Tense aspect modality

Verbal aspect has been an intrinsic feature of the Hellenic language from primordial times. Modern conceptions of aspect are in fact traceable to works of Aristotle. Today, as in centuries past, speakers of Greek still learn aspect naturally from birth and apply it in their daily speech intuitively and without being particularly conscious of it. Aspect is thus as much a linguistic property of Neohellenic (Modern Greek) as of Κοινή “Koine” and Classical Greek. This excerpt shows that aspectual insights gained through Neohellenic can shed light on issues related to New Testament exegesis.

In this article, I will discuss the variants ὠφελήσεσθε (a middle future form with passive meaning, found in manuscript C and printed by Bekker) and ὠφεληθήσεσθε (a morphologically passive future form, attested in all other manuscripts and printed by most editors), both found in Lysias 19.61. I first provide a critical assessment of the scholarship on the alleged differences between these two types of ‘passive’ future forms. I then list all the morphologically passive forms in Lysias. I then discuss the meaning of the verb ὠφελέω (and its opposite ζημιόω) and assess how the meaning could have influenced the use of the future form. After that, I take a look at elements that could play a role in deciding which variant to choose, namely the value of manuscript that has the variant reading
ὠφελήσεσθε, the presence of other aorist and/or present forms in the passage and two parallel passages with the future passive forms of ὠφελέω, namely 18.20 and 29.4. Finally, I discuss the instance under discussion. Although there are elements that can be used in favour of both variants, I nevertheless argue that the middle form has preference: it is the lectio difficilior because Lysias rarely used middle forms with passive meaning, there is an aspectual distinction between the two forms (the middle form confers a duration) and the middle form can have middle meaning in this passage.

The Korean temporal system exhibits a striking discrepancy between the tense-aspect markings used in declarative sentences and those found in noun-modifying (adnominal) clauses. While contemporary declarative sentences primarily utilize-essfor the past andnun-/-nfor the present, modifying clauses maintain a system where a "zero" form marks the past and-numarks the present. This paper argues that these discrepancies are the result of uneven historical grammaticalization. By examining 15th-century Middle Korean, this study demonstrates that noun-modifying clauses are conservative structures that preserve an older temporal system, whereas declarative sentences have undergone radical reorganization due to the emergence of the past tense marker-essoriginating from the resultative marker-e is- .

Defining a given type of language, or furthermore comparing the types of various languages, is
by no means a simple task. This is because linguistic variations are infinite, and even if patterns exist, they are equally infinite. Nevertheless, understanding the characteristics of languages from a comparative
perspective is a meaningful endeavor. Defining the typological characteristics of the few languages of the world that have not been well studied is not easy, and thus requires a special research strategy. In this
paper, I intend to compare different branches of African languages: Chadic, belonging to the Afro-Asiatic
language family; Central Sudanic, presumed to belong to the Nile-Saharan language family (though
sometimes considered a separate family); and Benue-Congo, belonging to the Niger-Kordofanian language
family. This branch is not a single language but contains countless languages within it. Therefore, rather
than covering all languages, I intend to select a few specific languages for intensive analysis and then
discuss them in comparison with other languages. Language is a very complex system (Holland 1992, Steels
2000) involving elements of vocabulary and grammar, so even for a single language, the question arises as to exactly which parts should be analyzed and compared. Traditionally, language structures have been
understood by dividing them into sound structure, word structure, and phrase structure based on vertical,
hierarchical levels, or constituent units; however, there are instances where the significance of these
distinctions is unclear because the distinctions are ambiguous or indistinct. By ascending to a higher level
through the process of abstraction and generalization of language structures, comparative concepts applicable
to all languages are derived. The predicate-argument construction is a concept generalized based on the
premise of a sentence. Based on this foundation, utterances at the pragmatic and informational levels exist
above it, while specific expression strategies at the semantic-syntactic and morphological levels appear in
individual languages below. Thus, typological comparisons are attempted under the heading of
predicate-argument construction. The next topic is the use-based linguistic approach (Langacker 2000, Bybee
2006, 2007, 2010, Diessel 2015, 2017, Kwon 2023, §3.6), which emphasizes the view that language
structure is not innately given, but rather that concrete language use, such as utterances and conversations,
is directly connected to the essence of the structure. Language learning and processing, as well as actual
communicative acts, serve as starting points for explaining the nature of language, particularly variation and
change, when viewed from various angles. Another research stream closely connected to this is constructive
grammar (Fillmore & Kay 1993; Goldberg 1995, 2006, 2019; Croft 2001; Kwon 2023, §3.5). This
perspective accepts the semiotic view that language consists of connections between signifiers and signifieds.
Furthermore, it posits that regardless of the size of the utterance, linguistic expression - that is, vocabulary,
morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, or other idioms and phrases - is used by language users as a single
unit of language processing and learning. Through communication, these units become conventionalized and
function as a single system within a given language community. This unit is covered by the term
"construction." Syntactic categories and the rules connecting them, which serve as tools for language
analysis, allow for a simple grasp of the structure of a given language, despite the weakness of simplifying
and absolutizing phenomena. However, upon closer examination, linguistic reality reveals countless instances
that cannot be explained or grasped in this manner. This is a primary concern of typology, but it also serves as a sign that variations and differences at the microscopic level must be approached from a new perspective. Network models (Buchanan 2002, Sporns et al. 2004, Baronchelli et al. 2013, Diessel 2019,
Kwon 2024, §3.2.2) are a methodology that attempts to scientifically explain ever-changing phenomena
through nodes and links. Since language is precisely this complex, dynamic system (Holland 1992,
Kauffman 1993, Steels 2000, Beckner et al. 2009), it is difficult to encompass its characteristics through a static approach. At this point, the concept of dynamic networks involving multilayered connections and access (Spitzer 1999, Newman 2003, Abramov 2011, Barabási 2016, Diessel 2020, Kwon 2025, 2025b)
becomes necessary

