Technology and Welfare

Kritiker nr. 56, Herskerens nordiske hus, omhandler intersektionalitet eller mangel på samme i vores nordiske samtid. Nummeret har Audre Lordes ikoniske essay "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House" (Sister Outsider, 1984) som rammesaetning. Det vil sige, at alle medvirkende på en eller anden måde har gået i dialog med Lordes essay og taenkning i deres bidrag. Teksterne har dermed fokus på de forskellige vilkår grundet klasse, køn, etnicitet, seksuel orientering m.m., samt konsekvenserne heraf i både personligt og politisk perspektiv. Nummeret giver et bredt billede af og indblik i marginaliserende tendenser og strømninger i samtiden og ikke mindst i forhold til vores litteraere praksisser, de litteraere offentligheder og medierne.

Vestlige storbyer har siden 1970’erne oplevet en massiv vækst i den alkoholbaserede fest- og nattelivsøkonomi. Transformationen af den indre storbys nat til en fest- og forbrugszone har afstedkommet voksende problemer med uorden, vold og kriminalitet. Barer og natklubber ansætter derfor ofte dørmænd til at ekskludere urolige personer, der anses som en trussel mod beværtningernes generering af økonomisk profit. Set i lyset af at dørmænd, i deres forsøg på at regulere nattelivets urolige kroppe, ofte selv er udsat for vold og trusler, trækker denne artikel på nyere maskulinitetsforskning og Lyngs teori om ’kantarbejde’ til at belyse, hvad der får mænd til at give sig i kast med dette risikofyldte og emotionelt udfordrende arbejde.

I artiklen gives et bud på, hvordan kvalitativ-psykologisk forskning kan udmønte sig i praksis indenfor demensrehabilitering samt på den betydning, det kan have at fokusere på relationen som indgangsport til at skulle udføre vanskelige pleje- og omsorgsopgaver hos personer med demens i sundhedsvæsenet. Aktuelt findes der ikke medicin, der kan helbrede demens, hvorfor der er et udtalt behov for, at vi i demensrehabiliteringsindsatsen udvikler psykosociale metoder og interventionsformer, der kan medvirke til, at personer med demens får et tåleligt og værdigt liv til trods for sygdommens uundgåelige udvikling. Artiklen sætter fokus på, hvordan værdighed og respektfuldhed kan understøttes i det relationelle møde med personer med demens gennem en personorienteret tilgang og gennem brugen af sang, musik og musiske elementer. Med baggrund heri bliver der, igennem en tematisk analyse, illustreret følgende fire betydningsdannende tematikker: 1) Udgangspunkt i personens livshistorie og musikb...

