Systematics (Taxonomy)

Los hongos Aphyllophorales (Basidiomicota) contribuyen de gran manera al mantenimiento de la estructura y la función de los ecosistemas forestales a través de su actividad saprofítica como descomponedores de madera. Los estudios sobre estos organismos han sido escasos y esporádicos en Colombia; de acuerdo con la literatura se han inventariado 262 especies para el país. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en fragmentos de bosque montano húmedo y de niebla, localizados en el sector sur occidental de la Sabana de Bogotá. Ocho especies se dan a conocer como nuevos registros para el país: Ceriporia viridans, Chaetoporellus curvisporus, Ganoderma amazonense, Hyphodontia lanata, Mycoacia uda, Microporellus obovatus, Oliveonia fibrillosa, Phellinus sancti-georgii.

Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 is one of the largest and best studied genera of the family Ichneumonidae. It is most species rich in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions with only a few species occurring in Central and South America. The present study reviews the Neotropical species of the genus including descriptions of four new species from Amazonia and Northeast South America. We define a new species group: the amazonica species-group, to accommodate the following five species: X. amazonica Gómez, Sääksjärvi & Veijalainen, X. guianensis Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n., X. jussilai Veijalainen, Sääksjärvi & Broad, X. pucallpensis Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n. and X. vidali Gómez sp. n. The aurita species-group, which had hitherto been regarded as the only species-group in the Neotropical region, is currently represented by five species: X. allpahuaya Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n., X. aurita Krieger, X. craspedoptera Krieger, X. rhabdomera Townes and X. spiloptera Krieger. The Andean species X. peruana Krieger is established as an unplaced species outside of the amazonica and aurita species-groups. A key to Neotropical species-groups and species of Xanthopimpla is provided. Xanthopimpla aurita is recorded for the first time from Ecuador and Colombia and its extensive distribution is discussed. Xanthopimpla amazonica, X. craspedoptera and X. jussilai are recorded for the first time from Brazil; X. amazonica is recorded for the first time from French Guiana; X. spiloptera is recorded for the first time from French Guiana and Peru, and X. rhabdomera is recorded for the first time from Peru.

The evolution of the Andean orogeny has an impact on the biota diversification of the region due to topographic changes and atmospheric circulation trajectories. Among them are the lizards of the Liolaemidae family and within this, of which Liolaemus is the genus with the most described species up to date, with approximately 290. One of the groups within the genus is the Liolaemus elongatus group, distributed in central-south of Argentina and Chile formed by four clades and a subclade: the L. capillitas subclade. In this work, we describe a new species belonging to the L. capillitas subclade, using an integrative approach, analysing both morphological (lepidosis, morphometrics, colouration and hemipenes characters) and molecular evidence (genetic distances and phylogeny). We made a divergence analysis of the representatives of the L. elongatus group. Furthermore, we correlated the ages of the geological events with the distribution areas for the lineages L. capillitas subclade. This newly described species shows character states (morphological and molecular) that allow its clear distinction from the other members of the L. elongatus group, as well as from the rest of Liolaemus. The divergence analysis places the new species in the L. capillitas subclade and allows us to infer the successive geological events that served as physical barriers to the diversification of the group, besides explaining the current distribution of the group.

With few exceptions, there are still not enough studies on the origin of herbivory and the saxicolous mode of life in lizards of the Liolaemidae family, nor on the possible morphological adaptations that may have favored these traits. In the present study, we recorded external measurements and collected data from skeletons representing all major clades of Liolaemus and Phymaturus, as well as Ctenoblepharys. To identify modifications that could explain the different body shapes and their possible relationship with modes of life, we studied seventeen body measurements, the lengths of the bony and inscriptional ribs, and the number of trunk vertebrae. ANOVA and principal component analysis were performed, and the evolution and origin of these characters were analyzed in a metatree of the family. We found that Phymaturus and herbivorous species of Liolaemus exhibit the largest abdominal volume and body size. Greater abdominal capacity, trunk height, and head height characterize the herbivorous saxicolous clades, which is reasonable for accommodating larger viscera and plant contents, as well as providing a flattened head shape important for using rock crevices as refuges. On average, Phymaturus species possess at least two additional vertebrae, and their inscriptional ribs are elongated, contributing to their greater abdominal volume. We also observed pseudo-valvules in the small intestine, which may favor slower movement of plant material along the digestive tract. According to our analysis, herbivory and the saxicolous mode of life were acquired by Phymaturus independently within the Liolaemidae family. Our phylogenetic statistics indicate that the body measurements studied have a strong phylogenetic imprint. Thus, in the phylogeny of Liolaemidae, the origin of herbivory and saxicoly can be traced to the ancestors of different lineages (at least eight and seven cases, respectively) and was later inherited by almost all descendants.