El Dr. Sánchez ha señalado que, en el español hablado por pewenches, la construcción "es que" opera como equivalente del sufijo reportativo "-rke" y de la partícula impersonal "piam" del mapudungun. A partir de esta observación, el presente trabajo propone que la expresión "es que" se ha gramaticalizado como marcador de evidencialidad reportativa (información "de oídas") en el español hablado por la comunidad pewenche, debido al contacto con el mapudungun. A diferencia del español general, en esta variedad la construcción se ubica preferentemente al final de la frase (periferia derecha)

Kavramların nasıl işaretlendiği konusu dilbilimin, bunların zihinde nasıl yerleştiği konusu bilişsel bilimlerin ve bu kavramların neleri temsil ettiği konusu ise kültür tarihinin ve toplum biliminin üretken çalışma alanını oluşturmaktadır (Özezen, 2020, s. 134). Dilbilim alanını kapsayan “Türkiye Türkçesinde Hızlılık” adlı çalışma, “hız” ve “hızlılık” kavramlarının disiplinlerarası kavramlar olması sebebiyle hem farklı disiplinlerdeki hem de dilbilim alanındaki kullanımı üzerine yoğunlaşılmış bir çalışmadır.

Assamese (ISO 639-3 code: asm) and Bodo (ISO 639-3 code: brx) employ conjunct verbs (CjV) of both [Adjective + Light Verb] and [Noun + Light Verb] patterns where the light verbs (LV) have limited meanings but grammatical functions. The CjVs in these languages share some common structural, grammatical, and semantic features. The light verbs are sometimes "restricted" in that they only collocate with specific nouns or adjectives whereas some nominals collocate with only their corresponding light verbs. Thus, the restriction of collocation in CjVs may be of two types, namely restriction of collocation of light verbs and restriction of collocation of nominals. For example-the light verbs [niɹua] 'REMOVE' (Assamese) and [pʰɯ ́ɾ] 'pw' (Bodo) co-occur only with the nominals [bɔn] 'weed (n)' (Assamese) and [kʰūɡà] 'mouth' (Bodo) respectively in the conjunct verbs [bɔn niɹua] 'weed' (Assamese) and [kʰūɡà pʰɯ ́ɾ] 'introduce' (Bodo); on the other hand, the nominals [buɹ] 'pw' (Assamese) and [dìɡūn] 'value of water' (Bodo) co-occur only with the light verbs [maɹ] 'HIT' (Assamese) and [zá] 'EAT' (Bodo) respectively in the conjunct verbs [buɹ maɹ] 'immerse; dip' (Assamese) and [dìɡūn zá] 'become trench foot' (Bodo). This study investigates the suitable collocations of nominals (nouns & adjectives) and light verbs in the conjunct verbs. CjVs in Assamese and Bodo may be found in two different categories based on their meanings, namely literal CjVs and idiomatic CjVs. And, based on the transitivity, CjVs are found to be intransitive and transitive in these languages. Structurally, a considerable set of members of Assamese and Bodo CjVs are of multi-word patterns such as [N + Adj + LV], [N + N + LV], [Adj + N + LV], [N + Adv + LV], and so on. Moreover, a few instances of CjVs are observed in the baby talk of these languages.

Dorig, an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua island in northern Vanuatu, shows a wealth of constructions for encoding negative polarity. Verbs contrast 14 posi­tive TAM categories with 9 negative; together, these form a “tamp” [tense–aspect–mood–polarity] system made of 23 portmanteau categories. All negative tamp mor­phemes are formally discontinuous, and synchronically non-compositional. Stan­dard negation shows several forms of structural asymmetries, both constructional and paradigmatic, across polarities. Besides standard negation, Dorig has separate constructions for negating non-verbal predicates, existentials, locatives, and imper­atives. While this study highlights the intricacy of negative structures in this par­ticular language, it places them in their typological and areal contexts. Thanks to comparative tables showing all negative morphemes in the 17 languages of the Torres and Banks islands, it becomes clear that Dorig is mostly representative of regional patterns in north Vanuatu. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Alexandre François. 2025. Negation in Dorig. In Matti Miestamo & Ljuba Veselinova (eds.), Negation in the world’s languages III: Papunesia, Australia, and the Americas, 73–128. Berlin: Language Science Press.