Baderobotter og spisemaskiner Omsorgsteknologi kan forstås som teknologi, der yder pleje til mennesker, der har brug for omsorg. Denne type teknologi indgår i et samspil med andre teknologier, kroppe, andre levende vaesener, fysiske rum, ord og betydninger (1). Omsorgsteknologi er blevet fremhaevet som en mulig løsning på det problem, at der i fremtiden vil vaere et øget antal aeldre, som har et plejebehov, der overstiger ressourcerne blandt et faldende antal omsorgsydere. Den demografiske udvikling skaber altså et øget behov for teknologiske løsninger, fordi den omsorgsydende medarbejderstab til stadighed beskaeres. Et eksempel på et stykke teknologi, jeg selv har interesseret mig for, er den såkaldte spisemaskine. Jeg er i tvivl om, hvorvidt der er tale om egentlig omsorgsteknologi, men i al fald er det tanken, at spisemaskinen skal erstatte en person, som hjaelper en anden person med at føre maden op til munden. Da oplevelsen af at få hjaelp til at spise var omdrejningspunktet for min ph.d.-.afhandling (2), havde jeg en naturlig interesse i at følge erfaringerne med brug af spisemaskinen, da den blev taget i brug i Danmark omkring 2010. Idéen med at bruge maskinen var dels at frigøre ressourcer fra en tidkraevende opgave, dels at give brugerne mulighed for at vinde autonomi under måltidet. Imidlertid viste det sig at vaere svaert at få lejlighed til at observere brugen af spisemaskinen. Den model, som var blevet indkøbt, kraevede, at brugerne selv formåede at dreje tallerkenen med hånden, for at maskinens ske eller gaffel kunne fange maden. Det gav store problemer. Mennesker, som får hjaelp til at spise, har ofte svaere funktionsnedsaettelser og i nogle tilfaelde også kognitive deficits. Reelt betød det, at de, som var i stand til at dreje tallerkenen, også var i stand til selv at spise, mens de, som havde behov for hjaelp til at føre maden op til munden, ikke kunne manøvrere tallerkenen. For de sidstes vedkommende måtte en sundhedsprofessionel hjaelpe med at fange maden eller dreje tallerkenen, hvilket hverken var ressourcebesparende eller autonomiforøgende. Det var altså svaert at finde egnede brugere, og de, som anvendte spisemaskinen, var svaere at fastholde i en konsekvent brug. Efterhånden opgav jeg projektet, men jeg har siden taenkt på, hvordan teknologi kan påvirke menneskelige relationer, når den skal erstatte et individ i en situation, der tidligere har givet mulighed for at yde omsorg. Professor emerita Kari Martinsen eksemplificerer en lignende problemstilling med en såkaldt baderobot i artiklen «Fra diakonisse til robot», som vi bringer i dette nummer: «Når roboter også overtar mer og mer av menneskelig naervaer, kan menneskene bli ensomme», skriver Martinsen og pointerer, at baderobotten kan virke fremmedgørende, når det ikke laengere er sansende haender, som plejer patientens krop og skønner, hvad patienten har brug for. Jeg tror, det samme var tilfaeldet med spisemaskinen. Det nydelsesfulde ved måltidet forsvandt, og det at spise blev reduceret til en teknologisk kamp. Hvis teknologier som baderobotter og spisemaskiner skal integreres i plejen for i sandhed at forbedre denne for patienter og personale, forudsaetter det en nøje analyse af, hvordan de forandrer re-2 ◆ KLINISK SYGEPLEJE • Volum 31 • Nr. 1 • 2017 • © Universitetsforlaget lationer mellem mennesker. Anvendelse af teknologi drejer sig om langt mere end blot at kunne trykke på de rigtige knapper.

Dette uddrag af digtet “Mit fjerne indre” er lånt fra digtsamlingen Det 3. årtusindes hjerte (2012) af Ursula Andkjær Olsen udgivet af Gyldendal. For dette værk modtog Ursula Andkjær Olsen Montanas litteraturpris 2012 og blev også præmieret af Statens Kunstfond 2013.

Abstract
Animal welfare includes both physiological and mental health and is affected by several external and internal factors. In dairy cows, human care and the ability of the cows to cope with daily challenges are the most significant factors. The research presented in this dissertation focused on cow behaviour and aspects impacting on behavioural changes during mastitis and milking. To deepen knowledge of the relationship between
the behaviour and health of cows and associated detection methods, we experimentally manipulated the health status of dairy cows through mastitis induction. Moreover, we tested and validated a thermal infrared
camera for recording the udder skin temperature, which could be helpful in the case of early mastitis detection. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between cow behaviour and milking in herringbone and
automatic milking systems. We established that cow behaviour changed during mastitis. The most apparent changes were in lying, eating and stepping behaviour. It was shown that inflammation affected the cow
health status, which changed the behavioural priorities. In contrast to our expectations, visual signs in the udder and changes in milk composition occurred only 2 hours post-challenge, while clinical and behavioural changes were first recorded 4 hours post-challenge. However, changes in lying and restlessness behaviours were promising indicators for detecting signs in cows exposed to mastitis. The transient increase
in body temperature of cows with experimentally-induced clinical mastitis was successfully detected by udder skin temperature detection with the help of a thermal camera. The udder skin temperature rose
simultaneously with the rectal temperature. However, local inflammatory changes in the udder, appearing earlier than the rectal temperature increase, were not detected with udder skin temperature measurement
by using the thermal infrared camera. Regarding cow behaviour as an indicator of the success and quality of the milking process, we found that half of the deviations occurring during automatic milking originated from cow behaviour, such as cows kicking, lifting their legs and moving during milking, and had their origins in machine failures. To conclude, cow behaviour can be used as an indicator for detection of mastitis and (un)successful milking. However, effectively functioning human-animaltechnology interactions should be studied more in the future in order to enhance husbandry practices that can improve animal
welfare.