Three new species of leaf-mining Gelechiidae are described: Xenolechia ceanothiae Priest, whose larvae feed on Ceanothus americanus L. (Rhamnaceae); Gnorimoschema shepherdiae Priest, on Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (Elaeagnaceae); and Scrobipalpula manierreorum Priest, on Eurybia (Aster) macrophylla (L.) Cassini (Asteraceae). Their leaf mines were initially discovered in the understory in Michigan forests. Barcoding revealed additional records for two of these species from several regions of Canada. Photographs of the imagos and illustrations of the male and female genitalia, larval and pupal chaetotaxal maps are provided. Scanning electron micrographs of selected features of the larva for each species supplement illustrations. Comparative diagnoses of adult morphological characters are presented to distinguish the new species from other North American congeners. Photographs of the leaf-mines for each species are also included. DNA barcodes for each species are shown to be distinct from related North American congeners. The first occurrence of Gnorimoschema vibei Wolff in North America is confirmed by barcoded specimens from Kuujjuarapik in northern Quebec, Canada.

Freshwater fish evolution has been shaped by changes in the earth's surface involving changes in the courses of rivers and fluctuations in sea level. The main objective of this study is to improve our knowledge of the evolution of loricariids, a numerous and adaptive group of freshwater catfish species, and the role of geological changes in their evolution. We use a number of different phylogenetic methods to test the relationships among 52 representative taxa within the Neoplecostominae using 4676 bps of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Our analysis revealed that the subfamily Neoplecostominae is monophyletic, including Pseudotocinclus, with three lineages recognized. The first lineage is composed of part of Pareiorhina rudolphi, P. cf. rudolphi, and Pseudotocinclus; the second is composed of Isbrueckerichthys, Pareiorhaphis, Kronichthys, and the species Neoplecostomus ribeirensis; and the third is composed of Pareiorhina carrancas, P. cf. carrancas, Pareiorhina sp. 1, a new genus, and all the species of the genus Neoplecostomus, except N. ribeirensis. The relaxed molecular clock calibration provides a temporal framework for the evolution of the group, which we use for a likelihood-based historical biogeographic analysis to test relevant hypotheses on the formation of southeast Brazil. We hypothesize that headwater capture events and marine regressions have shaped the patterns of distribution within the subfamily Neoplecostominae throughout the distinct basins of southeast Brazil.

In this study, we conducted a taxonomic examination of type specimens of South American Pimpla (Ichneumonidae) described by Charles Porter and deposited in the entomological collection of the Instituto Fundación Miguel Lillo (IFML), Argentina. This study aims to facilitate the morphological understanding of South American Pimpla species through the application of modern imaging techniques. A total of 11 species were examined: P. aeola, P. alnorum, P. golbachi, P. jakulicai, P. oropha, P. pyramis, P. ramirezi, P. sparsa, P. stangei, P. tafiae, and P. tarapacae. For all species, except P. golbachi, diagnoses distinguishing Porter's species from other Neotropical species of Pimpla, together with digital images, are presented for the first time. In addition, a taxonomic key to females of the Argentine species of Pimpla is provided.

RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se efectúa un análisis tafonómico de los ensambles de microvertebrados, exhumados del sitio arqueológico Cueva Arroyo Colorado (Mendoza, Holoceno tardío) (35º12´S y 70º05´O), se realiza una caracterización paleoambiental y se indaga acerca del consumo de microvertebrados por el hombre en este sitio. Como control actualístico se estudian contenidos de egagrópilas de Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769), recolectadas en la cercanía del sitio arqueológico. La muestra fósil fue dividida en dos Componentes. En el Componente II (3190-1380 AP), el principal agente acumulador habría sido un mamífero carnívoro, de acción destructiva fuerte, posiblemente un félido. En el Componente I (1380-770 AP), el principal agente acumulador habría sido una estrigiforme de acción destructiva ligera, quizás T. alba. Entre los restos de este Componente se encontraron algunas evidencias de actividad antrópica, como huellas de corte y huesos quemados en los roedores más grandes. El Componente II, presentó escasas evidencias de modificaciones postdepositacionales, en tanto el Componente I exhibió importantes características de este tipo de alteración, como pisoteo, corrosión sedimentaria por elevada humedad y manchas de óxido de manganeso. El análisis de las características ecológicas de los taxones recuperados indicaría que posiblemente el ambiente que circunda al sitio no habría sufrido modificaciones significativas en los últimos 3200 años. Sin embargo, en la muestra actual se observó un empobrecimiento de la diversidad taxonómica y la aparición de Abrothrix olivaceus (Waterhouse, 1837), lo que sugiere un deterioro ambiental posiblemente producido por la introducción del ganado doméstico en el área desde el siglo XIX.

