latter by mostly signing bilateral free-trade agreements (FTA) and preferential trade agreements (PTA). This international trade strategy has been called open regionalism and additive regionalism, and has been one of the most important policies that La Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia has implemented. In year 2000, a socialist named Ricardo Lagos was elected president of Chile. From the start this administration was considered to be in line with neostructuralism, a revised development theory of the old school of structuralism, which was elaborated in the Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC). In this understanding, this thesis explores the development theory of neostructuralism (as well as its predecessor structuralism) and identifies a neostructural model of development in order to determine if Chile's outward orientation in the last 15 years has actually met the normative prescriptions of this model. The key finding of this thesis is that even though the neostructural model of development holds some descriptive and normative approximations to the social phenomena of Chile's international trade strategy, the actions triggered by this strategy have not yet achieved the most relevant objectives of the neostructural model.

The issue of existence of the subject in Foucault's work has often been linked to his definitions of power. 

As early Foucault rejected subject he was unable to account for existence of resistance against power. 

Later, he wrote about antiquity, where forms of subjectivity existed, to account for human agency. 

However, Foucault did not further develop the elements of the subject in his work.

If he had it would have allowed his texts to differentiate between different powers and give a perspective to human action, which Foucault sought to do all his life.

Foucault's rejection yet frequent usage of the notion of subject is reconstructed. It is argued that it is difficult to make a practical application of Foucault's power for specific actions mainly because while many types of powers are defined they still lack the definition of human subjectivity. 




translation below:

"フーコーの「パワー」の定義はよく彼の人間主題の定義に関連して論じられます。

彼の初期作品において、彼は人間主題の概念を拒絶しました。

その結果、フーコーは「パワー」ネットワークに対して抵抗がいかにあるかを説明できませんでした。

彼の後期作品において、彼は古い時代を分析し、人間主題の概念を論じました。

しかし彼は主題の概念を発達させませんでした。

「パワー」ネットワークと、主題の概念にいかに相互作用があるかは明確ではありません。

結果として、彼の作品における異なるタイプの「パワー」を区別するのは困難なのです。
"

Foucault reconstructs a definition of the Marxist intellectual and uses it as a basis for a new definition of intellectuals.
Foucault argues for ‘specific’ or ‘marginal intellectuals’ to be the only feasible vanguards of resistance against networks of power as opposed to the ‘universal intellectuals’ i. e. Marxists.
Foucault developed this idea in a critical stance to Enlightenment liberalism which had, in part, inspired Marx's materialist conception of history.
However, Foucault's constructive method of the definition of the new intellectuals and their possession of marginal knowledge is not different from the subject of his critique, the Marxist vanguards, and the notion of class consciousness based on locations in opposition to the regime of power.
In fact, Foucault readily uses the critical groundwork prepared by Marx in terms of the act of making history as conscious human action.  The notions of counter-power in regimes of truth resemble the thesis and anti- thesis in dialectical materialism.
Foucault also uses the Enlightenment background to Marx's concepts when he utilises the notions of freedom and humanity.  The paper argues that Foucault has not shown his model of the intellectual to be different, but in fact utilises a Marxian framework.


本論文ではミシェル・フーコーのマルクス批判について論じています。

特にMarxist vanguardsの批評を分析しています。

フーコーはマルクス主義知識人 （一般的な知識人）の定義を再建しており、後に、彼はこれ

を’Specific intellectual’の彼の定義として使用しました。それは’marginal intellectual’という

ものです（知的エリート層・知識階級）。

また彼は「パワー」ネットワークに対する抵抗の、もっともらしい先駆けとなるために、Marxist

intellectualsではなく’marginal intellectuals’について議論しています。

彼はマルクスの史的唯物論の概念を着想させたEnlightenment liberalismという批判精神に

この考えを発達させました。

しかし彼の’marginal Intellectuals’の定義の建設的手法はそれほど異なってはおらず、実

際、彼はマルクスによって書かれた意識した人間の行動としての批判的基礎を使用しました。

彼はまた、自由と人間性の考えを使用する際に、マルクスの概念を使用しています。

本論文は彼が「異なる」ために、知識人の彼のモデルを示さなかったことが論じられており、

実際、彼はマルクスのフレームワークを使用しています。

A new political economy is being constructed in Latin America, as national economies become radically restructured and transformed and new social arrangements are being created. The Latin American economies and societies are reacting to these changes and re-linking to the demands of an increasingly competitive and interdependent world. Such changes are taking place within a continent of democratic governance, providing channels to challenge the new neoliberal paradigm. It is argued in this article that structuralism and dependency theory can play a fruitful part in this process of contesting and constructing an alternative development paradigm to the current dominance of the neoliberal paradigm.