Omsorg for døende borgere i palliative plejeforløb i eget hjem og på plejehjem er en kommunal opgave. Frivillige tilbyder at være med til at løfte denne velfærdsopgave. Dette kvalitative studie undersøger to forskningsspørgsmål: (1) Hvad kendetegner frivillige vågeres arbejde, når de sidder hos døende? (2) Hvilke udfordringer og/eller muligheder er knyttet til grænser mellem frivilligt og professionelt arbejde hos døende i palliative plejeforløb? Deltagerobservation og interviews udgør studiets metoder. Fire plejehjem i to kommuner og to vågegrupper gav adgang til observationer. 65 timers deltagerobservation af vågernes arbejde i palliative plejeforløb og fællesmøder samt 16 interviews med vågere, pårørende og professionelle udgør studiets empiriske materiale. Fænomenologisk omsorgsfi losofi og et symbolsk interaktionistisk ’boundary-work’-perspektiv udgør den teoretiske ramme. Det konkluderes, at vågernes frivillige arbejde er kendetegnet ved sansende og stedfortrædende omsorg, hvo...

Kroppen i arbejdet er et centralt tema i arbejdslivsforskningen. Nedslidning, ulykker og sygdomme som konsekvenser af belastninger i arbejdet har i mange år udgjort en grundstamme, ikke mindst i den arbejdsmedicinske forskning. Dette fokus på belastning af kroppen er også et omdrejningspunkt i Arbejdsmiljøloven, hvor målet om et sikkert og sundt arbejdsmiljø sigter på at sikre, at kroppen (og psyken) kan holde til arbejdets belastning i et helt arbejdsliv. Imidlertid har vi i de senere år set et nytfokus på kroppen i arbejde; på det kropsarbejde – arbejde med egne og andres kroppe – som kræves i det moderne arbejde (Wol-kowitz 2006).  Dette temanummer når selvsagt ikke omkring hele dette brede felt, men formår alligevel at belyse både arbejdet med andres og med egen krop fra forskellige vinkler. Bidragene tager alle udgangspunkt i arbejdet i social- og sundhedssektoren.

Artiklen belyser arbejdsmiljø med vold på et døgn- og aflastningstilbud og to socialpsykiatriske bosteder. På arbejdspladserne udbredes en ´sikkerhedsorienteret´ tilgang til voldsforebyggelse, med vægt på systematisering og beskyttelse af personalet mod potentielt farlige beboere. Sikkerhedstilgangen spiller dog sammen med en ´faglighedsorienteret´ tilgang til voldsforebyggelse der i højere grad lægger vægt på pædagogisk, socialt- og sundhedsfagligt forankret relationelt arbejde som voldsforebyggelse. Analyserne viser en tendens til, at den faglighedsorienterede tilgang selvfølgeliggøres i dette samspil, og at de to tilgange endvidere giver anledning til modsætningsfyldte relationer til beboere. I tillæg til dette skaber samspillet mellem de to tilgange potentielt udsatte positioner for medarbejdere, der udsættes for vold, idet volden betragtes som et vilkår i arbejdet og voldsforebyggelsen samtidig knyttes til medarbejdernes individuelle kompetencer og ´robusthed´.