Clathrinidae Minchin, 1900 (by original designation). Calcinea with the skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules, without hypercalcified non-spicular reinforcements, spicule tracts, calcareous scales or plates. Clathrinida is a very rich and variable group. All developmental stages are present, from olynthus-like sponges to complex ones with an elaborate aquiferous system. Different parallel evolutionary lines may be distinguished, in each of which can be observed a complete series from simple asconoid organization to elaborate leuconoid systems. Three evolutionary lines have been recognized (Borojevic et al., 1990) all of which originate from sponges organized as a simple olynthus. In all lines there is a progressive evolution from a homocoel to a heterocoel grade of organization. All may represent a monophyletic homogenous clade and together they cannot be divided into two orders, the Clathrinida and the Leucettida, by their homocoel or heterocoel grade of organization, respectively, as proposed by Hartman (1958a). Borojevic et al. (1990) thus proposed a single order, Clathrinida for all Calcinea without a hypercalcified skeleton.

Forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate and changes in host-parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest. Am. J. Primatol. 70: 222-230. Kowalewski, M. M. and Gillespie, T. R. 2009. Ecological and anthropogenic influences on patterns of parasitism in free-ranging primates: a meta-analysis of the genus Alouatta.

Aanatomical features as revealed from cross-sections of leaf blades and midribs in 21 taxa of Gypsophila representing its currently recognized seven sections distributed in Iran as well as four species of Saponaria, two species of Allochrusa and one species of Ankyropetalum as its closely related genera are examined. In total nine quantitative and five qualitative characters were selected and measured. The most important characters include general shape of leaves (assessed only for narrow leaves) in transverse section, type of mesophyll (dorsi-ventral vs. isobilateral), thickness of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles, shape of central vascular bundle, number of parenchyma layers in midrib, thickness (number of layers) and structure of mesophyll, density and distribution of druses. In general, leaf anatomy does not provide any unique feature supporting the separation of genera Ankyropetalum and Allochrusa from Gypsophila. The number of spongy layers provides support at least for separation of Gypsophila (more than two layers) from most species of Saponaria (only one layer). Our results show that leaf anatomical features provide reliable evidence for subgeneric classification of Gypsophila and could be taxonomically valuable.

Phellinus pini es un hongo ampliamente distribuido en el hemisferio norte, el causante de la pudrición roja anular y el más importante que afecta a los árboles en pie de las pináceas. En años recientes se ha detectado la muerte del muchos ejemplares de Pinus greggii en el municipio de Santiago, N. L., lo que se atribuye a la acción de este organismo, con el consecuente deterioro de la masa arbolada del Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey. Por esto, y debido al valor de los bosques de pino en el Estado, se plantearon como objetivos de estudio la determinación del impacto de Phellinus pini, su asociación con algunas variables silvícolas y la estimación del turno patológico. Se establecieron parcelas de muestreo circulares en varias localidades; se evaluó la presencia de pudrición mediante la toma de muestras por medio del taladro de Pressler y su posterior cultivo en cajas Petri en laboratorio. Se tomaron las variables silvícolas de todos los árboles muestreados para determinar los factores que favorecen la incidencia del agente causal y, por último, el turno patológico. La edad fue la variable de mayor correlación, que se confirma con los individuos de edad avanzada, sobre los cuales se advirtió el mayor daño. La incidencia y severidad fue de 11.66 y 12.3% respectivamente; el turno patológico propuesto es de 50 años. Palabras clave: Incidencia, Phellinus pini, Pinus greggii, pudrición blanca, turno patológico, variables silvícolas.

Korean nannastacids have recorded only eight species belonging to genera Campylaspis and Cumella. In this paper, Nannastacus nyctagineus Gamȏ, 1962, is redescribed and illustrated as a new species of Korean fauna in this study for the first time. Korean female specimens of Nannastacus nyctagineus correspond well with the original descrip tion by Gamȏ, 1962 based on only female specimens. Gamȏ has described that new species, Nannastacus pruinosus could be distinguished from N. nyctagineus based on only male specimens. The Korean male specimens of N. nyctagineus undoubtedly match well with the description of N. pruinosus with the following common features: the surface of the carapace is covered with numerous granules; pereonites and pleonites have similar patterns of the teeth on dorsal surface; the proportion and armature of the dactylus of pereopod 2 is similar; the number and pattern arrangement of the setae on the surface in antenna 1, pereopod 1, and uropod are the all most same. Nannastacus pruinosus Gamȏ, 1962 is proposed as a synonym of N. nyctagineus described in this study. This represents the first record on the genus Nannastacus from Korea.