Among the languages that grammaticalize the apprehensive domain, some use a subordinator like English lest (‘Don’t run, lest you fall’); others have an appre­hensive mood in their verb system (˜‘Don’t run, you might fall!’). The Oceanic languages of north Vanuatu, whose apprehensional strategies are quite diverse, fea­ture both strategies. This study will focus on Mwotlap and its apprehensive mood. This modal marker appears to imply a form of interclausal dependency; yet rather than being due to syntactic subordination, this dependency effect is arguably prag­matic in nature. Indeed, by exposing an event as a risk to be avoided (e.g. ‘you might fall’), the apprehensive clause serves to justify a certain request (‘don’t run’). Sometimes, only the apprehension is made explicit (‘You might fall!’), leading the hearer to reconstruct the intended order. The apprehensive mood thus reflects the grammaticalization of an indirect speech act: one where explicit apprehensions can stand for implicit instructions. The pragmatic effect created by this indirect request is sometimes exploited for politeness strategies, or for its humorous potential.  ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
Alexandre François. 2026. Explicit apprehensions, implicit instructions: An indirect speech act in the grammar. In Martina Faller, Marine Vuillermet & Eva Schultze-Berndt (eds.), Apprehensional constructions in a crosslinguistic perspective, 423–460. Berlin: Language Science Press.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as principais variações linguísticas do espanhol falado no Peru e no México, observando como fatores históricos, culturais, geográficos e étnicos influenciam o modo de falar nesses países. A pesquisa se baseia em uma perspectiva sociolinguística e busca mostrar como a diversidade linguística reflete a identidade de cada região, contribuindo para a riqueza do espanhol latino-americano.

Este artigo busca analisar as variações linguísticas do espanhol falado em três países da América do Sul: Uruguai, Argentina e Chile. A partir de uma perspectiva sociolinguística, discutem-se as diferenças fonológicas, morfossintáticas e lexicais, assim como os fatores históricos e culturais que moldam essas variantes. A pesquisa evidencia a diversidade linguística do espanhol na região, promovendo uma compreensão mais ampla de suas variações.

Koine Greek presents a few difficulties for English translation and interpretation. One of those is the middle voice, which exhibits a challenge in terms of both morphology and semantics. This is not only because of its absence from English, but because of its rarity in other languages. Within the context of the New Testament, the middle voice is also complicated by the intrusion of the passive, which was not present in pre-classical iterations of Greek. As regards the meaning of the middle voice, no universal definition exists, but the cornerstone concept behind it is subject-affectedness. In other words, the subject is in some way affected, involved, or emphasized in the action of the verb. Though middle voice verbs represent a relatively small portion of the New Testament, this study maintains that they play a critical role in biblical interpretation. A few Scripture examples are provided to help display this role. The intention of this work is to explore the characterization of the middle voice and to consider how it is taught in the Greek classroom.
A survey of key Greek grammars alongside a few other works in biblical and linguistic studies displays the current landscape of Koine Greek’s middle voice. Also represented in this survey are “hot spots” of the middle voice. One of those hot spots deserving of mention here is the issue of deponency, which has recently experienced major upheaval.
Following this is a consideration of how the middle voice is taught to Greek students. The acquisition of ancient languages is unique from that of modern languages. This is primarily because the goal of ancient language acquisition is typically literacy, not oral fluency. So pedagogical methods for teaching Koine Greek are largely deductive in nature.
Following a review of how the middle voice is usually introduced in the modern grammars surveyed, a few ideas are presented for the teaching of the middle voice. 
Ideas range in measure and are dependent on one’s stance on specific components of Koine Greek’s middle voice. First is a two-voice category approach, where the primary voice categories are basic/active and subject-focused/middle-passive. Second is less reliance on the category of deponency, which is not only potentially necessary but could help students work harder to understand the meaning of true middles. Third is the application of the linguistic methods Discourse Analysis and Construction Grammar, which encourage a context-based approach. Fourth is the inclusion of visuals with explanation to promote middle voice comprehension. Finally, a few small ideas are presented such as the call for a uniform definition, sentence diagramming, and an emphasis on application.
These ideas may benefit the Greek student, but it should also be noted that critical to middle voice comprehension is an attempt to understand its Greek context (instead of via the English context). More linguistic work is needed to thoroughly flesh out the meaning and function of the middle voice. While some progress has been made, further research will greatly enhance understanding of the middle voice, ultimately improving the biblical interpretation that involves it. In the meantime, continued engagement and effort with the middle voice in the New Testament is essential.

Classification of the two uploaded 150-title canons by documented Jewish authorial background Corpus and counting principle. The fixed corpus is the two uploaded Word documents: a 150-title canon of Latin American novels and a 150-title canon of North American novels. Counts below are title-level counts, not distinct-author counts. Thus repeated authors count once for each canonical work included. Classification principle. "Jewish author" is used broadly for authors documented as Jewish, born into Jewish families, or having documented Jewish parentage/background. It is not a claim about personal religious observance. All other entries are placed in "non-Jewish / no attested Jewish authorship." Anonymous or pseudonymous authorship is explicitly flagged and counted with this latter group for ratio purposes, because Jewish authorship is not attested.

Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l'implication d'actualité (IA) lors de l'usage des modaux pouvoir et devoir à un des temps perfectifs du français. Les exemples authentiques tirés du corpus ParCoLab (miletiC et al. 2017) confirment les résultats des recherches précédentes sur les conditions nécessaires à l'émergence de l'IA avec ces modaux en français, une langue qui encode l'aspect par des moyens grammaticaux. L'émergence de l'IA repose sur deux facteurs : l'emploi racine des modaux pouvoir et devoir et l'aspect perfectif. Le trait sémantique [+borné] inhérent à l'aspect perfectif doit être systématiquement présent lorsque ces modaux sont employés en lecture racine pour que l'IA soit effective. Or, cette information n'est pas disponible lors de l'usage du parfait des verbes correspondants en serbe, moći et morati, car le parfait est un temps du passé aspectuellement neutre et ces verbes sont imperfectifs. Cela explique pourquoi en serbe ainsi que dans d'autres langues qui n'encodent pas l'aspect par des moyens grammaticaux, l'IA n'est pas effective. Nous nous sommes interrogés sur la présence d'une information relative à l'IA dans les dictionnaires monolingues de français. N'en ayant trouvé aucune en dépit de nombreux exemples illustrant les lectures racines des deux verbes, nous avons proposé une formulation de l'IA qui pourrait, d'une manière ou d'une autre, être intégrée dans de futurs traitements lexicographiques des modaux pouvoir et devoir en lecture racine. Une telle intégration faciliterait la compréhension des énoncés contenant les modaux pouvoir et devoir à un des temps perfectifs, en particulier pour les locuteurs non francophones.

In this paper, we examine the actuality entailment (AE) when using the modals pouvoir and devoir in the perfective tenses of  French: passé composé, passé simple and plus-que-parfait. Authentic examples taken from the ParCoLab corpus (Miletić et al. 2017)
confirm the results of previous research on the necessary conditions for the emergence of AE with these modals in French, a language which distinguishes perfective and imperfective aspects through grammatical morphemes. The  emergence of AE relies on two factors: the root interpretation of the modals pouvoir and devoir and the perfective aspect. The semantic feature [+bounded] characterizing the perfective aspect has to be systematically present when these modals are used as the root modals for AE to be triggered. However, this information (boundedness) is not available with the perfect of the corresponding verbs in Serbian, moći and morati, because the perfect is an aspectually neutral past tense, and these verbs are imperfective. This explains why in Serbian, as well as in other languages
that do not encode aspect through grammatical means, AE is not available. We make a clear distinction between actuality entailment (AE), which is semantic in nature and non-cancellable, and actuality inference, which is pragmatic and can be found in Serbian in certain contexts. Furthermore, we explored monolingual French dictionaries so as to find any information related to AE. Finding none, despite numerous examples illustrating the root readings of the two verbs, we proposed a formulation of AE that could, in one way or another, be integrated into future lexicographic treatments of the root modals pouvoir and devoir. Such integration could facilitate the understanding of sentences containing the verbs pouvoir and devoir in one of the perfective tenses, especially for non-French speakers.

Dil, sadece bir kurallar bütünü değil, konuşurlarının ihtiyaçlarına göre
sürekli olarak değişen, yeni anlamlar ve işlevler kazanan bir sistemdir. Bu
değişimin en ilginç örneklerinden biri ise gramer yapılarının temel işlevlerinin
dışına çıkarak yeni edimsel (pragmatik) roller üstlenmesidir. Bu çalışma, Türkçedeki -DIr/-DUr ekinin, geleneksel dilbilgisi
tanımlarının ötesine geçerek güncel yazılı iletişimde çok katmanlı bir
edimsel işleve büründüğünü somut örneklerle ortaya koymaktadır. Yaygın
kullanımda kesinlik ve olasılık bildiren bir kip eki olarak nitelendirilen
-DIr/-DUr, günümüzde bu temel anlamlarından beslenerek konuşucunun
tutumunu, niyetini ve sosyal bağlamı şekillendiren bir araca dönüşmüştür.

Аннотация. Исследование представляет собой функциональный анализ конверба в сопоставлении с другими стратегиями связи клауз в хинди: причастными клаузами, послеложными клаузами с инфинитивом и финитной полипредикацией. Материалом служат данные веб-корпусов и элицитации. Сопоставление проводится по параметрам (1) акциональных, аспектуальных и таксисных характеристик, (2) выражения субъекта, (3) функционально-дискурсивных свойств. Показано, что конструкции с конвербом более гибки с точки зрения акциональности образующего глагола, а также синтаксического и семантического отношения конвербной и матричной клауз, чем другие нефинитные стратегии. Эти свойства конверба анализируются с учетом его функции отражать тесную связь между предикациями. Грамматические особенности конверба, в частности его контекстно-выводимая грамматическая семантика, прагматическая односубъектность и затрудненность отрицания, также объясняются его дискурсивной функцией.

Nauruan has a unique constuction in the way it treats its Alienable Possessive construction. Under certain circumstances the usual positions of Possessive Classifier+Possessum+Possessor is inverted to Possessive Classifier+Possessor+Possessum This is discussed and ample exmples are given.

Este squib investiga a interação entre o adjunto temporal em α tempo e os predicados do tipo accomplishment no português brasileiro, fundamentando-se no modelo de operadores aspectuais de Altshuler (2014) e na análise de Basso e Pires de Oliveira (2010). Segundo o modelo, o operador perfectivo de Altshuler mapeia os eventos para seus estágios maximais sem exigir necessariamente que eles alcancem a culminação. Em contraste, o adjunto em α tempo delimita o intervalo temporal em que o evento ocorre e reforça a leitura télica, ou seja, a expectativa de que o evento seja completado. Assim, mesmo em contextos nos quais a culminação não está intrinsecamente garantida pelo predicado verbal, em α tempo atua como um modificador que explicita a duração e exige a culminação do evento. A integração dessas abordagens contribui para uma descrição mais refinada da relação entre operadores aspectuais e modificadores temporais no PB, contribuindo para uma maior compreensão das propriedades semânticas dos verbos de accomplishment no PB.