»Så kan han jo vaere mine øjne med den telefon«, siger ergoterapeuten Lene, og fortaeller, hvordan hun på grund af COVID-19 har vaeret nødt til at inspicere en borgers bolig gennem en FaceTime-forbindelse og en kollegas alternative kameraføring. Lene arbejder som sagsbehandlende ergoterapeut i AErø Kommune, hvor vi undersøger coronakrisens indflydelse på aeldreomsorgen igennem et antropologisk feltarbejde¹, og hun har som mange andre sundhedsprofessionelle under CO-VID-19 skulle gøre sit arbejde på nye måder. I dette essay følger vi Lene i hendes arbejde under COVID-19. Hendes erfaringer med et skaermbesøg er i det følgende vores afsaet for vores undersøgelse af de konsekvenser, som den øjeblikkelig digitalisering af sundhedsvaesenet i forbindelse med COVID-19 pandemien har haft-herunder hvad der sker, når fysiske møder mellem sundhedsprofessionelle og borgere erstattes eller delvist erstattes af digitale møder.

»Så kan han jo vaere mine øjne med den telefon«, siger ergoterapeuten Lene, og fortaeller, hvordan hun på grund af COVID-19 har vaeret nødt til at inspicere en borgers bolig gennem en FaceTime-forbindelse og en kollegas alternative kameraføring. Lene arbejder som sagsbehandlende ergoterapeut i AErø Kommune, hvor vi undersøger coronakrisens indflydelse på aeldreomsorgen igennem et antropologisk feltarbejde¹, og hun har som mange andre sundhedsprofessionelle under CO-VID-19 skulle gøre sit arbejde på nye måder. I dette essay følger vi Lene i hendes arbejde under COVID-19. Hendes erfaringer med et skaermbesøg er i det følgende vores afsaet for vores undersøgelse af de konsekvenser, som den øjeblikkelig digitalisering af sundhedsvaesenet i forbindelse med COVID-19 pandemien har haft-herunder hvad der sker, når fysiske møder mellem sundhedsprofessionelle og borgere erstattes eller delvist erstattes af digitale møder.

This paper disseminates work from the European Give&Take project, which aims at co-designing service sharing among senior citizens based on a mobile and distributed platform. With this project as a frame, the authors' paper addresses methodological considerations of participation in co-design for ageing. Based on the notions of design culture, communities of everyday practice and situated elderliness the authors present accounts from two European countries, and discuss methodological issues related to mobilizing senior citizens in co-design work as they have manifested themselves and influenced the Give&Take project. Challenges for mobilization are identified, based on an analysis of attitudes and values among design researchers and senior citizens. This analysis lead them to identify and discuss three strategies for mobilizing senior citizens in co-design of mobile technology: 1) Understanding being ‘elderly' as situated elderliness rather than closed categories; 2) Underst...

Gruppe 2 består af deltagere, der var i gang med at videreuddanne sig, efter at de afsluttede SOSUuddannelsen i 2004. Gruppen er delt i 2a og 2b. I gruppe 2a ses antallet af deltagere, der videreuddannede sig til enten SOSU-assistenter eller sygeplejersker. I gruppe 2b ses antallet af deltagere, der enten uddannede sig til noget andet end SOSU-assistenter eller sygeplejersker, eller ikke besvarede spørgsmålet om, hvilken uddannelse de var i gang med.

According to the principles of participatory design, a genuine democratic process requires effective participation of all affected people in the design process; this must include affected disabled users. However, user participation entails complex problems, which are aggravated by conditions of illiteracy and/or aging. This article presents the concept of Universal Participatory Design, a design philosophy and practice that aims to be inclusive during the design process, and which has a positive result for all. We first conducted a review of the literature to understand the limits of the relationships between participatory design and universal design. This paper then addresses some of the challenges to achieve Universal Participatory Design (UPD) by juxtaposing deficits observed in the literature with issues we experienced during two research projects. We discuss the key components of Participatory Design and its relationship to UPD, and establish a research agenda that aims to conc...