The Helicoidea is one of the most diverse superfamilies of terrestrial land snails. In this study we present a molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea obtained by means of neighbor joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment and the nuclear rRNA gene cluster including the 3 0 end of the 5.8S gene, the complete ITS2 region and 5 0 end of the large subunit 28S. Most of the morphologically-defined families were confirmed. We propose a revised phylogenetic classification so that families, subfamilies and tribes are monophyletic. The family Hygromiidae sensu Hausdorf and Bouchet ( ) is divided into three clades which are here given familial rank: Canariellidae and Geomitridae, which are recognized for the first time at familial rank, and Hygromiidae s.str. (including Ciliella and Trochulus) that is here restricted. The subfamilies Ciliellinae, Geomitrinae, Hygromiinae, Monachainae and Trochulinae recognized in current classifications were not recovered as monophyletic groups. The family Cochlicellidae is here given tribe rank (Cochlicellini) belonging to the Geomitridae. We describe a new tribe, Plentuisini. Three subfamilies are recognized within Helicidae: Ariantinae, Helicinae (including Theba) and Murellinae. New classification indicates that free right ommatophore retractor muscle arose only once within Geomitridae. The anatomy of the auxiliary copulatory organs of the reproductive system of families, subfamilies and tribes is highlighted. We estimate the origin of the Helicoidea at the end of the Early Cretaceous and its families as Late-Cretaceous to Paleogene. Western Palaearctic Helicoidea belongs to two different lineages that diverged around 86 Ma ago, both starting their diversification at the end of the Cretaceous (around 73-76 Ma). Radiation of some western Helicoidean families started during the Eocene.

Vanzosaura rubricauda ) is a small-bodied gymnophthalmid lizard widespread in dry biomes of South America. Throughout its distribution, V. rubricauda populations experience contrasting environmental conditions, and a marked disjunction occurs in the central portion of the Cerrado biome. Previous studies indicate that V. rubricauda may be a species complex, and here we used mitochondrial DNA data and external morphology to test for population differentiation and its systematic implications for the genus. We found three geographically cohesive groups recovered as well resolved, and strongly supported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haploclades that are differentiated with respect to morphometry, meristics, and colour pattern. In light of the observed differences, we propose a new taxonomic rearrangement of the genus, where we: (1) restrict V. rubricauda to Chaco and western Cerrado regions; (2) resurrect Vanzosaura multiscutata comb. nov. for Caatinga populations; and (3) describe Vanzosaura savanicola sp. nov. for the eastern Cerrado region of Brazil. The new species is diagnosed from its congeners by having longer limbs and tail, fewer smooth subcaudals, and genetic distances ranging from 5 to 13%. The new species, along with other recent discoveries, highlights the Jalapão-Serra Geral region as one of the most important areas of endemism for Cerrado squamates.

A new genus of flightless spider beetle from Peru with two new species is described. It is characterized by unique heart-shaped fused elytra and a broad pronotum with five basal depressions. The characters of this new genus and species are illustrated and discussed and the possible phylogenetic placement of this taxon is also included.

Eugenia fragrans var.? fajardensis was described in 1895 and raised to species status in 1923 as E. fajardensis. In 1925, it was relegated to the synonymy of Anamomis fragrans (Myrcianthes fragrans). Since 2001, we have re-discovered wild plants and herbarium specimens, including a previously unidentified isotype of E. fajardensis, supporting the validity of this species. Here we designate a lectotype and an epitype for E. fajardensis. In addition, we provide: 1) an extended description for the species including the previously unknown flowers and fruits, an illustration, and photographs of live plants, 2) a key for the 24 taxa of Eugenia reported for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and 3) descriptions of the three known populations. These populations collectively hold 182 plants in the islands of Puerto Rico, Culebra, and Vieques. Based on the IUCN Red List Criteria, E. fajardensis meets the requirements to be considered a Critically Endangered species.

The globalization of trade and the expansion of digital markets have profoundly reshaped the tax system. Conventional tax frameworks, historically grounded in territoriality and physical presence, face significant difficulties in addressing cross-border transactions, intangible assets, and platform-driven economic models. This study explores the complexities of taxing digital and globally integrated markets, assesses emerging international initiatives particularly the OECD's Pillar One and Pillar Two frameworks-and examines the legal, economic, and constitutional implications of digital taxation. It further proposes policy recommendations to harmonies national tax regimes while preserving fiscal sovereignty, with particular emphasis on equity, transparency, and administrative practicality.

Inflation is frequently characterised as a macroeconomic indicator. The present manuscript reimagines it as a pervasive influence that reconfigures economic stratification, reallocates negotiating leverage, and reorders governance structures. Instead of viewing inflation merely as an excess of money or a disturbance in supply, this investigation formulates a "political biology" paradigm: inflation functions like an evolving entity in a multifaceted economic environment. It evolves through anticipation, sustains itself on systemic disparities, and endures through organisational vulnerabilities. Utilising historical instances from the 2008 global financial meltdown to the COVID-19 pandemic disruption, the manuscript advances a cohesive scholarly perspective that amalgamates monetary economics, complexity science, behavioural anticipations, and models of authority allocation. It culminates in resilient coping mechanisms for nations, enterprises, and families operating under enduring inflationary conditions.