Το συγκεκριμένο άρθρο αποτελεί μια συμβολή στη μελέτη της ρηματικής όψης και του χρόνου στη Ηλειακή. Στοχεύει κυρίως στη διερεύνηση των μορφολογικών μέσων δήλωσης της ρηματικής όψης όχι μόνο σε σημασιολογικό αλλά και σε συντακτικό καθώς και σε κειμενικό επίπεδο. Το σώμα υλικού αποτελείται από ψηφίσματα, συνθήκες και νομικά κείμενα, που χρονολογούνται από το τέλος του 6ου α. π.Χ. μέχρι τον 3ο αι. π.Χ. Διαπιστώνεται μεταξύ άλλων ότι: α) υπάρχουν περιβάλλοντα που με αξιοσημείωτη κανονικότητα συνδέονται είτε μόνο με τη χρήση ενεστωτικών τύπων είτε μόνο με τη χρήση αοριστικών, π.χ. ο Ενεστώτας προτιμάται σε υποθετικές προτάσεις που συνδυάζονται με αποδόσεις στις οποίες η προσοχή επικεντρώνεται στη διαδικασία μέσω της οποίας θα διευθετηθεί το συμβάν για το οποίο γίνεται λόγος στην υπόθεση, ενώ, αν στην απόδοση γίνεται απλώς αναφορά στις συνέπειες που θα υποστεί ο δράστης της πράξης στην οποία αναφέρεται η υπόθεση, τότε στην τελευταία προτιμώνται αοριστικοί τύποι, και β) κατά τη συνύπαρξη περιβαλλόντων από τα οποία κάποια συνδέονται με τη χρήση ενεστωτικών τύπων και κάποια άλλα με τη χρήση αοριστικών, παρατηρείται (και πάλι με αξιοσημείωτη συστηματικότητα) ότι υπάρχουν «ισχυρότερα» και «ασθενέστερα» περιβάλλοντα, με την έννοια ότι τα «ισχυρότερα» μπορούν και «επιβάλλουν» στα «ασθενέστερα» τη συνεμφάνιση με εκείνους τους ρηματικούς τύπους που συνδέονται με τα «ισχυρότερα». Τα (α) και (β) είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά, γιατί: 1) μας δείχνουν ότι η δήλωση της ρηματικής όψης πραγματώνεται σε επίπεδο όχι μόνο μορφολογικό ή ενδολεξικό αλλά και υπερλεξικό (συντακτικό, κειμενικό) και 2) μας δίνουν τη δυνατότητα να μειώσουμε τις περιπτώσεις κατά τις οποίες, προκειμένου να δικαιολογήσουμε τη χρήση ενεστωτικών και αοριστικών τύπων σε περιβάλλοντα (φαινομενικά) όμοια, αναγκαζόμαστε να κάνουμε λόγο για ουδετεροποίηση της αντίθεσης μεταξύ Ενεστώτα και Αορίστου.

Horpa laterals 23/05/2025 4 / 36 Horpa-Tangut Laterals in Horpa Reconstruction Tangut laterals Conclusion Horpa-Tangut Laterals in Horpa Reconstruction Tangut laterals Conclusion Laterals in Manchen Typological uniqueness Laterals in Horpa Reconstruction Tangut laterals Conclusion • Let's listen to the audio together. • An important question: is this system of laterals in Manchen innovative? Or archaic? Laterals in Horpa Reconstruction Tangut laterals Conclusion Audio

This article employs the most recent fieldwork data on Horpa lects and undertakes a comprehensive historical-comparative analysis to examine the reflection of Proto-Horpa-Tangut preinitials in Tangut. It further clarifies the origins of tense vowels, long vowels, and the medial-win Tangut. This comparative study enhances our understanding of the diverse correspondences between Tangut and its closest relative, Horpa, and contributes to the broader investigation of the historical development of Rgyalrongic languages.

Le capverdien ou créole du Cap-Vert est la langue maternelle d'environ un million de personnes dans le monde (Quint : 2005), vivant en République du Cap-Vert (430 000 habitants) ou originaires de ce pays et réparties entre divers foyers d'émigration, dont les plus importants sont, par ordre décroissant, les États-Unis (plus de 250 000 personnes), le Portugal (plus de 100 000), la France et les Pays-Bas (50 000 dans chaque pays), le Sénégal et l'Angola (plusieurs dizaines de milliers).
Le santiagais (ou badiais) que nous étudierons ici est le dialecte capverdien parlé sur l'île de Santiago. Il est employé en tant que première langue par la majorité de la population résidant au Cap-Vert (environ 55%) et c'est aussi la variété la plus utilisée dans les communautés émigrées au Portugal et en France.
La langue capverdienne moderne est un créole afro-portugais dont l'écrasante majorité du vocabulaire (plus de 95% en santiagais, la variété la moins lusitanisée) dérive du portugais tandis que la morphosyntaxe porte la marque de diverses langues africaines, essentiellement le mandingue et le wolof (Quint 2000b, à paraître).
Depuis le peuplement de l'Archipel du Cap-Vert (fin du XVe siècle) et jusqu'à aujourd'hui, le portugais (langue lexificatrice du capverdien) a été la langue officielle et le seul idiome utilisé par les écoles et l'administration du pays. Nous nous intéresserons ici à l'influence qu'exerce le portugais moderne sur le système morphologique verbal du santiagais contemporain, et plus précisément dans la sphère AVT (Aspect-Voix-Temps). Dans une première partie, je décrirai brièvement la situation sociolinguistique actuelle de l'île de Santiago en insistant sur les relations entre le portugais et le capverdien santiagais et sur l'existence de sociolectes à l'intérieur du santiagais. J'essaierai ensuite de dégager un modèle archétypique du système flexionnel AVT du verbe santiagais moderne basilectal. Puis j'examinerai en détail les lusismes dits anciens, c'est-à-dire ceux dont l'usage est le plus solidement ancré, y compris en santiagais basilectal. Enfin, je passerai en revue les formes issues du portugais moderne et récemment implantées dans les variétés acrolectales les plus lusitanisées, avant de conclure sur le déterminisme de ces interférences ainsi que sur leur signification et leur intérêt pour la problématique plus générale des phénomènes de contact de langues.