This paper explores Research through Design (RtD) as a potential methodology for developing new interactive experiences for animals. We present an example study from an ongoing project and examine whether RtD offers an appropriate framework for developing knowledge in the context of Animal-Computer Interaction, as well as considering how best to document such work. We discuss the design journey we undertook to develop interactive systems for captive elephants and the extent to which RtD has enabled us to explore concept development and documentation of research. As a result of our explorations, we propose that particular aspects of RtD can help ACI researchers gain fresh perspectives on the design of technology-enabled devices for non-human animals. We argue that these methods of working can support the investigation of particular and complex situations where no idiomatic interactions yet exist, where collaborative practice is desirable and where the designed objects themselves offe...

This paper disseminates work from the European Give&Take project, which aims at co-designing service sharing among senior citizens based on a mobile and distributed platform. With this project as a frame, the authors' paper addresses methodological considerations of participation in co-design for ageing. Based on the notions of design culture, communities of everyday practice and situated elderliness the authors present accounts from two European countries, and discuss methodological issues related to mobilizing senior citizens in co-design work as they have manifested themselves and influenced the Give&Take project. Challenges for mobilization are identified, based on an analysis of attitudes and values among design researchers and senior citizens. This analysis lead them to identify and discuss three strategies for mobilizing senior citizens in co-design of mobile technology: 1) Understanding being ‘elderly' as situated elderliness rather than closed categories; 2) Underst...

»Så kan han jo vaere mine øjne med den telefon«, siger ergoterapeuten Lene, og fortaeller, hvordan hun på grund af COVID-19 har vaeret nødt til at inspicere en borgers bolig gennem en FaceTime-forbindelse og en kollegas alternative kameraføring. Lene arbejder som sagsbehandlende ergoterapeut i AErø Kommune, hvor vi undersøger coronakrisens indflydelse på aeldreomsorgen igennem et antropologisk feltarbejde¹, og hun har som mange andre sundhedsprofessionelle under CO-VID-19 skulle gøre sit arbejde på nye måder. I dette essay følger vi Lene i hendes arbejde under COVID-19. Hendes erfaringer med et skaermbesøg er i det følgende vores afsaet for vores undersøgelse af de konsekvenser, som den øjeblikkelig digitalisering af sundhedsvaesenet i forbindelse med COVID-19 pandemien har haft-herunder hvad der sker, når fysiske møder mellem sundhedsprofessionelle og borgere erstattes eller delvist erstattes af digitale møder.

There is an ongoing discourse arguing for Interaction Design Research to contribute to theory-about-interaction on one hand, and advancement of particular situation on the other. While there is an acknowledgement of the dialectic relation between theory and situation, however, pointers to embrace the dialectic during a research practice are missing. In order to embrace this dialectic, in this paper we suggest the formulation of a Design Ideal as the interface between theoretical concept and situation. We support our suggestion by a retrospection of our ongoing exploration of Magic-Mirror-Spiral, explicating the relation between theory, concept, design ideal, designed artifact, and situation. We propose this formulation of 'design-ideal-aspart-of-the-compositional-whole' as a step towards an Interaction Design Research process that embraces the 'theory-situation' dialectic, and aims to contribute to, both, theorizing and advancement of situation.

There is currently an ongoing debate within HCI community regarding the legitimacy of design objects as producers and carriers of knowledge. This paper takes a Research through Design methodological approach to making such an object, RepMoves, with a purpose to explore its use and usefulness and demonstrate how new knowledge can arise while exploring and experimenting with design objects. In this paper, RepMoves is used to address rhythmic and repetitive bodily interaction with music as a welfare technology concept for senior citizens with cognitive difficulties related to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, and in one example, an individual with Parkinson. We show how RepMoves interface was adapted for use in each of these cases, how movements and interfaces were changed, and most importantly, RepMoves' potential to generate knowledge and research opportunities.