Background: The study investigated the length-weight relationship (LWR), relative condition factor (Kn) and sexual dimorphism in Pristipomoides filamentosus, a deep-water snapper of economic importance in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Methods: A total of 891 fish (476 females and 415 males) were collected from the Vizhinjam fish landing centre at the southern tip of Kerala, India and analyzed from October 2022 to March 2023. The cube law and student's t-test were applied to calculate LWR and used to check if there was any significant deviation from the cubic relationship of both female and male P. filamentosus. Monthwise and length class-wise, mean Kn was calculated to check the health conditions of both female and male P. filamentosus. Body colouration, fin pigmentation and external characteristics of genital papillae and urogenital regions are used to explore the sexual dimorphic characteristics of P. filamentosus. Result: Growth was negatively allometric and the coefficient of determination (R 2) for female, male and pooled sexes were 0.966, 0.976 and 0.970, respectively. The relative condition factor (Kn) was highest for females (1.20±0.02) in November and for males (1.17±0.02) in October. Additionally, fish with fork lengths (FL) between 49.5-54.5 cm exhibited the highest Kn values for females (1.31±0.04), while those with FL ranging from 54.5-59.5 cm showed peak Kn values for males (1.21±0.05). The average Kn value for P. filamentosus was approximately one, indicating that the fish were generally in good condition. Sexual dimorphism is more evident in mature P. filamentosus shows characteristic changes in females and males, including body and fin colouration (dichromatism) and external characteristics of the urogenital region and genital papillae. This study provides baseline information and reference points for effectively managing and conserving P. filamentosus.

A new species of parasitic nematode, Ascarophis (Similascarophis) richeri sp. nov. (Cystidicolidae), is described from the stomach of the marine scorpaeniform fish Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert (Hoplichthyidae) (prevalence 19%, intensity 1–8 nematodes per fish) collected in the region of the Chesterfield Islands (Coral Sea, west of New Caledonia) in October 2005. The new species, studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy, is characterized mainly by the structure of the mouth (highly reduced pseudolabia, high pseudolabial terminal projections, no submedian labia, well-developed, bilobed sublabia), bifurcate deirids, the length of the spicules (663–729 μm and 105–108 μm) and the presence of filaments on both egg poles (2–5 on each). Similascarophis Muñoz, González et George-Nascimento, 2004 is considered a subgenus of Ascarophis van Beneden, 1871 to accommodate the species characterized by highly reduced pseudolabia. Presence of the new species in fish from Seamount Nov...

The genus Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Tachinidae) with 29 known species is a large group of Macquartiini of Tachininae and widely distributed in the Old World and the Nearctic Region. In this study, Chinese specimens of Macquartia were collected and examined, sixteen species are recognised: thirteen previously described, M. brunneisqua Zhang et Li, M.

In this work we report on the presence of morphological deformities in Corydoras aff. longipinnis from two reservoirs in Paraná State, Brazil. The frequency of deformities in the fish populations was 11% in Iraí and 10.5% in Capivari reservoirs. Considering that the frequency may be associated with impacts caused by anthropic activities, this information can be used as a metric in management systems and environmental monitoring.

Cueva Huenul 1, ubicado en el extremo norte de la Provincia del Neuquén, se destaca por un componente paleontológico que incluye megafauna extinta del Pleistoceno tardío (~16,6 ka cal AP) y tres componentes arqueológicos que cubren, en forma discontinua, el Holoceno. El sitio presenta restos de micromamíferos en los cuatros componentes. Previamente, se habían registrado 1426 especímenes de pequeños roedores y marsupiales provenientes de la cuadrícula A1. La nueva evidencia analizada corresponde al registro de las cuadrículas B1, C1 y D1 y hace a un total de 1707 especímenes, aspecto que permite refinar las inferencias paleoambientales. Al conjunto ya conocido para el sitio, conformado por los roedores Akodon iniscatus, Ctenomys sp., Eligmodontia sp., Euneomys chinchilloides, Microcavia australis y Phyllotis xanthopygus y el marsupial Thylamys pallidior, se adicionan dos nuevos sigmodontinos (Abrothrix olivacea y Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) y un caviomorfo (Galea leucoblephara). Los ...

RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se efectúa un análisis tafonómico de los ensambles de microvertebrados, exhumados del sitio arqueológico Cueva Arroyo Colorado (Mendoza, Holoceno tardío) (35º12´S y 70º05´O), se realiza una caracterización paleoambiental y se indaga acerca del consumo de microvertebrados por el hombre en este sitio. Como control actualístico se estudian contenidos de egagrópilas de Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769), recolectadas en la cercanía del sitio arqueológico. La muestra fósil fue dividida en dos Componentes. En el Componente II (3190-1380 AP), el principal agente acumulador habría sido un mamífero carnívoro, de acción destructiva fuerte, posiblemente un félido. En el Componente I (1380-770 AP), el principal agente acumulador habría sido una estrigiforme de acción destructiva ligera, quizás T. alba. Entre los restos de este Componente se encontraron algunas evidencias de actividad antrópica, como huellas de corte y huesos quemados en los roedores más grandes. El Componente II, presentó escasas evidencias de modificaciones postdepositacionales, en tanto el Componente I exhibió importantes características de este tipo de alteración, como pisoteo, corrosión sedimentaria por elevada humedad y manchas de óxido de manganeso. El análisis de las características ecológicas de los taxones recuperados indicaría que posiblemente el ambiente que circunda al sitio no habría sufrido modificaciones significativas en los últimos 3200 años. Sin embargo, en la muestra actual se observó un empobrecimiento de la diversidad taxonómica y la aparición de Abrothrix olivaceus (Waterhouse, 1837), lo que sugiere un deterioro ambiental posiblemente producido por la introducción del ganado doméstico en el área desde el siglo XIX.

Syzygium polypetalum (Wall.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, a lesser-known lithophytic and riparian jambolan species of north-eastern India, Bangladesh and Myanmar is reinvestigated with special reference to its taxonomic history, distributional range, habitat and morphology. An amplified description is presented here with colour photographs, illustrations and a distribution map.

Diatom research has traditionally relied on morphological taxonomy; however, recent advances in molecular phylogeny have significantly transformed the field. This mini article discusses the integration of classical taxonomy and molecular approaches in understanding diatom diversity, evolution, and ecological roles, with particular emphasis on tropical aquatic ecosystems. The combination of these approaches offers a more robust framework for biodiversity assessment and environmental monitoring.

Chironji, Charoli or Char, (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.), a member of the family Anacardiaceae, originated in the Indian sub-continent, is an excellent multipurpose tree species. Traditional indigenous knowledge reveals the immense value of almost all parts of the plant i.e. roots, leaves, fruits, seeds and gum for various medicinal uses. At present, it is growing under forest condition as an under exploited fruit and gives monitory reward to tribal community of the country. The tree is natural wild growth in the tropical deciduous forests of Northern, Western and Central India, mostly in the States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and in Varanasi and Mirzapur districts and Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Besides India, the plant is also found in other tropical Asian countries, Australia and Pacific islands. B. lanzan also a vulnerable medicinal plant, is included in the Red Data Book published by International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. In ...

Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, sahip oldukları farmakolojik, aromatik ve estetik özellikler sayesinde günümüzde peyzaj tasarımlarında yalnızca görsel değil aynı zamanda işlevsel katkılar sunan önemli türler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, kıyı alanları peyzaj düzenlemelerinde tıbbi ve aromatik bitki kullanımını değerlendirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, Çanakkale kent merkezinde yer alan Eski Kordon ve Barış Kordonu olmak üzere iki farklı kıyı peyzaj alanı örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Alanlarda yerinde yapılan gözlemler sonucunda toplam 36 bitki türü tespit edilmiş, bunlardan %52,78'inin tıbbi ve aromatik özellik taşıdığı belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen türlerin büyük çoğunluğunun sadece tıbbi amaçla kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Geriye kalan bitkilerin hem tıbbi hem aromatik ve sadece aromatik özellikte olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek tıbbi ve aromatik bitki oranı %61,91 ile Eski Kordon kıyı alanında görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar, kıyı peyzaj düzenlemelerinde tıbbi ve aromatik türlerin önemli ölçüde yer aldığını göstermektedir. Çalışma, bu türlerin kentsel peyzaj tasarımlarında bilinçli ve sistematik kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmekte ve gelecekteki planlamalar için yol gösterici veriler sunmaktadır.

La riqueza de las mariposas diurnas en  los Montes de María fue caracterizada a través de tres transectos lineales de 600 m. de largo, en los cuales se establecieron 8 parcelas circulares de 15 m. de radio para realizar las capturas. Dentro de cada parcela se recolectaron especímenes usando dos métodos: red entomológica y trampas Van Someren Rydon. Se realizaron curvas de rango-abundancia para comparar la composición, abundancia y uniformidad de las especies en cada transecto; además el número esperado de especies fue calculado a través de una curva de rarefacción y extrapolación-interpolación. En total se recolectaron 301 individuos agrupados en 4 familias, 13 subfamilias, 22 tribus, 44 géneros y 55 especies. Nymphalidae con 235 individuos y 37 especies, fue la familia más importante; mientras que Biblidinae y Hamadryas februa (56 individuos) son la subfamilia y especie más relevantes. Los resultados sugieren que los bosques secos de Coraza, a pesar de su destrucción por las activi...