Per caratterizzare l'imperfetto romanzo e quello italiano in particolare, c'è da tirare in ballo l'aspetto e il tempo, ovviamente, ma anche il modo. Per provarlo, non sono necessarie arcane ricorrenze letterarie né riflessioni complesse. L'imperfetto è vivo e presente nell'espressione italiana di tutti i giorni ed essa ne mostra con ricchezza il valore modale. La lingua si spiega da sé: è d’altra parte criterio che fa da cardine della linguistica da strapazzo. Al linguista da strapazzo basta e avanza, per dirsi contento, ciò che della "langue" gli dice con semplicità ed evidenza, per esempio, Stefano Di Martino come "locuteur", con la sua "parole".

Barossa German is a German minority variety which is spoken in South Australia. It is on the verge of language shift to English and thus exhibits many phenomena of language erosion, including analytic constructions such as the tun periphrasis. A diachronic study based on spontaneous speech produced in interviews shows that periphrastic tun occurred in both the present and the past tense in the 1960s/70s, while it was used almost exclusively in the past tense between 2009 and 2014. Given that imperfective contexts predominate in the tun periphrases in both corpora, and that the present tense inherently produces an imperfective reading, it is reasonable to assume that the combination of past tense + imperfective reading is marked. In Barossa German, periphrastic tun is predominantly used for the semantic niche of imperfective past. Indeed, it looks as if the tun periphrasis, the synthetic preterite, and the perfect have occupied different niches in the tense-aspect domain within the investigated timespan of about 50 years.

Barossa German in Australia is on the verge of language shift and exhibits many phenomena of language erosion, including the construction tun + infinitive. In addition to its use in conditional sentences, in the subjunctive, and for emphasis, a habitual or generally imperfective character is often discussed in light of the tun-periphrasis. A diachronic study of Barossa German based on spontaneous language use in narrative interviews shows that periphrastic tun was used in both present and past tense from 1966 to 1973, whereas it occurred almost exclusively in the past tense between 2009 and 2014. The first set of data is from the Monash Corpus of Australian German by Michael G. Clyne. The second set of data was provided by Claudia C. Riehl from her project on Barossa German as a relic variety. An analysis of the contexts in which the tun-periphrasis, the synthetic past tense, and the perfect were used, helps to clarify whether the tun-periphrasis had developed into a habitual past or a general past tense marker over the course of about 45-50 years, and how the tun-periphrasis fits into the developmental trajectory of diminishing varieties.

Particle verbs or phrasal verbs, i.e., combinations of a preposition-like element and a verb, are common among the languages of Europe and best known from Germanic, but their systematic aspectual use in Romansh, a minority Romance language of Southeastern Switzerland, has gone largely unrecognized in the literature. Drawing on corpus and elicited data, this paper proposes an analysis of the aspectual value of particle verbs in Romansh marking telic, resultative, durative, and ingressive readings. This investigation frames the aspectual value of particle verbs as a case of syntactic convergence through intense language contact and bilingualism: although the particle verb construction in Romansh has a clear origin in Latin and some equivalent forms are found in neighboring Romance languages, its robust aspectual system in the modern language is typologically uncommon within the Romance family and strongly mirrors that of neighboring Germanic languages. These findings contribute to understanding how aspectual systems may evolve through contact and shed light on the areal dynamics underlying the emergence of particle verbs in the Alpine region.

Despite a recent spate of publications, the valency of nouns is a topic that still remains in the shadow of the valency of verbs. This volume aims to contribute to the discussion of noun valency not only from a theoretical point of view, as is often the case, but also from an empirical one by presenting a series of studies focusing on particular questions and based on data-driven research. It explores properties of valency nouns in a variety of languages, including Bulgarian, Czech, German, Latin, Romanian, and Spanish. The specificity of this book consists in the diversity of the methodological approaches used. It includes empirical studies and it explores different theoretical frameworks: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), the Minimalist Program within Generative Grammar, Functional Generative Description (FGD), and Construction Grammar. Special attention is paid to deverbal nouns, but nouns expressing quantity and “compound-like” constructions involving relationship and interactivity are also dealt with.