This course provides students with a critical understanding of major theoretical approaches to the study of the political economy and socio-cultural development of Latin America, the Caribbean and US Latinos. Major themes addressed include (1) imperialism and colonialism and their impact on economic outcomes, social structure, politics and the state; (2) theories of development that have shaped debates and the field of Latin American, Caribbean and US Latino Studies; (3) neoliberal restructuring and its consequences for how power is currently being exercised and contested; (4) social movement theory and its application; and (5) contemporary trends in critical political economy and Latin American, Caribbean and US Latino Studies.

WPA Regional Congress Bucharest, Romania - April 10, 2013

“Symposium on Belonging”

Co-chairs: Vincenzo Di Nicola and Rachid Bennegadi
Discussant: Rachid Bennegadi

Abstract (word count: 384)

Belonging Without Boundaries:
Settlers, Sojourners and Travellers in the 21st Century

Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FAPA
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Montreal

“The Church of God sojourning in Rome to the Church of God sojourning in Corinth.”
—Clement’s Letter to the Corinthians

In Clement’s letter, the Greek paroikousa (sojourning) means a provisional abode as opposed to katokein, the citizen with residence, from which we may derive two modes of living: parokein (to sojourn like a stranger) and katokein (to reside like a citizen). His message was that the Church was not a permanent structure but a sojourn and that Christians live in messianic time.

The 20th century saw so many displacements of peoples across borders, languages and cultures that the terms emigrants, immigrants and migrants are sprinkled across
the literature of every field of human endeavour from law to literature, from politics to philosophy, and certainly from psychiatry to psychoanalysis. Things have only gotten more complex in the 21st century where the bipolar world of the Cold War and “the end of history” has given way to a multicentric, polyglot cacaphony where culture has replaced class as the dominant signifier and language has become the major expressive vehicle of that shift. In the European Union alone, there are 23 official languages, the UN has 6 official languages, and battles over language as the emblem of culture are evident among peoples affirming their identity everywhere—from Quebec to Catalonia, Rwanda to East Timor.

Whither belonging in all this? The author argues that belonging has become a critical issue for sociocultural psychiatry and for global mental health. Belonging has a bi-valent, ambiguous, deeply unresolved/unresolvable quality, what philosophy calls an aporia, a puzzle. We can begin to describe this puzzle with the dichotomy settlers or sojourners—those who are “here” to settle and those who stay for work or other reasons, for shorter or longer periods, but do not make their home “there.” There is, however, a third state of being, intermediate between sojourners who merely stay a while and settlers who plant roots, and that is those who still on the journey, in transit, “betwixt and between,” as anthropologist Victor Turner described it, neither here nor there, travellers on the threshold.

Whether it accompanies a language, a nation, a profession, or other organizing system of meaning, the construct of belonging can be more than an aporia for imagining identity and the very definition of subject and subjectivity. “Belonging” is a way of rethinking relational being, how we define mental health, how we understand the expression of its vicissitudes, and how we organize care and healing for sufferers. To do this, we need to recognize how belonging is experienced and negotiated, free of the constraints of our habitual patterns of practice and thought, to imagine belonging without borders for settlers, sojourners and travellers in the 21st century.

References

Di Nicola, Vincenzo F. (1997). A Stranger in the Family: Culture, Families, and Therapy. New York, NY and London, UK: W.W. Norton.

Di Nicola, Vincenzo (2004). Famiglie sulla soglia. Città invisibili, identità invisibili [Families on the threshold: Invisible cities, invisible identities]. In: Maurizio Andolfi, ed., Famiglie Immigrate e Psicoterapia Transculturale [Immigrant Families and Transcultural Psychotherapy]. Milano: FrancoAngeli, pp. 34-47.