Resumen. La deforestación alrededor de grandes concentraciones urbanas usualmente crea un paisaje fragmentado con reducidas áreas naturales. El estudio de la biodiversidad en estos remanentes provee herramientas útiles para el diseño de estrategias de conservación que permiten maximizar la persistencia de la diversidad local y favorecen su conectividad. Inventarios focalizados en grupos taxonómicos particulares, han sido propuestos como un mecanismo útil que permite una aproximación al conocimiento del estado de la biodiversidad en un área determinada, siendo las mariposas uno de los grupos taxonómicos más empleados para este tipo de estudios. En el presente trabajo se estudió

Six month ago, I received some Calliostoma species from Emmanuel Guillot de Suduiraut, a well known shell collector and experiment conchologist. At first sight, it seemed that some of these specimens were different from the usual species from the Philippines, as Calliostoma jackelynae Bozzetti, 1997 or Calliostoma vicdani Kosuge, 1984. Further studies showed these species as new to science. Following Hickman and Me Lean (1990), who worked on anatomical and radular general considerations, the genus Calliostoma is kept inside the Trochidae family, although Marshall (1995) set this genus into a Calliostomatidae family, especially on base o f the distinctive protoconch.

Over the past two decades, numerous species of tethysuchian crocodyliforms have been described, and their phylogenetic relationships have increasingly received more attention. Consequently, several tethysuchian clade names have been erected following the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode) and/or the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). To help maintain taxonomic and nomenclatural stability, we have decided to establish a suprageneric classification for Tethysuchia that is consistent across both nomenclatural codes. Here, we provide phylogenetic definitions that are valid under the PhyloCode for the following pre-existing names: Tethysuchia, Pholidosauridae, Dyrosauroidea, Dyrosauridae, Phosphatosaurinae, and Hyposaurinae. However, under the articles of the ICZN Code, the senior synonym, Dyrosaurinae, should be used instead of Hyposaurinae. Awaiting a decision from the ICZN Commission, we consider the use of Hyposaurinae to be preferable because the name is in prevailing usage. Finally, given that there is no consensus on which clade is the sister taxon of Tethysuchia, we redefined the pre-existing name Coelognathosuchia for the Tethysuchia + Goniopholididae phylogenetic hypothesis and erected the new name Stenorhynchosuchia for the alternative hypothesis formed by Tethysuchia + Thalattosuchia.

The United Kingdom's Economic Crime Reforms established a significant change in corporate criminal liability by formalizing the "failure to prevent" approach regarding tax cheating. This framework assigns accountability to firms that fail to implement reasonable measures to avoid the facilitation of tax evasion by affiliated individuals. This study rigorously analyzes the legal underpinnings, actual execution, and obstacles of this concept. It assesses whether the reforms improve corporate responsibility while maintaining justice, proportionality, and compliance feasibility. A comparative examination of analogous policies in the United States, the European Union, and other jurisdictions offers a contextual understanding of worldwide best practices in corporate tax compliance.

The growing necessity for climate change mitigation has compelled governments to implement environmental taxation systems aimed at decreasing carbon emissions and fostering sustainable industry. Key policy instruments include carbon taxes and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs), designed to mitigate carbon leakage by levying fees on imported commodities according to their inherent emissions. Although these tools fulfill significant environmental goals, they also pose intricate legal challenges within the context of international trade law. Critics contend that CBAMs may serve as covert protectionist measures that contravene responsibilities under the international trade system regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article investigates the potential classification of carbon taxes and CBAMs as concealed tariffs according to the regulations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994). The paper examines the legal conformity of these mechanisms with fundamental WTO principles, such as non-discrimination and tariff obligations, and determines whether environmental exclusions under Article XX of GATT might legitimize these actions. The research determines that although CBAMs may be legally justifiable under some scenarios, inadequately structured mechanisms pose a danger of contravening international trade commitments, particularly if they are perceived as protectionist measures that unfairly disadvantage foreign producers.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relation between specific aesthetic motor skills and the performance of rhythmic composition, separately by gender. Three groups of variables were used in a sample of 88 Physical Education University female (N=32) and male (N= 56) students: 4 specific basic aesthetic variables (leap, balance, pirouette and flexibility) performed on both body sides as the first and second battery of predictors, and the calculation of the coefficients of asymmetry for specific aesthetic motor skills as the third battery of predictors, were defined for their predictability for a rhythmic composition performance. Three independent judges evaluated the performances of basic aesthetic elements and rhythmic composition by watching the videotaped material. Coefficients of asymmetry were calculated on the basis of the differences of performance on the dominant and non dominant support leg. Regression analysis indicated the battery of variables for assessing the specifi...