In early nineteenth-century Russian, two complex subordinators-dlja togo, čto(by) and zatem, čto(by)-exhibited syncretism between cause and purpose. Over the course of the century, this syncretism was lost: while the purpose uses remained frequent, the causal uses largely decayed by the end of the nineteenth century. Based on quantitative corpus data, I trace this shift over the course of the nineteenth century. I argue that the two interpretations were weakly differentiated at the beginning of the century, but gradually became firmly tied with a mood distinction. Eventually, the subjunctive purpose construction, which involves čtoby, remained robust, while its indicative causal counterpart, which involves čto, went out of use. This divergence is explained by the paradigmatic associations with related constructions: notably, the preposition dlja lost its causal meaning, contributing to the decline of dlja togo, čto; and the interrogative purpose adverbial začem contributed to the retention of the purpose subordinator based on zatem. Finally, the default simplex purpose subordinator čtoby reinforced the complex purpose constructions containing čtoby, especially in focused contexts.

The digitization of Classical texts and the development of corpus and computational methods has revolutionized the study of Ancient Greek and Latin. Despite their profound impact on verb semantics and syntax, preverbs (prefixes attaching to verbal bases, cf. It. circum- in circumnavigare ‘sail around’) lack a dedicated digital resource; PrevNet addresses this need with a focus on Ancient Greek and Latin preverbs
and motion verbs. It combines digital humanities methodologies with insights from historical and cognitive linguistics, and socio-cultural studies to explore how these ancient languages conceptualized movement,
space, and reality. Based on a manually annotated dataset of 35 texts (500,000+ tokens) from multiple genres and periods (8th century BCE – 2nd century CE), PrevNet systematically captures the meanings
and functions of preverbed motion verbs, facilitating linguistic and cultural analysis. Designed as an inclusive FAIR resource, it serves diverse audiences across Classics, Linguistics, and Digital Humanities,
while also addressing various educational levels, from high school to academia. The resource enables cross-linguistic comparison, promotes accessibility to digital tools, and advances the study of linguistic
diversity and cultural thought in the ancient Mediterranean. PrevNet demonstrates the transformative potential of digital humanities to bridge gaps between disciplines, democratize knowledge, and support
underrepresented audiences in research and education.

In 1910 the German ethnologist visit Nauru and the results of his investigations resulted in a two volume work. However deficient, they allow us a glimpse of pre-contact Nauru, though by 1910 the puberty ceremony had not been practiced in its complete form for probably some twenty years.
This study presents the original German text with an English translation, along with notes and a wordlist extracted from the text.
The songs recorded are in 'old' Nauruan.

This book presents the first grammatical description of Andakí, an extinct language and presumed isolate once spoken in southern Colombia. Written in an accessible style, this book is valuable to both linguists and scholars of South American indigenous cultures. Although Andakí was documented to some extent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, its grammar has never been systematically analyzed until now. Drawing on sometimes fragmentary data, all made available in an online database, the book offers the most complete grammatical description of Andakí to date and highlights connections to neighboring languages where relevant. This study provides essential groundwork for future comparative research and contributes to preserving the linguistic heritage of one of the world’s most linguistically diverse regions.

La loi de Hume est le lieu d'enjeux considérables. Selon un philosophe américain de tradition aristotélicienne, le meilleur de la philosophie pratique récente a consisté à surmonter, souvent avec beaucoup de succès comme dans le cas d'Anscombe, cette erreur. Néanmoins la loi de Hume continue d'imprégner nombre de théories et d'esprits. Pour un continental, se libérer de la loi de Hume, c'est aussi surmonter tout le positivisme et spécialement le positivisme normativiste kelsénien. Le propos de ce texte consistera à donner quelques éléments de réflexion afin de contribuer à la démarche libératrice entamée par les tenants de l'éthique néo-aristotélicienne. La loi de Hume pose à la philosophie du droit au moins trois catégories de problèmes. Les premiers concernent son application éventuelle au domaine juridique. Les seconds regardent la logique, car la loi de Hume implique que l'on ne puisse pas déduire par raisonnement d'énoncés impératifs ou normatifs à partir des énoncés catégoriques assertoriques. Enfin, la loi de Hume repose sur une séparation étroite entre des domaines du réel, c'est-à-dire qu'elle repose sur une ontologie, et probablement aussi une théologie, qui sont problématiques.

Son dönemde bilimsel metinler üzerine yapılan tanıtsallık ve üstsöylem araştırmaları bu metin türünün salt gerçekliği yansıttığı görüşünden uzaklaşarak bir ikna metni olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Buna göre, bilimsel metin yazarları metin boyunca okuyucularını araştırmalarının özgünlüğü, kullandıkları yöntem ya da verilerin uygunluğu gibi konularda ikna etmeye çalışmakta ve bu edimi gerçekleştirilebilmek amacıyla birçok farklı strateji kullanmaktadırlar. Yazar dilbilgisel ya da sözcüksel kullanımlarla metninde sunduğu önermenin kesinlik/güvenilirliğini kodlamakta ve bu kesinlik/güvenilirlik önerme kipliği altında bilgisellik ve tanıtsallık karşıtlığı arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Temel Bilimler alanında (Biyoloji, Fizik, Kimya ve Matematik) yazılmış Türkçe araştırma makalelerinde bilgiselliğin nasıl kodlandığını betimlemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada Temel Bilimler alanında yazılmış 36 bilimsel metinden oluşan bir veri tabanı kullanılmıştır. Bu veri tabanında Hyland'ın (2005b) üstsöylem modelinde kişilerarası üstsöylem çerçevesinde kaçınma işlevine karşılık gelen -Abil+-Ir ile sunulan bilgisel kullanımlar ile bu kullanımların dört ayrı disiplini temsil eden metinlerdeki görünümleri ve metin içi bölümlerdeki dağılımları betimlenmiştir.