Elderly people are encouraged to exercise regularly to maintain good health and avoid or slow down the progression of age-related health challenges such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite this, many seniors struggle to find the motivation to adhere to exercise programmes over time. In this qualitative, research-through-design study an interactive music system was tested with AD patients. The purpose was to explore how dynamically adapting musical beat and rhythm can be used to stimulate and motivate physical activity. The system changes the tempo of a piece of music to match the pace of repetitive bodily movements. Findings show that most participants were able to entrain and synchronise to each other’s movements through use of the system. Several participants also commented that they enjoyed the experience. Finally, the addition of an interface with nature photos and visual performance and progress indica- tors suggested possible ways for the system to be redesigned to suit the needs and desires of the participants.

This paper introduces a set of guidelines for involving seniors in participatory design (PD) of home-based welfare technologies. The guidelines are produced through a literature review of existing research and focus on the practical experiences of involving seniors in participatory design activities. The guidelines suggest that the design process should be tailored to the needs and abilities of the participants in a way that supports the development of trusted relationships, and facilitates learning and understanding among researchers and participants. The guidelines are useful for researchers and designers intending to involve seniors in the design of home-based welfare technologies, and give recommendations regarding the recruitment, motivation, and engagement of seniors in participatory design activities.

The care sector in Denmark is undergoing rapid change and facing severe challenges due to the increasing number of elders and cuts in social welfare. The political response is welfare technology aiming on efficiency and replacement of care workers. Welfare technology is presented as a quick fix to a welfare state in crisis. In these times of change it is important to obtain more knowledge about what care work consists of, and how it is changing.

Care research has mainly focused on the paradigmatic shifts in the sector and working conditions. In a movement beyond discourse this thesis approaches care work by identifying how multiple modalities, including discourse and materialism, affect and human and non-human actors intra-act in the constitutive processes of care practices. Framed by an analysis of policy documents on welfare technology, I analyse interviews with care workers. The thesis is an analytical experiment inspired by Lis Højgaard and Dorte Marie Søndergaard’s framework for analysing multimodal constitutive processes in empirical research. Further it is inspired by feminist new-materialist theory, including Karen Barad’s theory of agential realism and Sara Ahmed and Dorthe Staunæs’ insights on affect. This approach enables an analysis of how care practices are constituted in a complex intra-action of human and non-human actors, including affect, body, gender, technology, mundane technologies, time, skills, work regulations, as well as local, institutional and societal discourses.

I find that care workers apply a variety of strategies, negotiated in relation to discourses of good care, in order to target the care recipients’ needs and influence affective transformations. Needs are identified through multi-sensory hunches seeking information from available sources: voice, facial expression, furniture, life history etc. Motivation, medication and mediation through language and use of mundane technologies are some of the other strategies applied. The strategies are constantly reshaped in relation to the context, colleagues and care recipients. The demented represent an inappropriate post-human challenge to the ideal of care. In facing this challenge care workers apply a somatic and relational approach and try to restore the self of the demented. The practices are shaped by bodily, gendered and affective subjectification of the care worker related to the hazards of the demanding work, sexual harassment and violence.

I find that there is a gap between the discourses on welfare technology and the care work practices. As a reaction to cuts and technologisation the care workers struggle for recognition and a revalorisation of their skills and the importance of humane skills in conducting care.

Ageing has become a significant area of interest in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in recent years. In this article we provide a critical analysis of 30 years of ageing research published across the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI) community. Discourse analysis of the content of 644 archival papers highlights how ageing is typically framed as a "problem" that can be managed by technology. We highlight how ageing is typically defined through an emphasis on the economic and societal impact of health and care needs of older people, concerns around socialisation as people age, and declines in abilities and associated reductions in performance when using technology. We draw from research within the fields of social and critical gerontology to highlight how these discourses in SIGCHI literature represent common stereotypes around old age that have also prevailed in the wider literature in gerontology. We conclude by proposing strategies for future research at the intersection of ageing and HCI.