This study was undertaken to investigate the diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of the fish species and to record the water quality of Konhaye Stream, district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A total of 16 fish species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Siluriformes and Mastacebilformes), and 5 families including Cyprinidae (Schizopyge esocinus, Racoma labiata, Cyprinion watsoni, Cyprinus carpio, Barilius pakistanicus, B. vagra, B. modestus, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Garra gotyla, Puntius ticto, and P. sophore), Channidae (Channa punctatus and Channa gachua), Nemacheilidae (Schistura macrolepis), Sisoidae (Glyptothorax punjabensis), and Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus armatus). Different ichthyo-diversity indices [Simpson's biodiversity index (D=0.918), Simpson's reciprocal index (1/D=1.088), Simpson's evenness index (E 1/D =0.068), species richness (S), Shannon-Weiner's index (H′=3.775), Menhinick's index (D mn =0.804), and Margalef's index (D mg =2.510)] were calculated for the stream. The physicochemical parameters [temperature (23.125±3.514℃), dissolved Oxygen (9.003±0.627 mg L -1 ), pH (7.333±0.201), turbidity (76.5±6.403 NTU), electric conductivity (201.68±11.31 µs cm -1 ), free CO 2 (124.75±9.912 ppm), total dissolved solids (126.1±9.477 ppm), total alkalinity (4.325±0.171 mg L -1 ), total suspended solids (127.1±6.864 ppm), total hardness (5.225±0.341 mg L -1 ), salinity (42.25±6.292 ppt), calcium hardness (2.975±0.670 mg L -1 ), magnesium hardness (105±9.954 mg L -1 ), potassium (0.0145±0.001 mg L -1 ), sodium (16.55±3.861 mg L -1 ), chloride (1.825±0.727 mg/l), and nitrate (0.053±0.006 mg L -1 ) level] were monitored and found to be in varying but permissible ranges. The stream was found to be harboring a number of economically valuable fish species. An exotic fish species, C. carpio, was found well flourished, indicating the potential of the stream to be used for mitigating the declining ichthyofaunal diversity in the main nearby rivers. Two species, P. sophore and P. ticto, were recorded for the first time from the district. Proper management, appropriate fish stocking, and implementing environmental/fishing laws are suggested for the maintenance of the diversity and alleviating anthropogenic stress/threats.

This paper presents list of beetles of the Subfamily Epilachninae Mulsant, 1846 (Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807) and their occurrence. The paper includes: 4 tribes, 23 genera and 1051 species of beetles belonging to the subfamily Epilachninae.

In the traditional culture of the Polynesians, the unity of nature and the human being regarded as its part was something obvious. A significant part of the flora and fauna of the Polynesian island of Huahine had a quasi-religious character, playing the role of a taboo, objects of culture, landmarks, and not infrequently even being used as medicine. The colonisation of Polynesia by European nations led to profound changes, also in the way the relation between a human being and nature was perceived, making the character of the latter more utilitarian. Elements of the Polynesian flora became a sought-after raw material in the woodworking industry, the furniture industry, and the cosmetics and perfume industry. The paper discusses selected elements of the flora of the Polynesian islands and the changes in the way they have been perceived and used.

This paper presents list of beetles of the Subfamily Epilachninae Mulsant, 1846 (Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807) and their occurrence. The paper includes: 4 tribes, 23 genera and 1051 species of beetles belonging to the subfamily Epilachninae.

Background: Ecotones are areas of overlap between different ecosystems, referred to as 'junction zones or tension belts', that harbor a distinct collection of organisms. Tor putitora and Neolissochilus hexagonolepis are two threatened Mahseer species which requires urgent conservation attention. Bhalukpung area in the River Jia Bhoroli is an ideal example of an ecotone, as its ecosystem transforms from resembling a foothill river ecosystem to a river floodplain ecosystem. However, studies on threatened fish populations in ecotone zones, which could be used as conservation sites, are lacking. Therefore, the present study aims to generate firsthand information on the relationship between the populations of these threatened fish and their foothill-floodplain river interface ecotone in the Jia Bhoroli River. Methods: The data on water quality, topography was collected for a period of one year from January to December, 2021 along with fish samples. The mahseer species were identified and catch per unit effort (CPUE) was also calculated. Result: Identification of the collected mahseer fish as T. putitora and N. hexagonolepis were confirmed using both morphometric as well as molecular tools. CPUE was found to be 4.3-12.6 for N. hexagonolepis and 4.1-10.3 for T. putitora. The ecotone zone was found to have a thriving mahseer population and ecotones are believed to play a crucial role as a diverse food source for the fish. Conserving Bhalukpong as a designated ecotone site in the Jia Bhoroli River as a fish sanctuary can help to protect their populations. Further research that encompasses all aspects of ecology is recommended for the future.

Riassunto Vengono proposte tre nuove combinazioni per il genere Lactarius Pers. nom. cons. et typ. cons.: L. australiensis (Berk. & Broome) PierotÝ, L. claridgei (Trappe) PierotÝ e L. corkii (Trappe & Claridge) PierotÝ. Queste specie devono essere inquadrate nel sottogenere Russularia (Fr.) Kauffman.