Tenses are the reflection of The Time Eternal. In every language, the speakers and writers cannot shun the usage and applications of Tenses. In this paper we have tried elucidating the structure, usage and applications of the English Tenses along with the logic behind the formation, as developed by the English grammarian James Harris, of the Early-modern era.

for their constructive comments and feedback on first drafts of this contribution. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr. Lars Johanson for allowing me to refer to his as yet unpublished article entitled 'Mood meets mood'. Thanks also go to the Turkish native speakers Abdulkadir Coçkun, Zeynep Bayir, Ahmet Bayir, E. Elif Goniillii, Abdullah Goniillii, Biiçra Kotan, Hilal Yavuz, and Biinyamin Akdemir for their judgments via the questionnaire they answered, supplying the data upon which this paper is based. Some of data are based on Google searches from Turkish websites.

Настоящее исследование описывает группы, на которые делятся ментальные глаголы по их темпоральной ориентации, проявляющейся прежде всего в таксисных конструкциях, образуемых этими глаголами полипредикативных предложений. Выделяются три группы ментальных глаголов: 1. Глаголы мнения, которые представляют множество ментальных глаголов, имеющих самую широкую темпоральную ориентацию; выражаемая ими мысль может относиться к любому времени: прошедшему, настоящему и будущему. Полипредикативные предложения, образованные этими глаголами, содержат таксисные конструкции одновременности, предшествования и следования. 2. Глаголы памяти, направленные на события прошлого. Полипредикативные предложения с ними содержат таксисную конструкцию предшествования. 3. Глаголы, выражающие предвидение, ожидание, надежду, имеющие темпоральную направленность на будущее. Полипредикативные предложения, образованные этими глаголами, содержат таксисную конструкцию следования. В описание семантической структуры глаголов, имеющих узкую темпоральную ориентацию на прошедшее или на будущее время, предлагается включать соответствующую информацию. Ключевые слова: ментальные глаголы, темпоральная ориентация (направленность), полипредикативное предложение, таксисная конструкция, предшествование, одновременность, следование, глаголы мнения, глаголы памяти, глаголы, выражающие предвидение, ожидание, надежду, семантическая структура.

Neste estudo apresento um estudo da variacao do tempo futuro em texto escritos em portugues, do ponto de vista diacronico. Foram feitas duas analises: uma em tempo real, abrangendo um periodo de dois seculos, e a outra em tempo real de curta duracao, que abrange um periodo menor, 50 anos de texto escrito. Foram analisadas quatro variantes da representacao do tempo futuro: futuro sintetico (apresentarei amanha); o presente do indicativo (apresento amanha); a perifrase ir + infinitivo (vou apresentar amanha) e a perifrase haver + de + infinitivo (hei de apresentar amanha). Tomando como base teorica a sociolinguistica quantitativa laboviana e principios do paradigma da gramaticalizacao.

Ce travail porte sur les différentes variantes de avoir beau + dire attestées en français depuis le XVIe siècle. Il prend comme point de départ les occurrences relevées dans la base textuelle Frantext et propose une description de leurs contextes d'emploi ainsi que des différentes interprétations sémantiques et pragmatiques qu'il est possible de leur attribuer. En s'appuyant sur les théories de la grammaticalisation et de la pragmaticalisation, l'étude permet de distinguer trois catégories d'emplois de avoir beau + dire : un premier emploi préservant la valeur lexicale de l'adjectif beau, qui qualifie alors les paroles sur lesquelles porte l'infinitif dire d'inutiles ; un emploi plus grammatical, dans lequel avoir beau peut être rapproché de la locution conjonctive bien que et un emploi pragmatique, où avoir beau dire devient un marqueur discursif à valeur assertive portant sur une portion du discours qui le suit ou qui le précède. L'article s'interroge enfin, dans une perspective diachronique, sur le développement de ces différents emplois entre le XVIe et le XXe siècle.

This review evaluates David L. Mathewson’s Voice and Mood: A Linguistic Approach (2021), the first volume in the Essentials of Biblical Greek Grammar series. The review assesses Mathewson’s application of systemic functional linguistics to Greek voice and mood, his treatment of middle voice and modality, and the book’s contribution to linguistically informed approaches to New Testament Greek grammar.
The review appeared in the Review of Biblical Literature, an online publication of the Society of Biblical Literature.

Ovaj rad ima za cilj pokušati detaljnije rasvijetliti semantičku i gramatičku strukturu spomenute konstrukcije, identificirati sve njezine tipove, temeljno ih definirati, specificirati njihova glavna obilježja te pokazati koliko su oni međusobno razgraničljivi. U radu se polazi od pretpostavke da se konstrukcija o kojoj je riječ može podijeliti na najmanje četiri vrste koje čine morfološki pasiv, kopulativni pasiv, rezultativna konstrukcija (rezultativ) i nerezultativna konstrukcija (nerezultativ). Podjela se vrši uzimajući u obzir gramatičku narav glagola biti i, posljedično, narav i status njegove dopune. Pokazuje se da ni prvi ni drugi član te konstrukcije ne pripadaju uvijek istoj kategoriji riječi. Identificirane posebne vrste struktura koje predstavljaju navedene tipove tvore kontinuum čvrsto povezanih vrijednosti čije su međusobne semantičke relacije izrazito čvrste i složene.